SOMALILAND  , a See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country of See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa, so named from its Somali inhabitants . It is also known as the " Eastern See also:

• HORN
• HORN (a common Teutonic word, cognate with Lat. cornu; cf. Gr. Kipas)
• HORN (Lat. cornu; corresponding terms being Fr. cor, trompe; Ger. Horn; Ital. corno)
• HORN, ARVID BERNHARD, COUNT (1664-1742)
• HORN, PHILIP DE MONTMORENCY, COUNT

Horn of Africa," because it projects somewhat sharply eastwards into the See also:

• INDIAN

Indian Ocean, and is the only See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section of the See also:

• CONTINENT (from Lat. continere, "to hold together "; hence " connected," " continuous ")

continent which can be spoken of as a See also:

• PENINSULA
• PENINSULA (Lat. paeninsula, from paene, almost, and insula, an island)

peninsula . In See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general outline it is an irregular triangle, with See also:

• APEX

apex at Cape Guardafui . From the apex the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side extends over 600 m. along the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south See also:

• SHORE

shore of the Gulf of See also:

• ADEN

Aden westwards to Tajura See also:

• BAY

Bay, and the east side skirts the Indian Ocean south-See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west for over moo m. to the mouth of the See also:

• JUBA
• JUBA, or JUB

Juba . Somali also inhabit the See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast region and considerable areas inland, as far south as the See also:

• TANA

Tana See also:

• RIVER

river . The country between the Tana and Juba See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers now forms See also:

• PART

part of See also:

• BRITISH

British East Africa (q.v.), and in this See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article is not included in Somaliland . Inland the limits of Somaliland correspond roughly with the Shoan and See also:

• HARRAR (or HARAR)

Harrar Hills, and the Galla See also:

• DISTRICT

district south of See also:

• SHOA

Shoa and east of See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

Lake See also:

• RUDOLF (otherwise known as Basso NOROK and Gannon)

Rudolf . The 40° east may be taken as the western limit of Somali settlements . The triangular space thus roughly outlined has a See also:

• TOTAL

total See also:

• AREA

area of about 356,000 sq. m . The See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population is estimated at about t,roo,000, but no trustworthy data are available . It is partitioned between See also:

• GREAT

Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain, See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy, See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, and See also:

• ABYSSINIA (officially ETHIOPIA)

Abyssinia as under: Area in sq. m . Population .

British Somaliland . 68,000 300,000 See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French Somaliland . 12,000 50,000 See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian Somaliland . 146,000 400,000 Abyssinian Somaliland r . . 130,000 350,000 Total . . . . 356,000 I , See also:

• I00

I00,000 Somaliland was not generally adopted as the name of the country until the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early years of the 19th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century . The See also:

• NORTHERN

northern and central districts were previously known as Adel, the north-east coast as Ajan . By the ancients the country was called regio romataica, from the abundance of aromatic See also:

• PLANTS

plants which it produced . See also:

• PHYSICAL

Physical Features.—The whole region is characterized by a remarkable degree of physical uniformity, and may be broadly described as a vast See also:

• PLATEAU (a French term, older platel, for a flat piece of wood, metal, &c., from plat, flat)
• PLATEAU, JOSEPH ANTOINE FERDINAND (1801-1883)

plateau of an See also:

• AVERAGE

average See also:

• ELEVATION

elevation of 3000 ft., bounded westwards by the Ethiopian and Galla See also:

• HIGHLANDS, THE

highlands and northwards by an inner and an See also:

• OUTER

outer coast range, skirting the south side of the Gulf of Aden in its entire length from the Harrar uplands to Cape Guardafui . The plateau, known as the Ogaden plateau, everywhere presents the same monotonous aspect of a boundless See also:

• STEPPE (from the Russ. stepi, a waste)

steppe clothed with a scanty vegetation of scrubby plants and herbaceous growths . The incline is uniformly to the south-east, and apart from the few coast streams that reach the Gulf of Aden during the rains, all the See also:

• RUNNING

running See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters are collected in three rivers—the Nogal in the north, the Webi Shebeli in the centre, and the Juba (q.v.) i See also ABYSSINIA.in the south—which have a parallel south-easterly direction towards the Indian Ocean .

But so slight is the precipitation that the Juba alone has a permanent See also:

• DISCHARGE (adapted from the O. Fr. discharge, modern decharge, from a med. Lat. discargare, to unload, dis- and earn care, to load, cf. " charge ")

discharge seawards . The Nogal sends down a turbulent stream during the freshets, while the Shebeli, notwithstanding the far greater extent of its See also:

• BASIN, or BASON (the older form bacin is found in many of the Romanic languages, from the Late Lat. baccinus or bacchinus, probably derived from bacca, a bowl)
• BASIN, THOMAS (1412—1491)

basin, does not reach the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea . At a distance of about 12 M. from the coast it is intercepted by a lone See also:

• LINE

line of See also:

• DUNES

dunes, which it fails to See also:

