See also:

• SOLON (7th and 6th century n.c.)

SOLON (7th and 6th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century n.c.)  , Athenian statesman, the son of Execestides of the See also:

• FAMILY

family of See also:

• CODRUS

Codrus, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born about 638 B.C . The prodigality of his See also:

• FATHER

father made it necessary for See also:

• SOLON (7th and 6th century n.c.)

Solon to maintain himself by See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade, especially abroad . In his youth he became well known as the author of amatory poems and later of patriotic and didactic See also:

• VERSE (from Lat. versus, literally a line or furrow drawn by turning the plough, from vertere, and afterwards signifying an arrangement of syllables into feet)

verse . Hence his inclusion among the Seven Sages . Solon's first public service was the recovery of See also:

• SALAMIS

Salamis from the Megarians . A See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law had been passed forbidding any reference to the loss of the See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island; Solon solved the difficulty by feigning madness, and reciting an inflammatory poem in the See also:

• AGORA

agora . It appears that Solon was appointed to recover the " See also:

• FAIR

fair island " and that he succeeded in expelling the Megarians . See also:

• SPARTA (Gr. Eirapril or AaKe5atycav)

Sparta finally arbitrated in favour of the Athenians (c . 596), who ascribed their success to Solon . About a See also:

• YEAR

year later he seems to have moved a See also:

• DECREE (from the past participle, decretus, of Lat. decernere)

decree before the Amphictyons declaring See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war on Cirrha . At this See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period the See also:

• DISTRESS

distress in See also:

• ATTICA

Attica and the accumulating discontent of the poorer classes, for whom See also:

• DRACO (" the Dragon ")
• DRACO (7th century B.C.)

Draco's See also:

• CODE (Lat. codex)

code had proved inadequate, reached its height . Solon was summoned by all classes unanimously to discover a remedy; under the legal See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of See also:

• ARCHON (apywv, ruler)

Archon, he received unlimited See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers which he exercised in economic and constitutional reforms (see below) .

From various See also:

• SOURCES

sources we learn that these reforms met with considerable opposition, to See also:

• ESCAPE (in mid. Eng. eschape or escape, from the O. Fr. eschapper, modern echapper, and escaper, low Lat. escapium, from ex, out of, and cappa, cape, cloak; cf. for the sense development the Gr. iichueoOat, literally to put off one's clothes, hence to sli

escape from which Solon See also:

• LEFT

left See also:

• ATHENS
• ATHENS ['AN vat, Athenae, modem colloquial Greek `Ath va]

Athens for ten years . After visiting See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt, he went to See also:

• CYPRUS
• CYPRUS, CHURCH OF

Cyprus, where Philocyprus, See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of Aepea, received him with See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour . See also:

• HERODOTUS (c. 484-425 B.C.)

Herodotus (v . 113) says that Philocyprus, on the ad-See also:

• VICE

vice of Solon, built himself a new See also:

• TOWN

town called, after his See also:

• GUEST (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Gast, and Swed. gust; cognate with Lat. hostis, originally a stranger, hence enemy; cf. " host " )
• GUEST, EDWIN (1800–188o)

guest, See also:

• SOLI
• SOLI (mod. Mezetlii)

Soli . The See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

story that Solon visited See also:

• CROESUS

Croesus in See also:

• LYDIA

Lydia, and made to him the famous remark—" See also:

• CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

Call no See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man happy till he is dead" —is unfortunately discredited by the fact that Croesus seems to have become king nearly See also:

• THIRTY

thirty years after Solon's legislation, whereas the story must be dated within ten years of it . Subsequently Solon returned to Athens, to find See also:

• CIVIL

civil strife renewed, and shortly afterwards his friend (perhaps his relative) See also:

• PEISISTRATUS, (605?–527 B.c.)

Peisistratus made himself See also:

• TYRANT (Gr. r6pavvos, master, ruler)

tyrant . About 558 B.C . Solon died, and, according to the story in See also:

• DIOGENES

Diogenes Laertius i . 62 (but see See also:

• PLUTARCH
• PLUTARCH (Gr. llXoi rapxos) (c. A.D. 46–120)

Plutarch's Solon, 32), his ashes were scattered See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round the island of Salamis . If the story is true, it shows that he was regarded as the oecist of Salamis . Reforms.--The date of Solon's archonship has been usually fixed at 594 B.C . (01 .

