SURHAI SONRHAY See also:

• SURHAI SONRHAY SONGHOI

SONGHOI  , &c., a See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• NEGROID

negroid See also:

• RACE

race inhabiting a large See also:

• TRACT (from Lat. tractare, to treat of a matter, through Provencal tractat and Ital. trattato)

tract of See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country on both See also:

• BANKS, GEORGE LINNAEUS (1821-1881)
• BANKS, NATHANIEL PRENTISS (1816–1894)
• BANKS, SIR JOSEPH
• BANKS, THOMAS (1735-1805)

banks of the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle See also:

• NIGER
• NIGER, GAIUS PESCENNIUS

Niger . They formed a distinct See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state from the 8th to the 16th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, being at one See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period masters of See also:

• TIMBUKTU (French spelling Tombouctou)

Timbuktu (q.v.) and the most powerful nation in the western See also:

• SUDAN (Arabic Bilad-es-Sudan, country of the blacks)

Sudan . The origin of this See also:

• PEOPLE

people, who are said still to number some two millions, though their See also:

• NATIONAL

national See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence is lost, has been a source of much dispute . Heinrich See also:

• BARTH
• BARTH, HEINRICH (1821–1865)
• BARTH, KASPAR VON (1587-1658)

Barth, who has given the fullest See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of them, reckoned them as See also:

• ABORIGINES

aborigines of the Niger valley; but he also tried to connect them with the Egyptians . The people them-selves declare their See also:

• ORIGINAL

original See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home to have been to the eastward, but it seems unlikely that they or their culture are to be connected at all with the See also:

• NILE
• NILE, BATTLE OF THE
• NILE, SOBAT

Nile valley . According to the Tarik a Sudan, a 17th century See also:

• HISTORY

history of the Sudan written by Abderrahman Sadi of Timbuktu, the first See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of the See also:

• SONGHOI, SONRHAY, SURHAI

Songhoi was called Dialliaman (Arabic Dia See also:

• MIN

min al Jemen, " he is come from See also:

• YEMEN (Yaman)

Yemen "), and the account given in this Arabic See also:

• MANUSCRIPT

manuscript leaves little doubt that he was an Arab adventurer who, as has been frequently the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case, became See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief of a See also:

• NEGRO (from Lat. eager, black)

negro people and led them westward . The Songhoi See also:

• EMIGRATION (from Lat. emigrare; e, ex, out of, and migrare, to depart)

emigration must have begun towards the middle of the 7th century, for See also:

• JENNE

Jenne, their chief See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city, was founded one See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred and fifty years after the See also:

• HEJIRA

Hejira (about A.D . 765), and it represents the extreme western point in their progress . From a hundred to a hundred and twenty years would be about the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time which must be allowed for the years of wandering and those of See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

settlement and occupation in the Songhoi countries . In the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north they have mixed with the Ruma " See also:

• MOORS (Lat. Mauri; Gr. Mavpot, dark men)
• MOORS, KABYLES, MZABITES

Moors," and in the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south with the See also:

• FULA (FULBE, FELLATAH or PEULS)

Fula . The Songhoi, then, are probably Sudanese negroes much mixed with See also:

• BERBER

Berber and even Arab See also:

• BLOOD

blood, who settled among and crossed with the natives of the Niger valley, over whom they See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long ruled . In their physique they See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear out this theory .

Although often as See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black as the typical See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West See also:

• AFRICAN

African, their faces are frequently more refined than those of pure negroes . The See also:

• NOSE (O.Eng. nosu, cf. Dutch neus, Swed. nos, snout; the Aix in Provence. Both at Aix and at Lyons he acquired great connexion with O.Eng. nasu is obscure, cf. Ger. Nase, Lat. pares, distinction by his labours during outbreaks of the plague. In nostrils,

nose of the Songhoi is straight and long, pointed rather than See also:

• FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat; the lips are comparatively thin, and in See also:

• PROFILE

profile and See also:

• JAW (Mid. Eng. jawe, jowe and geowe, O. Eng. cheowan, connected with " chaw " and " chew," and in form with " jowl ")

jaw -See also:

• PROJECTION

projection they are easily distinguishable from the well-known nigritic type . They are tall, well-made and slim . In See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character, too, they are a contrast to the merry See also:

• LIGHT

light-heartedness of the true negro . Barth says that of all races he met in negroland they were the most morose, unfriendly and churlish . The Songhoi See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language, which, owing to its widespread use, is, with See also:

• HAUSA

Hausa, called Kalam al Sudan (" language of the Sudan") by the See also:

• ARABS

Arabs, is often known as Kissur . According to See also:

• FRIEDRICH, JOHANN (1836— )

Friedrich See also:

• MULLER, FERDINAND VON, BARON (1825–1896)
• MULLER, FRIEDRICH (1749-1825)
• MULLER, GEORGE (1805-1898)
• MULLER, JOHANNES PETER (18o1-1858)
• MULLER, JOHANNES VON (1752-1809)
• MULLER, JULIUS (18oi-1878)
• MULLER, KARL OTFRIED (1797-1840)
• MULLER, LUCIAN (1836-1898)
• MULLER, WILHELM (1794-1827)
• MULLER, WILLIAM JAMES (1812-1845)

Muller it resembles in structure none of the neighbouring See also:

• TONGUES, GIFT OF, or GLOSSOLALIA (yXwova, tongue, aXeiv, speak)

tongues, though its vocabulary shows Arab See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence . See also:

• KEANE, JOHN JOSEPH (1839– )

Keane states that the language " has not the remotest connexion with any See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of speech known to have been at any time current in the Nile valley." See Heinrich Barth, Travels and Discoveries in See also:

• NORTHERN

Northern and Central See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa (1857–1858) ; A . H . Keane, See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

Man Past and See also:

• PRESENT

Present (See also:

• CAMBRIDGE
• CAMBRIDGE, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• CAMBRIDGE, RICHARD OWEN (1717-1802)

Cambridge, 1899); Brix See also:

• FORSTER, FRANCOIS (179o-,872)
• FORSTER, FRIEDRICH CHRISTOPH (1791-1868)
• FORSTER, JOHANN GEORG ADAM (1754-1794)
• FORSTER, JOHN (1812-1876)
• FORSTER, JOHN COOPER (1823-1886)
• FORSTER, WILLIAM EDWARD (1818-1886)

Forster in Globus, lxxi . 193; See also:

• FELIX
• FELIX, ANTONIUS
• FELIX, LIA (1830– )

Felix See also:

• DUBOIS
• DUBOIS, FRANCOIS CLEMENT THEODORE (1837– )
• DUBOIS, GUILLAUME (1656–1723)
• DUBOIS, JEAN ANTOINE (1765-1848)
• DUBOIS, PAUL (1829-1905)
• DUBOIS, PIERRE (c. 1250-c. 1312)

Dubois, Timbuctoo the Mysterious (1897); See also:

• LADY (0. Eng. hlaefdige, Mid. Eng. ldfdi, lavedi; the first part of the word is hldf, loaf, bread, as in the corresponding hldford, lord; the second part is usually taken to be from the root dig-, to knead, seen also in " dough "; the sense development fr

Lady See also:

• LUGARD, SIR FREDERICK JOHN DEALTRY (1858- )

Lugard, A Tropical Dependency (1905) .