• PIERCE, FRANKLIN (1804—1869)

pierce and is thus deflected southwards, flowing in this direction for nearly 170 m. parallel with the coast, and then disappearing in a swampy depression (the See also:

• BALI

Bali marshes) before reaching the Juba See also:

• ESTUARY (from the Lat. aestuarium, a place reached by aestus, the tide)

estuary.' See also:

• GEOLOGY (from Gr. yp7, the earth, and Abyor, science)

Geology.—The Somaliland plateau is chiefly composed of See also:

• GNEISS

gneiss and schist . In the north the plateau is overlain by red and See also:

• PURPLE

purple unfossiliferous sandstones, capped near its edge by a cherty See also:

• LIME
• LIME (O. Eng. lim, Lat. limes, mud, from linere, to smear)

lime-See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone also unfossiliferous but possibly of See also:

• LOWER

Lower Cretaceous See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age . The plains inland from See also:

• BERBERA

Berbera, and the maritime margins between the coast and See also:

• FOOT

foot of the plateau, consist of limestones of Lower Oolitic age with Belemnites subhastatus . At Duba some limestones may belong to the Lower Cretaceous . See also:

• CLIMATE

Climate.—In general the climate is dry and bracing all over the plateau . Temperature is as a See also:

• RULE

rule high but with considerable variation, from 6o° F. or less in the early See also:

• MORNING

morning to too° or over in the early afternoon . On an average the coast-See also:

• BELT (a word common to Teutonic languages, the Old Ger. form being bale, from which the Lat. balteus probably derived)
• BELT, THOMAS (1832-1878)

belt temperatures are some to° higher than those of the plateau . Four seasons are recognized—See also:

• JANUARY

January–See also:

• APRIL

April, very dry and great See also:

• HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat; May–See also:

• JUNE

June, cooler and the " heavy " rains; See also:

• JULY

July–See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September, the See also:

• SEASON (0. Fr. seson, seison, mod. saison, Lat. satio, sowing time, the spring, from serere, to sow; in Late Lat. the word is found with its present meaning, the spring being considered as particularly the season of the year)

season of extreme heat and the south-west See also:

• MONSOON
• MONSOON (Arabic Mausim, season)

monsoon; See also:

• OCTOBER

October–See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December, the " See also:

• LIGHT

light " rains . The " heavy " rains are little experienced in the coast districts . The rainfall is from 4 to 8 in. a See also:

• YEAR

year .

In See also:

• CON

con-sequence of the elevation of .the plateau and the dryness of the See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air, the heat is less oppressive than is indicated by the temperatures recorded . See also:

• MALARIA

Malaria prevails in the valley of the Webi Shebeli . See also:

• FLORA

Flora.—The highlands, which in an almost continuous line See also:

• TRAVERSE

traverse East Africa, have to a great extent isolated the flora of Somaliland in spite of the general resemblance of its climate and See also:

• SOIL

soil to the country on the western side of the See also:

• BAND

band of high ground . In the northern mountainous regions of Somaliland the flora resembles, however, to some extent, that of the Galla country and Abyssinia . On the plateau many forms See also:

• COMMON

common elsewhere in East Africa, such as the Borassus See also:

• PALM (Lat. palma, Gr. iraX6.jn )
• PALM, JOHANN PHILIPP (1768-1806)

palm and the See also:

• BAOBAB

baobab See also:

• TREE (0. Eng. treo, treow, cf. Dan. tree, Swed. Odd, tree, trd, timber; allied forms are found in Russ. drevo, Gr. opus, oak, and 36pv, spear, Welsh derw, Irish darog, oak, and Skr. dare, wood)
• TREE, SIR HERBERT BEERBOHM (1853- )

tree, are missing . The greater part of the country is covered either with tall coarse See also:

• GRASSES

grasses (these open plains being called See also:

• BAN

ban), or more commonly with thick See also:

• THORN (O. Eng. porn, cf. Du. doorn, Ger. Dorn, &c)
• THORN (Polish Torun)

thorn-See also:

• BUSH

bush or See also:

• JUNGLE (Sans. jangala)

jungle, among which rise occasional isolated. trees . The prevalent bush plants are See also:

• KHANSA (Tumadir hint `Amr, known as al-Khansa) (d. c. 645)

khansa (See also:

• UMBRELLA

umbrella See also:

• MIMOSA (so named from the movements of the leaves in many species which " mimic " animal sensibility)

mimosa), acacias, aloes, and, especially, Boswellia and Commiphora, which yield highly fragrant resins and balsams, such as See also:

• MYRRH (from the Latinized form myrrha of Gr. µuppa; the Arabic murr, bitter, was applied to the substance from its bitterness)

myrrh, See also:

• FRANKINCENSE

frankincense (olibanum) and " See also:

• BALM

balm of See also:

• GILEAD (i.e. " hard " or " rugged," a name sometimes used, both in earlier and in later writers, to denote the whole of the territory occupied by the Israelites eastward of Jordan, extending from the Arnon to the southern base of Hermon (Dent. xxxiv. 1; J

Gilead." The billeil is a thorn-bush growing about to ft. high and covered with small curved hooks of great strength . The bush contains also numerous creepers, one of the most common being known as the armo . It is a vivid See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

green and has large, fleshy, See also:

• HEART
• HEART, LUNG

heart-shaped leaves . Of the thorns, the guda and the See also:

• WADI

wadi often grow from 30 to 50 ft. high and have large See also:

• FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat-topped branches . In places there are forests of these trees . On the See also:

• SUMMIT

summit of the Golis range the cedars See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form forests .