46 . 3), a date given by Diog . Laert . (i . 62) on the See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence of the Rhodian Sosicrates (fl . 200—128 B.C.; see See also:

• CLINTON
• CLINTON, DE WITT (1769-1828)
• CLINTON, GEORGE (1739-1812)
• CLINTON, HENRY FYNES (1781-1852)
• CLINTON, SIR HENRY (c. 1738-1795)

Clinton, Fast . See also:

• HELL (0. Eng. hel, a Teutonic word from a root meaning " to cover," cf. Ger. Holle, Dutch hel)

Hell. ii . 298, and Busolt, 2nd ed., ii . 259) . The date 594 is confirmed by statements in the Aristotelian Constitution of Athens (ch . 14) . For various reasons, the See also:

• DATES

dates 592, 2 The conception of the See also:

• MESSIAH (Dan. x. 25, 26)

Messiah is vigorous, but the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of such a conception was hurtful; for by connecting the Messianic with the popular aspirations of the nation, the former were secularized and the way prepared for the ultimate destruction of the nation .

591 and even 590 have been suggested by various historians (for the importance of this question see the concluding See also:

• PARAGRAPH

paragraph of this See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article) . The See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical evidence for the Solonian reforms has always been unsatisfactory . There is strong See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason to conclude that in the 5th and 4th centuries there was no See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general tradition as to details . In settling See also:

• DIFFERENCES, CALCULUS OF (Theory of Finite Differences)

differences there is no See also:

• APPEAL

appeal to tradition, and this though there occur See also:

• RADICAL (Lat. radix, a root)

radical and insoluble contradictions . Thus the Constitution of Athens (ch. vi.) says that the Seisachtheia (" shaking off of burdens ") consisted in a cancelling of all debts public and private, whereas See also:

• ANDROTION (c. 350 B.c.)

Androtion, an See also:

• ELDER (0. Eng. ellarn; Ger. Holunder; Fr. sureau)
• ELDER (Gr. 1rpev(3iTepos)

elder contemporary, denies this specifically, and says that it consisted in the reduction of the See also:

• RATE

rate of See also:

• INTEREST

interest and the debasement of the coinage . The Constitution (ch. x.) denies the existence of any connexion between the coinage reform and the See also:

• RELIEF

relief of debtors . The See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence of tradition is further confirmed by the fact that the Constitution always appeals for corroboration to Solon's Poems . Of the See also:

• LAWS

Laws it is probable that in the 4th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, though some dealing with agrarian distress were in existence, those embodying the Seisachtheia were not, and few if any of the purely constitutional laws remained . The See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main source of the See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account in the Constitution is, therefore, the Poems of Solon, from which numerous quotations are made (see chs . 5-12) . The reforms of Solon may be divided under three heads —economic, constitutional and See also:

• MISCELLANEOUS

miscellaneous . They were necessary owing mainly to the tyrannical attitude of the See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich to the poorer classes .

Of these many had become slaves in lieu of See also:

• PAYMENT (Fr. paiement, from payer, to pay; Lat. pacare, to appease, pax, peace)

payment of See also:

• RENT

rent and loans, and thus the See also:

• LAND

land had fallen gradually into the hands of the capitalists . It was necessary to readjust the economic See also:

• BALANCE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. bilantia, an apparatus for weighing, from bi, two, and lanx, a dish or scale)

balance and to provide against the evil of aristocratic and capitalist predominance . A . Economic Reforms.—Solon's economic reforms consisted of the Seisachtheia and certain commercial laws (e.g. prevention of export trade except in See also:

• OLIVE (Olea europaea)

olive oil, Plut . Sol . 24) . Among all the problems connected with the Seisachtheia, it is clear (I) that Solon abolished the old See also:

• ATTIC (i.e. "in the Attic style ")

Attic law of See also:

• DEBT (Lat. debitum, a thing owed)

debt which permitted loans on the See also:

• SECURITY (Lat. securus, free from care, safe)

security of the debtor's See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person; (2) that he restored to freedom those who had been enslaved for debt; (3) that he refused the demand for the See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division of the land ('y$s &vabae 6s) . As to the cancelling of all debts (xpewv &7roiox,) there is some controversy; See also:

