SORBONNE  , the name given originally to the See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

college founded by See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert de Sorbon in See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris; hence applied afterwards popularly to the theological See also:

• FACULTY (through the French, from the Lat. facultas, ability to do anything, from facilis, easy, facere, to do; another form of the word in Lat. facilitas, facility, ease, keeps the original meaning)

faculty, and so to the institution which is now the seat of the Academie of that See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city (see See also:

• UNIVERSITIES

UNIVERSITIES) . The Sorbonne owes its origin and its name to Robert of Sorbon, near See also:

• REIMS
• REIMS (RHEIMS)

Reims (1201-1274), who went to Paris about the beginning of the reign of St See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to qualify for the priesthood, attained high repute by his sanctity and eloquence, and was appointed by the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king to be his See also:

• CONFESSOR

confessor . Assisted by royal liberality, he built a modest See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment in which were accommodated seven priests charged with the See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty of teaching See also:

• THEOLOGY

theology gratuitously; to this he added a college of preparatory studies, all under the direction of a provisor, under whom was an See also:

• ANNUAL

annual See also:

• PRIOR (from Lat. prior—former, and hence superior, through O. Fr. priour)
• PRIOR, MATTHEW (1664-1721)

prior who had the actual management . The new institution was authorized in 1252 by a See also:

• DEED (in O. Eng. dead, from the stem of the verb " to do ")

deed signed by See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

Queen See also:

• BLANCHE, JACQUES EMILE (1861– )

Blanche, on behalf of Louis IX . (who was in See also:

• PALESTINE

Palestine); and in 1257 a site was given by the king in the See also:

• HEART
• HEART, LUNG

heart of the Latin See also:

• QUARTER (through Fr. from Lat. quartarius, fourth part)

quarter . It was declared " useful to See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion " by See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

Pope See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander IV. in 1259, and papal bulls authorizing and confirming the college were granted in 1263 and 1268 . Destined originally for poor students (and called domus magistrorum pauperrima, " most poor See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house of masters "), the Sorbonne soon became a See also:

• MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)

meeting-See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place for all the students of the university of Paris, who resorted thither to hear the lectures of the most learned theologians of the See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period—See also:

• GUILLAUME
• GUILLAUME, JEAN BAPTISTE CLAUDE EUGENE (1822-1905)

Guillaume de See also:

• SAINT (lat. sanctus, " holy ")

Saint Amour, Eudes de See also:

• DOUAI

Douai, See also:

• LAURENT, FRANCOIS (1810–1887)

Laurent 1'Anglais, See also:

• PIERRE

Pierre d'See also:

• AILLY, PIERRE

Ailly . At the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of the See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century it was organized into a full faculty of theology, and under this definite See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form it conferred bachelors', licentiates' and doctors' degrees, and the severity of its See also:

• EXAMINATIONS

examinations gave an exceptional value to its diplomas . The so-called " these sorbonique," instituted towards the beginning of the 14th century, became the type of its order by the length and difficulty of its tests . Ultimately the professors of the Sorbonne came to be resorted to not only for lectures and examinations, but also for dogmatic decisions and judgments in See also:

• CANON

canon See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law; the See also:

• CLERGY (M.E. clergie, O. Fr. clergie, from Low Lat. form clericia [Skean, by assimilation with O. Fr. clergie, Fr. clerge,from Low Lat. clericatus)
• CLERGY, BENEFIT OF

clergy of See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France and of the whole See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic See also:

• WORLD

world had recourse to them in difficult cases, and the See also:

• CURIA

Curia See also:

• ROMANA

Romana itself more than once laid its doubts before them, giving them the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of " Concilium in Gallia subsistens." To the Sorbonne belongs the See also:

• GLORY (through the O. Fr. glorie, modern gloire, from Lat. gloria, cognate with Gr. KXebs, abets)

glory of having introduced See also:

• PRINTING (from Lat. imprimere, O. Fr. empreindre)

printing into France in 1469: within its precincts it assigned quarters for Ulric Gering and two companions in which to set up their presses . The Sorbonne took a leading See also:

• PART

part in the religious discussions which agitated France during the 16th and 18th centuries, and its See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence thus inevitably extended to See also:

• POLITICAL

political questions . During the See also:

• INSANITY (from Lat. in, not, and sanus, sound)

insanity of See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles VI. it helped to bring about the See also:

• ABSOLUTION (Lat. absolutio from absolvo, loosen, acquit)

absolution of See also:

• JEAN

Jean Sans-Peur for the assassination of the See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

• ORLEANS
• ORLEANS, CHARLES, DUKE OF (1391-1465)
• ORLEANS, DUKES OF
• ORLEANS, FERDINAND PHILIP LOUIS CHARLES HENRY, DUKE OF (1810-1842)
• ORLEANS, HENRI, PRINCE
• ORLEANS, HENRIETTA, DUCHESS
• ORLEANS, JEAN BAPTISTE GASTON, DUKE
• ORLEANS, LOUIS
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE JOSEPH
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ROBERT, DUKE
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE, DUKE OF (1725–1785)
• ORLEANS, LOUIS, DUKE OF (1372–1407)
• ORLEANS, PHILIP I
• ORLEANS, PHILIP II

Orleans Shortly afterwards it demanded and supported the condemnation I BIBLIOGRAPHY.—G .

Kral, Grammatik der wendischen Sprache of See also:

• JOAN

Joan of Arc; during the See also:

• REFORMATION
• REFORMATION, THE

Reformation it was the animating in der Oberlausitz (See also:

• BAUTZEN (Wendish Budissin, " town ")

Bautzen, 1895) ; K . E . Macke, Historische and spirit of all the persecutions directed against Protestants and (Javergleichblono~,~sendeLi Preisschrift, u.sschrift, Formen-Lehre xviii.) .) (See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig, d. niedersorbischen Sprache 1891); Pfuhl, Lausitzisch- unbelievers: without having advised the See also:

• MASSACRE

massacre of St Wendisch Werterbuch (High Sorb) (Bautzen, 1866) ; J . G . Zwahr, See also:

• BARTHOLOMEW, JOHN (1831-1893)
• BARTHOLOMEW, SAINT

Bartholomew, it did not hesitate to justify it, and it inflamed Niederlausitz-wendisch-deutsehes HandwOrterbuch (See also:

• SPREMBERG

Spremberg, 1847); the See also:

• LEAGUE

League by its vigorous anathemas against See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry III. and M . H6rnik, Citanka (Ch estomathy of High Sorb) (Bautzen, 1863 ; L . See also:

• HAUPT, MORITZ (1808—1874)

Haupt and J . S . Smoler, Volkslieder der See also:

• WENDEN (Lettish Tseziz)

Wenden in der Ober-the king of See also:

• NAVARRE (Span. Navarra)

Navarre, .hesitating to recognize the latter even and Niederlausitz (See also:

• GRIMMA

Grimma, 1842-1843) . (E . H . M.) after his See also:

• ABJURATION (from Lat. abjurare, to forswear)

abjuration .

From this point See also:

• DATES

dates the beginning of SORBY, HENRY See also:

• CLIFTON

CLIFTON (1826-1908), See also:

• ENGLISH

English micro-its decadence, and when See also:

• RICHELIEU, ARMAND EMMANUEL SOPHIE SEPTEMANIE DU PLESSIS
• RICHELIEU, ARMAND JEAN DU PLESSIS
• RICHELIEU, LOUIS FRANCOIS ARMAND DU PLESSIS

Richelieu in 1626 ordered the recon- scopist and geologist, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at Woodbourne near See also:

• SHEFFIELD
• SHEFFIELD, JOHN BAKER HOLROYD, 1ST EARL

Sheffield struction of its See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church and buildings the following prophetic on the loth of May 1826 . He See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed an See also:

• INTEREST

interest in See also:

• COUPLET

couplet was circulated— natural See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science, and one of his first papers related to the excava- "Instaurata ruet jamjam Sorbona . Caduca tion of valleys in See also:

• YORKSHIRE

Yorkshire . He subsequently dealt with the Dum fait, inconcussa stetit; renovata peribit." See also:

• PHYSICAL

physical See also:

• GEOGRAPHY (Gr. yil, earth, and ypiickty, to write)

geography of former See also:

• GEOLOGICAL

geological periods, with the See also:

• WAVE

wave-The See also:

• DECLARATION (from Lat. declarare, to make fully clear, clams)

declaration of the clergy in 1682, which it subscribed, structure in certain stratified rocks, and the origin of slaty proved fatal to its authority with the Curia Romana; it revived cleavage . He took up the study of rocks and minerals under for a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time under Louis XV. during the struggle against the See also:

• MICROSCOPE (Gr. µucp6s, small, asenreiv, to %view)

microscope, and published an important memoir On the See also:

• JANSENISM

Jansenism, but this was its last exploit; it was suppressed like Microscopical Structure of Crystals in 1858 (Quart . Journ . Geol . the old universities in 1992 . See also:

• SOC

Soc.) . In See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England he was one of the pioneers in petrography; When tha university' of France was organized in 18o8 the he was awarded the See also:

• WOLLASTON, WILLIAM (1659--1724)
• WOLLASTON, WILLIAM HYDE (1766-1828)

Wollaston See also:

• MEDAL (Fr. medaille, from Lat. metallum)

medal by the Geological Sorbonne became the seat of the See also:

• ACADEMIC

academic of Paris; and between Society of See also:

• LONDON

London in 1869, and when See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president of the society he 1816 and 1821 the faculties of theology (since disappeared), published in his addresses the results of See also:

• ORIGINAL

original researches on science and literature were installed there . The university the structure and origin of limestones, and of the non-calcareous library was transferred to the Sorbonne in 1823 . In 1868 was stratified rocks (1879-188o) .

He had previously been president organized the Ecole See also:

• DES

des Hautes Etudes, and in 1897 the Ecole of the Royal Microscopical Society . He wrote on the construcdes Chartes also found its See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home at the Sorbonne. tion and use of the micro-spectroscope in the study of See also:

• ANIMAL
• ANIMAL (Lat. animalis, from anima, breath, soul)

animal In 1852 the Sorbonne was made the See also:

• PROPERTY

property of the city of and See also:

• VEGETABLE

vegetable colouring See also:

• MATTER

matter, and in later essays he dealt Paris; a reconstruction of the buildings, projected by See also:

• NAPOLEON

Napoleon with such varied subjects as the microscopical structure of See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron III., was begun in 1884, under the architectural direction of and See also:

• STEEL, FLORA ANNIE (1847– )

steel, and the temperature of the See also:

• WATER

water in estuaries . He Nenot, and completed in 1889 . The old church containing the also applied his skill in making preparations of invertebrate See also:

• TOMB (Gr. Tuµ/3a, Tuµ(3os, probably allied to Lat. tumulus, literally a swelling, tumere, to swell)

tomb of Richelieu was retained on See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of its See also:

• ARTISTIC

artistic merit. animals for See also:

• LANTERN (an adaptation of the Fr. lanterne from Lat. lanterna or laterna, supposed to be from Gr. Aa urritp, a torch or lamp, Aaµaew, to shine, cf. " lamp "; the 16th- and 17th-century form " lanthorn " is due to a mistaken derivation from " horn," as a m

lantern-slides . In 1882 he was elected president This new Sorbonne is one of the finest university edifices in the of See also:

• FIRTH, CHARLES HARDING (1857– )
• FIRTH, MARK (1819-1880)

Firth College, Sheffield . He died on the 9th of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March world, and has developed into the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French centre of learning . 1908 . See A . See also:

• FRANKLIN
• FRANKLIN, BENJAMIN (1706-1790)
• FRANKLIN, SIR JOHN (1786-1847)
• FRANKLIN, WILLIAM BUEL (1823-1903)

Franklin, La Sorbonne (1875) ; Denifle, Documents relatifs SORCERY, magic, enchantment, See also:

• WITCHCRAFT

witchcraft; the use of a la fondation de l'universite de Paris (x883); J . A .