Among the larger trees are the See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain See also:

• CEDAR (Lat. cedrus, Gr. iapos)

cedar, reaching to too ft.; the gob, which bears edible berries in See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance something like the See also:

• CHERRY

cherry with the See also:

• TASTE (from Lat. taxare, to touch sharply; tangere, to touch)

taste of an See also:

• APPLE (a common Teut. word, A.S. aepl, aeppel, O.H.G. aphul, aphal, apfal, mod. Ger. Apfel)

apple, grows to some 8o ft., and is found fringing the river beds; the hassadan, a See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind of See also:

• EUPHORBIA

euphorbia, attaining a height of about 70 ft.; and the darei, a fig tree . There are patches of dense reeds, reaching to ft. high, and thickets of See also:

• TAMARISK

tamarisk along the river beds, and on either side the jungle is high and more luxuriant than on the open plateau . Of herbaceous plants the kissenia, the See also:

• SOLE (Solea)

sole representative of the See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order Loasaceae, which is common in See also:

• AMERICA

America but very rare elsewhere, is found in Somaliland, which also possesses forms belonging to the eastern Mediterranean flora . See also:

• FAUNA

Fauna.—Somaliland is See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich in the larger See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild animals . Among them are the See also:

• LION
• LION (Lat, leo, leonis; Gr. Mew)

lion (Somali name libah) and See also:

• ELEPHANT

elephant, though these have been to a large extent driven from the northern coast districts; the See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black or See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

double-horned See also:

• RHINOCEROS

rhinoceros, common in central Ogaden; leopards, abundant in many districts, and daring—they have given their name to the Webi Shebeli (" River of the Leopards "); panthers; spotted and striped hyenas (the latter rare); foxes, jackals, badgers and wild See also:

• DOGS, ISLE OF

dogs; giraffes and a great variety of antelopes . The antelopes include the beisa See also:

• ORYX (Gr. opvE, a pickaxe, hence applied to the animal)

oryx, fairly common and widely distributed; the greater and lesser See also:

• KUDU (koodoo)

kudu (the greater kudu is not found on the Ogaden plateau) ; the Somali See also:

• HARTEBEEST

hartebeest (Bubalis Swaynei), found only in the Haud and Ogo districts; See also:

• WATERBUCK (Wasserbok)

waterbuck, rare except along the Webi Shebeli and the Nogal ; the See also:

• DOL

dol or Somali See also:

• BUSHBUCK (Boschbok)

bushbuck; the dibatag or See also:

• CLARKE, ADAM (1762?—1832)
• CLARKE, CHARLES COWDEN (1787-1877)
• CLARKE, EDWARD DANIEL (1769–1822)
• CLARKE, JAMES FREEMAN (1810–1888)
• CLARKE, JOHN SLEEPER (1833–1899)
• CLARKE, MARCUS ANDREW HISLOP (1846–1881)
• CLARKE, MARY ANNE (c.1776–1852)
• CLARKE, SAMUEL (1675–1729)
• CLARKE, SIR ANDREW (1824-1902)
• CLARKE, SIR EDWARD GEORGE (1841– )
• CLARKE, THOMAS SHIELDS (1866- )
• CLARKE, WILLIAM BRANWHITE (1798-1878)

Clarke's gazelle; the See also:

• GIRAFFE

giraffe-like See also:

• GERENUK

gerenuk or See also:

• WALLER, EDMUND (1606-1687)
• WALLER, LEWIS (186o- )
• WALLER, SIR WILLIAM (c. 1597-1668)

Waller's gazelle, very common ; the aoul or Soemmering's gazelle, widely distributed; the dero (Gazella Speki); and the small dikdik or sakaro See also:

• ANTELOPE

antelope, found in almost every thicket . The See also:

• ZEBRA

zebra (Equus grevyi) is found in Ogaden and places to the south, the wild See also:

• ASS (O.E. assa; Lat. asinus)
• ASS, FEAST OF THE

ass in the northern regions . There are See also:

• WART (Lat. verruca)

wart hogs, baboons (maned and maneless varieties), a tree See also:

• MONKEY

monkey, See also:

• JUMPING

jumping shrews, two kinds of See also:

• SQUIRREL
• SQUIRREL (Fr. ecureuil)

squirrel, a small See also:

• HARE
• HARE, SIR JOHN (1844– )

hare, See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock rabbits 2 It is probable that a divergent See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch leaves the Shebeli some distance above the swamps and that at high See also:

• WATER

water an overflow into the Juba occurs (see Geog . Journ., Nov . 1909) . and a See also:

• WEASEL (Putorius nivalis)

weasel-like See also:

• ANIMAL
• ANIMAL (Lat. animalis, from anima, breath, soul)

animal which hunts in packs . Ostriches are found in the open plains; the rivers swarm with crocodiles, but hippopotami are rare .