• GILBERT
• GILBERT (KINGSMILL) ISLANDS
• GILBERT (or GYLBERDE), WILLIAM (1544-1603)
• GILBERT, ALFRED (1854– )
• GILBERT, ANN (1821-1904)
• GILBERT, GROVE KARL (1843– )
• GILBERT, J
• GILBERT, JOHN (1810-1889)
• GILBERT, MARIE DOLORES ELIZA ROSANNA [" LOLA MONTEZ "] (1818-1861)
• GILBERT, NICOLAS JOSEPH LAURENT (1751–1780)
• GILBERT, SIR HUMPHREY (c. 1539-1583)
• GILBERT, SIR JOSEPH HENRY (1817-1901)
• GILBERT, SIR WILLIAM SCHWENK (1836– )

Gilbert and Busolt maintain that all debts were cancelled; strong reasons, may however, be advanced against it . It is possible that the statement in the Constitution is a See also:

• HYPOTHESIS (from Gr. inrorcOivat, to put under; cf. Lat. suppositio, from sub-ponere)

hypothesis to explain the restoration of the slaves to freedom . Further, Solon seems to have regulated the See also:

• ACCUMULATION (from Lat. accumulare, to heap up)

accumulation of land (cf. in See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome the legislation of Tiberius See also:

• GRACCHUS

Gracchus) and the rate of interest; and to have simplified See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

commerce by replacing the Pheidonian See also:

• STANDARD
• STANDARD, BATTLE OF THE

standard by the Euboic, which was in Use among the Ionian traders, in commerce with whom he foresaw that prosperity See also:

• LAY

lay . It is impossible here to enter into the details of the controversy in connexion with Solon's land reforms; it must suffice to give the See also:

• BARE

bare outlines of the dispute . There is no question that (I) the distressed class whom Solon sought to relieve were the Hektemors, and that (2) the achievement on which he prided himself was the removal of the Spo~ or stones which were seen everywhere in Attica, and were symbolic of the See also:

• SLAVERY

slavery of the See also:

• SOIL

soil .

Almost all writers say that these hpoi were See also:

• MORTGAGE

mortgage-pillars: that they were originally boundary stones and that when land was mortgaged the terms of the agreement were carved on the stones, as evidence . Now firstly, though such mortgage-pillars existed in the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of See also:

• DEMOSTHENES

Demosthenes, none are found earlier than the year 400 B.C., nor is there any reference before that year to this See also:

• SPECIAL

special sense of the word . If then these stones which Solon removed were mortgage-pillars, it is See also:

• STRANGE, SIR ROBERT (1721-1792)

strange that none should have been found till two See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred years later . Secondly, it is highly improbable that the terms on which land was then cultivated admitted of mortgaging at all . The Hektemors, who, according to the Constitution, paid the See also:

• SIXTH

sixth See also:

• PART

part of their produce as rent,' were not See also:

• FREE

free-holders but tenants, and therefore, could not mortgage their land at all . From this it follows that when Solon said he had " re-moved the stones " he referred to the fatal accumulation of land by landowners . The tenants failed to pay rent, were enslaved, and the " boundary See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone " of the landowner was moved forward to include their land . Thus the removal of the Epos was a measure against the accumulation of land in the See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of enclosures (See also:

• REP, REPP, or REPS

rep`b',t),and fits in with the statement at the end of See also:

• CHAPTER (a shortened form of chapiter, a word still used in architecture for a capital; derived from O. Fr. chapitre, Lat. capitellum, diminutive of caput, head)

chapter iv. of the Constitution, Others say they were: (I) labourers who received one-sixth of the produce as See also:

• WAGES (the plural of " wage," from Late Lat. wadium, a pledge, O. Fr. wagier, gagier)

wages; (2) tenants who paid five-sixths as rent and kept one sixth, or (3) tenants who paid one-sixth as rent and kept five-sixths . As to (3) it is said such tenants could not have been in real distress, and as to (I) and (2) it is said that such a position would have meant See also:

• STARVATION

starvation from the first." the land was in the hands of a few." It should be noted (I) that from this releasing of the land it follows that Solon's law against lending on the security of the person must have been retrospective (i.e. in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to provide a sufficient number of freeholders for the land released); and (2) that it is one of the most remarkable facts in Athenian economic See also:

• HISTORY

history that when at the end of the Peloponnesian War a proposal was brought forward to limit the See also:

• FRANCHISE (from 0. Fr. franchise, freedom, franc, free)

franchise to freeholders, it was found that only five thousand failed to satisfy this requirement . B . Constitutional Reforms.—It is on this part of his See also:

• WORK

work that Solon's claim to be considered a See also:

• GREAT

great statesman is founded . By his new constitution he laid the See also:

• FOUNDATIONS

foundations of the Athenian See also:

• DEMOCRACY (Gr. 3np.oKparia, from S)µos, the people, i.e. the commons, and Kparos, rule)

democracy and paved the way for its later developments .