Birds of See also:

• PREY (0. Fr. preie, mod. proie, Lat. praeda, booty, from prae and the root hed—seen in prehendere, prendere, to grasp)

prey are numerous and include eagles, vultures, kites, ravens and the carrion See also:

• STORK (A. S. store, Ger. Storch)

stork . Among See also:

• GAME

game birds are three varieties of See also:

• BUSTARD (corrupted from the Lat. Avis tarda, though the application of the epithet' is not easily understood)

bustard, See also:

• GUINEA

guinea See also:

• FOWL (Dan. Fugl, Ger. Vogel)

fowl, partridges, See also:

• SAND
• SAND, GEORGE (1804-1876)

sand See also:

• GROUSE

grouse and wild geese . See also:

• SNAKES

Snakes are common, an See also:

• ADDER

adder, a variegated rock snake and a See also:

• HADRAMUT

Hadramut with See also:

• FORTY

forty followers about the 13th century . Other traditions trace their origin to the Himyaritic chiefs Sanhaj and Samamah, said to have been coeval with a See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King Afrikus, who is supposed to have conquered Africa about A,n . 400 . These legends should perhaps be interpreted as pointing to a 46° 48° F o° G E}Gel-1 ° Yeran W.Jembelhudi Ai sts Handa North R . lj RasNafun y°f Ha(un of A d e n 1 rt i 1 Direp H et 4,~ QSJk RITISH~SOM,AL`I \ ( r 1 u ~~ _ 9ado r r+p+4( - Dnv a \See also:

• ARK (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Arche, adapted from the Lat. area, chest, cf. arcere, to shut up, enclose)„ a chest, basket or box. The Hebrew word tebah, translated in the' A.V. by " ark," is used in the Old Testament (1)

Ark j: 6 g L (3gI~ si Oa 1 +, 1 q$ ~~O A N Da Bandar See also:

• BELA
• BELA, LAS BELA

Bela cgs Ababa ""~ r i g g $ura~ L Q, See also:

• RAS

Ras Mabber 4 h ar ?oHarrar; 1 See also:

• BET

Bet., Deri K P See also:

• NORA

Nora.• ' m, - `b r 1 , Bubass -_ a - , r ~," i • + `J o +4 D-/1 Etr°a Qu . 'r JA y Fai'i e °Aidagalla °Alk b+l - 1, ,.~ t t41, wA"/ 2, C ` \~\~ : c rr o 7idbal4 ~ J Du Rawer-See also:

• RAM
• RAM, PIERRE FRANCOIS XAVIER DE (18o4-1865)

Ram( ~Q e . d N g J -~-e o Q -_.,J ••~, Aagaburll'~°G agab , . aldau ~ . t rb a • ' gip' a ~\ P Suk w u 9 ure n t Raa See also:

• BOWEN, CHARLES SYNGE CHRISTOPHER BOWEN, BARON (1835—1894)
• BOWEN, FRANCIS (1811—1890)
• BOWEN, SIR GEORGE FERGUSON (1821—1849)

Bowen Bohotle a ,-._.., O~\,~gS .7 '' • •~ Y ( t 6 `S Ses~ban / ai . 1 1 Damot < \ iddin ~r r Ban Illi (See also:

• NEGRO (from Lat. eager, black)

Negro B.) .Gab '.1• 111 r !

(Dermo).t ~ del d'Agoa a Eno,: Eago Rrdge d S t y 1 w` Gm Ovr p'r q ~~ • i c` i f I Xo Daratol ~ e ri $s I J.Darag alt . R u.5g a I t rOm ,, 0 g Walwal d "°• M u d u <r f v , - ~F / °•,j nhi aunt .. „^^~~aladi 6alkay k) ,.~ J - ~~ ur\ °u h'3 ! l t\` a ' - o c ',.' . (Y Gorobube`~y 4, „¢' -~ tr 4,, riey T . •. l J Sehc t X: C . Carad .”, ~•'j i• p Gedogubi ) • )K' fa,Karanlet d t.•' y ,.:,~L a C.Awad •. r 1'e. r t Iiilswen-a •\~ ;- :.~ ~`~ as Awat J - •~~:! f' I ~J Getedi ter:- ~e h.:~ rp t ~•ii .~-~ „y 6!1 Ba '\~ 77 _ /_ .~•~ andlebo-'i CT,~ On '' J.1~:`WaanOfakp4P lasan° C~~ tri -:i.. r r- . L i b a n e t_/ a uBodle a .. wa, r ;'••\~ `i c~ t<<~\r A e i . .. aaRns See also:

• MOND, LUDWIG (1839-1909)

Mond \ 1 'V BlUlgkras l~ El nk» El Ch Ilak Oi f ~• oQ ^'l ! - n.• J .uJ~~\ Dolo "'\-\1"\,\«~~\\~~``~~'\"\ r ° a ~, . '~, I • N; .. •,:' Mereg 's• t Lugft •~M ulimad co Rm R I T I S H See also:

• WALE, (?) ROBERT (xloo?-1175?)

Wale, .

°•,, oHakarra •( ,See also:

• FIR

fir -' 6Caulo \ tiJ Manlle t O B \` •Lehel: Ma rdero -a e6 f y P ~+ o El Wak ,• " 'dli • Itala (EI Adhate) OOa ro bi ' Co!rtnq Sala_lq••• i s Kulmis Garas Oma r araweino Ras Malable ardera4-1 ?~ ~• \ ' Dakaah Birri Ballad L A haka '\,.~ . =~ b¢ o ukdishu arsheik ~•/ 5r~ -R—A--S uasur Q ezirat T =' 2• •__ YakaJilu le Gorse° A Marks •'.• Munguya [See also:

• ORION
• ORION (or OARION)

Orion • • : ~'~ Swamp - Torre SOMALILAND ~•k'"'° ~rtr I •,~ ~•`•'- . Mfudo •~~t.di~o- •°~~rahanl Bra"a °akdeia• -• o~~ -Fue i, Kaskera See also:

• ENGLISH

English See also:

• MILES, NELSON APPLETON (1839— )

Miles zoo Afmadu ; t WO9, J,e1tD le I i 4ab; . - ~ •° F o 20 40 6o 8o too ii Deshek :Wnma l/ See also:

• EQUATOR (Late Lat. aequator, from aequare, to make equal)

Equator r See also:

• RAIL

Rail°ags.: t+—...~ _ " See also:

• LANG, ANDREW (1844— )
• LANG, KARL HEINRICH, RITTER VON (1764-1835)

Lang-See also:

• AUK

auk East 46°of See also:

• GREENWICH

Greenwich E 48° F so° G Ernerr Walkrr.o are See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of Arab immigrations, the last two of which are referred to the 13th and 15th centuries . But these intruders seem to have ftenpover been successively absorbed in the Somali stock; and the See also:

• ARABS

Arabs never succeeded in establishing permanent communities in this region . Their See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence has been very slight even on the tubers are Somali See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language, whose structure and vocabulary are essentially 1 and the Hamitic, with marked See also:

• AFFINITIES

affinities to the Galla on the one See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand a . They and to the Dankali (Afar) on the other . The See also:

• PRESENT

present Somali peoples are possessed of no general type . however, They are not pure Hamites, and their physical characteristics vary considerably, showing signs of interbreeding with Galla, sled from Afar, Arabs, Abyssinians, Bantus and Negroes . They are a 3 4 6 5 4 a rt 42 40 istnayu 44 black snake called muss being those most dreaded . Mosquitoes rarely troublesome; gadflies, and a large spider (hangey spins a See also:

• WEB (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Du. webbe, Dan. vaev, Ger. Gewebe, all from the Teutonic wabh—to weave)

web resembling See also:

• GOLDEN

golden See also:

• SILK

silk, are common, as are and centipedes . Termites See also:

• REAR

rear See also:

• SHARP, GRANVILLE (1735-1813)
• SHARP, JAMES (1618-1679)
• SHARP, JOHN (1645-1714)
• SHARP, RICHARD (1759-1835)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1749-1824)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1856-1905)

sharp pointed " hills," o 20 ft. high .

A See also:

• SPECIES

species of See also:

• LIZARD (Lat. lacertal)

lizard grows nearly 4 ft. See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long . Inhabitants.—The Somali belong to the Eastern Hamitic See also:

• FAMILY

family of tribes, of which the other See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief me the neighbouring Galla and Afar, the Abyssinian Agau See also:

• BEJA (or BiJA)
• BEJA (probably the ancient Pax Julia)

Beja tribes between the Nubian See also:

• NILE
• NILE, BATTLE OF THE
• NILE, SOBAT

Nile and the Red Se have been identified with the See also:

• PEOPLE

people of See also:

• PUNT (from Lat. ponto, pontoon; connected with pons, bridge)

Punt, who we to the Egyptians of the early dynasties . The Somali, declare themselves to be of Arab origin, alleging their progenitor to have been a certain Sherif Ishak b . Ahmad, who cro (Ethiopic) were known u), which See also:

• RACE

race of magnificent physique, tall, active and robust, with fairly See also:

• REGULAR

regular features, but showing Negro See also:

• BLOOD

blood in their frequently black complexion and still more in their kinky and even woolly See also:

• HAIR (a word common to Teutonic languages)

hair . Their See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour varies from the Arab See also:

• HUE

hue to black, and curiously enough the most regular features are to be found among the darkest See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

groups . There are four classes in Somaliland: (r) nomads who breed ponies, See also:

• SHEEP
• SHEEP (from the Anglo-Saxon sceap, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; e.g. the German Schaf)

sheep, See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle and camels, live entirely on See also:

• MILK (0. Eng. meoluc; from a common Indo-European root, cf. Lat. mulgere, Gr. ?t dXyetv)

milk and See also:

• MEAT

meat, and follow the rains in See also:

• SEARCH, or VISIT AND SEARCH

search of grass; (2) settled Somali, comparatively few, living in or near the coasts; (3) outcast races, not organized in tribes but living scattered all over Somaliland; they are hunters, workers in See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron and See also:

• LEATHER (a word which appears in all Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Leder, Dutch leer or leder, Swed. leder, and in such Celtic forms as Welsh llader)
• LEATHER, ARTIFICIAL

leather, and the chief collectors of See also:

• GUM (Fr. gomme, Lat. gommi, Gr. Kµµ1, possibly a Coptic word; distinguish " gum," the fleshy covering of the base of a tooth, in O. Eng. gbma, palate, cf. Ger. Gaumen, roof of the mouth; the ultimate origin is probably the root gha, to open wide, seen in

gum and See also:

• RESIN (through O.Fr. resine, modern reline, from Lat. resina, prcbably Latinized from Greek Pirivrt, resin)

resin; (4) traders . The See also:

• NATIONAL

national See also:

• DRESS (from the Fr. dresser, to set out, arrange, formed from Lat. directus, arranged, dirigere, to direct, arrange)

dress is the " tobe," a See also:

• SIMPLE

simple See also:

• COTTON
• COTTON (Fr. coton; from Arab. qutun)
• COTTON, CHARLES (163o–1687)
• COTTON, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH (1813–1866)
• COTTON, JOHN (1585–1652)
• COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE

cotton See also:

• SHEET

sheet of two breadths sewn together, about 15 ft. long . Generally it is thrown over one or both shoulders, a turn given See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round the See also:

• WAIST

waist, and allowed to fall to the ankles . The " tobes " are of all See also:

• COLOURS, MILITARY

colours from See also:

• BROWN
• BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
• BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
• BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
• BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
• BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
• BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
• BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
• BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
• BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
• BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
• BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
• BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
• BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
• BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
• BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
• BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
• BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
• BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
• BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
• BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
• BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
• BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)

brown to See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white . A ceremonial " tobe " of red, white and See also:

• BLUE (common in different forms to most European languages)

blue, each colour in two shades, with a narrow fringe of light yellow, is sometimes worn . Old men shave the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head and sometimes grow a See also:

• BEARD (A.S. beard, O. H. and Mod. Ger. Bart, Dan. beard, Icel. bar, rim, edge, beak of a ship, &c., O. Slay. barda, Russ. barodd. Cf. Welsh barf, Lat.. barba, though, according to the New English Dictionary, the connexion is for phonetic reasons doubtful)
• BEARD, WILLIAM HOLBROOK (1825-1900)

beard . See also:

• MIDDLE

Middle-aged men See also:

• WEAR

wear the hair about an See also:

• INCH (O. Eng. ynce from Lat. uncia, a twelfthpart; cf. " ounce," and see As)

inch and a See also:

• HALF

half long; See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young men and boys in a huge See also:

• MOP

mop; while married See also:

• WOMEN

women wear it in a chignon, and girls in mop-form but plaited .

The Somali are a fighting race and all go armed with See also:

• SPEAR (O. Eng. spere, O. H. Ger. sper, mod. Ger. speer, &c., cf. Lat. sparrs; probably related to " spar, " a beam)

spear, See also:

• SHIELD (0. Eng. scild, cf. Du. and Ger. Schild, Dan. Skjold; the origin is doubtful, but may be referred to the root seen in " shell " or " scale "; another suggestion connects it with Icel. skjalla, to clash, rattle; it is not connected with the Indo-Ger
• SHIELD, WILLIAM (1748—1829)

shield and See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short See also:

• SWORD (0. Eng. sweord; ultimately from an Indo-European root meaning to wound)

sword (and guns when they can get them) . During the rains incessant intertribal lootings of cattle take See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place . Among certain tribes those who have killed a See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man have the right to wear an See also:

• OSTRICH

ostrich-See also:

• FEATHER (0. Eng. (ether, Ger. Feder, from an Indo-European root seen also in Gr. lrrepov, and aEreo-Oat, to fly)

feather in their hair . They are geat talkers, keenly sensitive to ridicule, and See also:

• QUICK

quick-tempered . Women hold a degraded position among the Somali (wives being often looted with sheep), doing most of the hard See also:

• WORK

work . The Somali love display; they are inordinately vain and avaricious; but they make loyal and trustworthy soldiers and are generally See also:

• BRIGHT, JOHN (1811-188g)
• BRIGHT, SIR CHARLES TILSTON

bright and intelligent . The Somali have very little See also:

• POLITICAL

political or social cohesion, and are divided into a multiplicity of rers or fakidas (tribes, clans) . Three See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main divisions, however, have been clearly determined, and these are important both on political and ethnical grounds . I . The HASHIYA (Abud's Asha), with two great subdivisions: Daroda, with the powerful Mijertins, See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War-Sangeli, Dolbohanti and others; and Ishak, including the Gadibursi, Issa (Aissa), Habr-Wal, Habr-Tol, Habr-Yuni, Babibli, Bertiri . All these claim descent from a member of the Hashim branch of the Koreish (See also:

• MAHOMET (strictly MUHAMMAD, commonly also MOHAMMED)

Mahomet's tribe), who founded a powerful See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state in the See also:

• ZAILA

Zaila district . All are See also:

• SUNNITES

Sunnites, and, although still speaking their Somali national See also:

• TONGUE (O. Eng. lunge)

tongue, betray a large infusion of Arab blood in their See also:

• OVAL (Lat. ovum, egg)

oval See also:

• FACE (from Lat. fades, derived either from facere, to make, or from a root fa-, meaning " appear "; cf. Gr. cbatvstv)

face, somewhat light skin, and remarkably regular features .

Their domain comprises the whole of British Somaliland, and probably most of Italian Somaliland . II . The HAWTYA, with numerous sub-groups, such as the Habr- Jalet, Habr-Gader, Rer-Dollol, Daji, Karanle, Badbadan, Kunli, ajimal and Ugass-Elmi; mostly fanatical Mahommedans forming the powerful Tarika See also:

• SECT

sect, whose influence is See also:

• FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt throughout all the central and eastern parts of Somaliland . The Hawiya domain comprises the Ogaden plateau and the region generally between the Nogal and Webi-Shebeli rivers . Here contact has been chiefly with the eastern Galla tribes . Of the outcast races the best known are the Midgan, Yebir, and Tomal . The Midgan, who are of slightly shorter stature than the average Somali, are the most numerous of these peoples . They are great hunters and use small poisoned arrows to bring down their game . The Yebir are noted for their leather work, and the Tomal are the blacksmiths of the Somali . Prehistoric Remains.—The See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery of See also:

• FLINT
• FLINT, AUSTIN (1812-1886)
• FLINT, or FLTNTSHTRE (sir Gallestr)
• FLINT, ROBERT (1838- )
• FLINT, TIMOTHY (1780-1840)

flint implements of the same types as those found in See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt, Mauritania, and See also:

• EUROPE

Europe show Somaliland to have been inhabited by man in the Stone age . That the country was subsequently occupied by a more highly civilized people than the Somali of to-See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day is evidenced by the ruins which are found in various districts . Many ofthese ruins are attributable to the Arabs, but older remains are traditionally ascribed to a people who were " before the Galla." Blocks of dressed stone overgrown by grass See also:

• LIE, JONAS LAURITZ EDEMIL (1833—1908)
• LIE, MARIUS SOPHUS (1842–1899)

lie in regular formation; a series of parallel revetment walls on hills commanding passes exist, as do See also:

• RELICS (Lat, reliquiae, the equivalent of the English " remains " in the sense of a dead body)

relics of See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient water-tanks .

This ancient See also:

• CIVILIZATION

civilization is supposed to have been swept away by See also:

• MAHOMMEDAN

Mahommedan conquerors; before that event the people, in the See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion of several travellers, professed a degraded form of See also:

• CHRISTIANITY

Christianity, which they had acquired from their Abyssinian neighbours . Of more See also:

• RECENT

recent origin are the ruins known as Galla See also:

• GRAVES, ALFRED PERCEVAL (1846— )

graves (Taalla Galla) . These are See also:

• CAIRNS
• CAIRNS, HUGH MC CALMONT CAIRNS, 1ST EARL (1819-1885)
• CAIRNS, JOHN (1818–1892)

cairns of piled stones, each stone about the See also:

• SIZE

size of a man's head . The cairns are from 12 to 15 ft. high and about 8 yds. in See also:

• DIAMETER (from the Cr. &a, through, µErpov, measure)

diameter . Each is circular with a central depression . Exploration.—Somaliland was one of the last parts of Africa to be explored by Europeans . The occupation of Aden by the British in 1839 proved the starting-point in the opening up of the country, Aden being the chief See also:

• PORT

port with which the Somali of the opposite coast traded . The task of mapping the coast was largely undertaken by See also:

• OFFICERS

officers of the Indian See also:

• NAVY

navy, while the first explorers of the interior were officers of the Indian See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army quartered at Aden—Lieut . Cruttenden (1848), Lieut . (afterwards See also:

• CAPTAIN (derived from Lat. ca put, head, through the Low Lat. capitanus)

Captain See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• RICHARD
• RICHARD (d. 1184)
• RICHARD, FRANCOIS MARIE BENJAMIN (18,9-1908)
• RICHARD, HENRY (1812-1888)
• RICHARD, ST

Richard) See also:

• BURTON, JOHN HILL (1809–1881)
• BURTON, ROBERT (1577-1640)
• BURTON, SIR FREDERICK WILLIAM (1816–f goo)
• BURTON, SIR RICHARD FRANCIS (1821-1890)
• BURTON, WILLIAM EVANS (1804-1860)

Burton, and Lieut . J . H .