It should be noted in the first See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place that the following account is written on the See also:

• ASSUMPTION, FEAST OF

assumption that the Draconian constitution de-scribed in chapter iv: of the Constitution of Athens had never existed (see DRACO) . In some respects that alleged constitution is more democratic than Solon's . This, coupled with the fact that Solon is always spoken of as the founder of democracy, is one of the strongest reasons for rejecting the Draconian constitution . It will be seen that Solon's See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state was by no means a perfected democracy, but was in some respects rather a moderate See also:

• OLIGARCHY (Gr. oXiyot, few, apxil, rule)

oligarchy in which See also:

• POLITICAL

political See also:

• PRIVILEGE

privilege was graduated by See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of land . To Solon are generally ascribed the four classes—Pentacosiomedimni, Hippeis, Zeugitae and Thetes . Of these the first consisted of those whose land produced as many See also:

• MEASURES

measures (medimni) of See also:

• CORN (a common Teutonic word; cf. Lat. granum, seed, grain)
• CORN (fromm Lat. corms, horn)

corn and as many measures (metretae) of oil and See also:

• WINE (Lat. vinum, Gr. oivos)

wine as together amounted to 500 measures . The Hippeis (the horsemen, i.e. those who could provide a war-See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

horse for the service of the state) were rated at over 300 and under Soo medimni; the third class (those who tilled their land with a yoke of oxen) at 200 medimni and the Thetes below 200 medimni . The Zeugites probably served as heavy-armed soldiers, and the Thetes were the sailors of the state . It is likely that the Zeugites were mainly Hektemors (see above) whom Solon converted into freeholders . Whether Solon invented these classes is uncertain, but it seems clear that he first put them into definite relation with the political organism . The Thetes (who included probably the servants of the See also:

• EUPATRIDAE (Gr. di, well; 7raTijp, father, i.e. " Sons of noble fathers ")

Eupatridae, now secured as freemen), the See also:

• FISHER
• FISHER, ALVAN (1792–1863)
• FISHER, GEORGE PARK (1827-1909)
• FISHER, JOHN (c. 1469-1535)
• FISHER, JOHN ARBUTHNOT FISHER, 1ST BARON

fisher.' men of the Paralia (or See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea-See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast), and the artisans (cerameis) of Athens) for the first time received political existence by their See also:

• ADMISSION

admission to the See also:

• SOVEREIGN

sovereign See also:

• ASSEMBLY, UNLAWFUL

assembly of the See also:

• ECCLESIA (Gr. EKKX ria, from Lc, out, and Ka)teiv, to call)

Ecclesia (q.v.) . Of these classes the first alone retained the right of holding the offices of archon and treasurer; other offices were, however, opened to the second and third classes (sc. the Poletae, the Eleven and the Colacretae; see See also:

• CLEISTHENES

CLEISTHENES [I.] footnote) .

It is of the utmost importance to observe that the See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office of See also:

• STRATEGUS (oTparfyos)

Strategus (q.v.) is not mentioned in connexion with Solon's reform . It is often said that Solon used his See also:

• CLASSIFICATION (Lat. classis, a class, probably from the root cal-, cla-, as in Gr. icaMce, clamor)

classification as the basis of a sliding See also:

• SCALE
• SCALE (1) A

scale of See also:

• TAXATION
• TAXATION (from " tax," derived, through the French, from Lat. taxare, to appraise, which again is connected with the same root as tangere, to touch)

taxation . Against this, it is known that Peisistratus, whose See also:

• FACTION (through the French, from Lat. factio, a company of persons combined for action, facere, to do; from the other French derivative facon comes " fashion ")

faction was essentially the poorer classes, established a See also:

• UNIFORM

uniform 5% tax, and it is highly unlikely that he would, have reversed an existing, arrangement which was particularly favourable to his See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends. he admission of the Thetes to the Ecclesia was an important step in the direction of democracy (for the powers which Solon gave to the Ecclesia, see ECCLESIA) . But the greatest reform of Solon was undoubtedly the institution of the Heliaea (or courts of See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice) . The See also:

• JURY

jury were appointed by See also:

• LOT
• LOT (Lat. Oltis)

lot from all the citizens (including the Thetes), and thus the same See also:

• PEOPLE

people elected the magistrates in the Ecclesia and subsequently tried them in the Heliaea . Hence Solon transferred the sovereign See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power from the See also:

• AREOPAGUS ("Apews Ilayos)

areopagus and the magistrates to the citizens as a-whole . Further, as the archons, at the expiry of their year of office, passed into the areopagus, the people exercised See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control over the personnel of that See also:

• BODY

body also (see AREOPAGUS) . In spite of the alleged Draconian constitution, alluded to above, it is still very generally held that Solon invented the Houle or See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

Council of Four Hundred, one hundred from each of the old tribes . The importance of this body as an advisory See also:

• COMMITTEE (from commute, an Anglo-Fr. past participle of commettre, Lat. committere, to entrust; the modern Fr. equivalent comite is derived from the Eng.)

committee of the Ecclesia, and the functions of the Prytaneis are explained under Bout$ . It is sufficient here to point out that, according to Plutarch's Solon (ch . 19) the state henceforth rested on two See also:

• COUNCILS

councils " as on anchors," and that the large powers exercised by the Cleisthenean . See also:

• BOULE (Gr. 0ovXi ,, literally " will," " advice "; hence a " council ")

Boule were not exercised by the Solonian .

From this, and the articles AREOPAGUS, BOULI}, EccLESIA and See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

GREEK LAW, it will be seen that Solon contrived an absolutely organic constitution of a " mixed type, which had in it the seeds of the great democratic growth which reached its maturity under See also:

• PERICLES (49o-429 B.C.)

Pericles . It should be added here, in reference to the See also:

• ELECTION
• ELECTION (from Lat. eligere, to pick out)

election of magistrates under Solon's constitution, that there is discrepancy between the Politics and the Constitution; the latter says that Solon gave to the Thetes nothing but a See also:

• SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share in the Ecclesia and the courts of justice, and that the magistrates were elected by a See also:

• COMBINATION (Lat. combinare, to combine)

combination of selection and lot (KX7lp(,roL iK 7rpOKptTWV), whereas the Politics says, that Solon gave them only the power to elect the magistrates and try them at 'the end of their year . It seems likely for other reasons that the former See also:

• SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)

scheme should be assigned to the years after See also:

• MARATHON

Marathon, and, there, fore, that the account in the Politics is correct (but see ARc11ox) . C . Miscellaneous.—The miscellaneous laws of Solon are interesting primarily as throwing See also:

• LIGHT

light upon the social See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition of Athens at the time (see See also:

• EVELYN, JOHN (1620-1706)

Evelyn See also:

• ABBOT (from the Hebrew ab, a father, through the Syriac abba, Lat. abbas, gen. abbatis, O.E. abbad, fr. late Lat. form abbad-em changed in 13th century under influence of the Lat. form to abbat, used alternatively till the end of the 17th century; Ger. Ab
• ABBOT, EZRA (1819-1884)
• ABBOT, GEORGE (1603-1648)
• ABBOT, ROBERT (1588?–1662?)
• ABBOT, WILLIAM (1798-1843)

Abbot, History of See also:

• GREECE

Greece, I. xiii . § i8) . 368 In the See also:

• MATTER

matter of trade it has been said that he favoured one export only, that of olive oil; in which Athens was peculiarly rich; further he encouraged the See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

settlement of aliens (metoeci) engaged in commerce, and compelled fathers to See also:

• TEACH [THATCH OR THACH], EDWARD (d. 1718)

teach their sons a useful trade under See also:

• PENALTY (Lat. poena, punishment)

penalty of losing all right to support in old See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age . The influence of See also:

• WOMEN

women Solon regarded as most pernicious . Wealthy wives he forbade; no See also:

• BRIDE (a common Teutonic word, e.g..Goth. bruths, O. Eng. bryd, O. H. Ger. prs2t, Mod. Ger. Bract, Dut. bruid, possibly derived from the root bru-, cook, brew; from the med. latinized form bruta, in the sense of daughter-in-law, is derived the Fr. bru)

bride might bring more than three changes of raiment and a little light 'See also:

• FURNITURE (from " furnish," Fr. fournir)

furniture to the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house; all brothels and gymnasia were put under stringent state-control (see See also:

• PROSTITUTION (from Lat. prostituere, to expose publicly)

PROSTITUTION) . Solon also regulated intestate See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession, the See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage of heiresses, See also:

• ADOPTION (Lat. adoptio, for adoptalio, from adoptare, to choose for oneself)

adoption, the use and sinking of See also:

• WELLS
• WELLS, CHARLES JEREMIAH (1798?–1879)
• WELLS, DAVID AMES (1828—1898)
• WELLS, HERBERT GEORGE (1866— )
• WELLS, SIR THOMAS SPENCER, 1ST BART

wells, See also:

• BEE (Sanskrit blza, AS. ben, Lat. apis)

bee-farming, the planting of See also:

• OLIVES, MOUNT OF, or MOUNT OLIVET ("Opus 'EXc uwos or riov 'EXauav; mod. Jebel-et-Tur)

olives and See also:

• FIGS

figs, the cutting down of olive trees, the See also:

• CALENDAR

calendar . Further, he ordained that each See also:

• CITIZEN (a form corrupted in Eng., apparently by analogy with " denizen," from O. Fr. citeain, mod. Fr. citoyen)

citizen must show how he obtained his living (See also:

• HEROD
• HEROD (surnamed THE GREAT)

Herod. ii . 177) and must, under penalty of losing the franchise, adhere to one or other party in a See also:

• SEDITION (Lat. se or sed, apart, and ire, to go, a going apart, dissension)

sedition (for these laws see Plutarch's Solon, chs .

20-24) . The laws were inscribed on Kyrbeis or tablets framed in See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood which could be swung round (hence also called axones) . The boule as a body swore to observe the laws, and each archon undertook to set up a See also:

• LIFE

life-See also:

• SIZE

size See also:

• GOLDEN

golden statue at See also:

• DELPHI (the Pytho of Homer and Herodotus; in Boeotian inscriptions BeA4oi, on coins Aa)tg5oi)

Delphi if he should be convicted of transgressing them . Solon appears to have supplemented his enactments by a law that they should remain in force for one hundred years, and according to another account that his laws, though not the best, should stand unchanged for ten years (Plut . Solon, 25; Herod. i . 29) . Yet according to the Constitution of Athens (chs . 11–13) (without which the period from Solon to Peisistratus was a See also:

• BLANK (from the Fr. blanc, white)

blank), when Solon went abroad in 593(?) the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city was disturbed, and in the fifth year dissension became so acute that no archon was elected (for the See also:

• CHRONOLOGICAL

chronological problem, see J . E . See also:

• SANDYS, FREDERICK (1832-1904)
• SANDYS, GEORGE (1578-1644)
• SANDYS, SIR EDWIN (1561-1629)

Sandys, Constitution of Athens, ch . 13, See also:

• NOTE
• NOTE (Lat. nota, mark, sign, from noscere, to know)

note) ; again four years later the same anarchic (i.e. no archon elected) occurred . Then four years later the archon Damasias (582 ?) continued in office illegally for twoeyears and two months .

The office of the archon was then put into See also:

• COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

commission of ten: five from the Eupatrids, three from the Agroeci and two from the Demiurgi, and for twenty years the state was in a condition of strife . Thus we see that twelve years of strife (owing to Solon's See also:

• FINANCIAL

financial reforms) ended in the reversal of Solon's classification by See also:

• ASSESSMENT, (from Lat. assessare, to sit beside, to judge)

assessment . We are, therefore, driven to conclude that the See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical value of his laws was due to the strong and enlightened See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government of Peisistratus, whose tyranny put an end to the quarrels between the See also:

• SHORE

Shore, the Upland and the See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

Plain, and the stasis of rich and poor . See See also:

• EDITIONS

editions with notes of Constitution of Athens (q.v.) ; histories of Greece later than 1891 (e.g . Busolt, &c.) . See also Gilliard, Quelques reformes de Solon (1907); See also:

• CAVAIGNAC, JEAN BAPTISTE (1762–1829)
• CAVAIGNAC, LOUIS EUGENE (1802–1857)

Cavaignac, in Revue de Philol., 1908 . All See also:

• WORKS

works anterior to the publication of the Constitution are so far out of date, but reference should be made to the work of See also:

• GROTE, GEORGE (1794–1871)

Grote . O . M .