See also:

• SPEKE, HUGH (1656-c. 1724)
• SPEKE, JOHN HANNING (1827-1864)

Speke (the discoverer of the Nile source) . In 1854 Burton, unaccompanied, penetrated inland as far as Harrar . Later on the expedition was attacked by Somali near Berbera, both See also:

• BUR, or BURR (apparently the same word as Danish borre, burdock, cf. Swed. kard-boore)

Bur-ton and Speke being wounded, and another officer, Lieut . Stroyan, R.N., killed . For twenty years afterwards no See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt was made to open up the country . The occupation of Berbera by the Egyptians in 1875 was, however, followed by several journeys into the interior . Of those who essayed to See also:

• CROSS

cross the waterless Hand more than one lost his See also:

• LIFE

life . In 1883 a party of Englishmen—F . L. and W . D . See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James (See also:

• BROTHERS, RICHARD (1757-1824)

brothers), G . P .

V . See also:

• AYLMER, JOHN (1521-1594)

Aylmer, and E . Lort-See also:

• PHILLIPS
• PHILLIPS, ADELAIDE (1833-1882)
• PHILLIPS, EDWARD (163o-1696)
• PHILLIPS, JOHN (1800—1874)
• PHILLIPS, SAMUEL (1814—1854)
• PHILLIPS, STEPHEN (1868– )
• PHILLIPS, THOMAS (1770-1845)
• PHILLIPS, WENDELL (1811-1884)

Phillips—penetrated from Berbera as far as the Webi-Shebeli, and returned in safety . At the instance of the Indian See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government surveys of the country between the coast and the Webi-Shebeli and also east towards the Wadi Nogal were executed by See also:

• MAJOR
• MAJOR (Lat. for " greater ")
• MAJOR (or MAIR), JOHN (1470-1550)

Major H . G . C . Swayne and his See also:

• BROTHER

brother Captain E . J . E . Swayne between 1886 and 1892 . Meanwhile a French traveller, G . Revoil, had (1878–1881) made three journeys in the north-east corner of the See also:

• PROTECTORATE

protectorate, especially in the Darror valley .

The first See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person who reached the Indian Ocean, going south from the Gulf of Aden, was an See also:

• AMERICAN

American, Dr A . See also:

• DONALDSON, JOHN WILLIAM (1811-1861)
• DONALDSON, SIR JAMES (183x- )

Donaldson See also:

• SMITH
• SMITH, ADAM (1723–1790)
• SMITH, ALEXANDER (183o-1867)
• SMITH, ANDREW JACKSON (1815-1897)
• SMITH, CHARLES EMORY (1842–1908)
• SMITH, CHARLES FERGUSON (1807–1862)
• SMITH, CHARLOTTE (1749-1806)
• SMITH, COLVIN (1795—1875)
• SMITH, EDMUND KIRBY (1824-1893)
• SMITH, G
• SMITH, GEORGE (1789-1846)
• SMITH, GEORGE (184o-1876)
• SMITH, GEORGE ADAM (1856- )
• SMITH, GERRIT (1797–1874)
• SMITH, GOLDWIN (1823-191o)
• SMITH, HENRY BOYNTON (1815-1877)
• SMITH, HENRY JOHN STEPHEN (1826-1883)
• SMITH, HENRY PRESERVED (1847– )
• SMITH, JAMES (1775–1839)
• SMITH, JOHN (1579-1631)
• SMITH, JOHN RAPHAEL (1752–1812)
• SMITH, JOSEPH, JR
• SMITH, MORGAN LEWIS (1822–1874)
• SMITH, RICHARD BAIRD (1818-1861)
• SMITH, ROBERT (1689-1768)
• SMITH, SIR HENRY GEORGE WAKELYN
• SMITH, SIR THOMAS (1513-1577)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM (1813-1893)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM SIDNEY (1764-1840)
• SMITH, SYDNEY (1771-1845)
• SMITH, THOMAS SOUTHWOOD (1788-1861)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (1769-1839)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (c. 1730-1819)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (fl. 1596)
• SMITH, WILLIAM FARRAR (1824—1903)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1808—1872)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1825—1891)
• SMITH, WILLIAM ROBERTSON (1846-'894)

Smith (b . 1864) . He explored (1894–1895) the headstreams of the Shebeli, reached Lake Rudolf, and eventually descended the Tana river to the sea, his See also:

• JOURNEY (through O. Fr. jornee or journee, mod. Fr. journee, from med. Lat. diurnata, Lat. diurnus, of or belonging to dies, day)

journey thus taking him through See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern Somaliland . Meantime the greater part of the eastern seaboard having fallen under Italian influence, the exploration of the See also:

• HINTERLAND (German for " the land behind ")