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BARON MARQUIS DE COURTANVAUX GILLES DE SOUVREI

SOWAR (Hind. and Pers. suwar, a horseman)

JAMES SOWERBY (1757–1822)

SOWING (from "to sow," O. Eng. shwan, cf. Du. zaaijen, Ger. saen, &c.; the root is seen in Lat. severe, cf. "seed")

ALEXIS BENOIT SOYER (1809-1858)

LO SPAGNA (d. –c. 1529)

SPAHIS (in Persian Sipari, meaning warriors, and synonymous with Sepoy)

GEORGE SPALATIN

SPALATO, or SPALATRO (Serbo-Croatian Spljet or Split)

WILLIAM SPALDING (1809-1859)

LAZARO SPALLANZANI (1729-1799)

SPAN (from O. Eng. spannan, to bind, connect together; the word is of general occurrence in Teutonic languages, the ultimate origin being the root spa-, to extend; stretch out, cf. Gr. oirav, to draw out, Lat. spatium, space)

SPANDRIL, or SPANDREL (formerly splaundrel, a word of unknown origin)

AUGUST GOTTLIEB SPANGENBERG (1704–1192)

SPANISH REFORMED CHURCH (Iglesia espanola reformada)

WAR OF THE SPANISH SUCCESSION

JARED SPARKS (1789-1866)

SPARROW (0. Eng. spearwa; Icel. sporr; O.H.G. Sparo)

SPARTA (Gr. Eirapril or AaKe5atycav)

SPEAR (O. Eng. spere, O. H. Ger. sper, mod. Ger. speer, &c., cf. Lat. sparrs; probably related to " spar, " a beam)

SPECIAL CASES OF DISCHARGE FROM

SPECIAL COLLECTIONS

SPECIAL LITERATURE

SPECIFIC HEAT OF MERCURY BY CONTINUOUS ELECTRIC

SPECIFIC HEAT OF WATER IN TERMS OF UNIT AT 200 C

SPECIFIC PERFORMANCE

SPECIFICATION (from Med. Lat. specificatio, specificare, to enumerate or mention in detail)

SPECTROHELIOGRAPH

SPECTROSCOPY (from Lat. spectrum, an appearance, and Gr. a-sore y, to see)

JAMES SPEDDING (18o8–1881)

JOHN SPEED (1552–1629)

HUGH SPEKE (1656-c. 1724)

JOHN HANNING SPEKE (1827-1864)

SPELLO (anc. Hispellum, q.v.)

SIR HENRY SPELMAN (c. 1564-1641)

THOMAS SPENCE (1750-1814)

SPENCER COMPTON

SPENCER COMPTON CAVENDISH

HERBERT SPENCER (1820-1903)

3RD EARL JOHN CHARLES SPENCER SPENCER (1782-1845)

JOHNPOYNTZ SPENCER SPENCER

WILLIAM ROBERT SPENCER (1769-1834)

THOMAS DE SPENS (c. 141 1480)

EDMUND SPENSER (c. 1552-1599)

JOHN SPENSER (1559-1614)

SPENSERIAN STANZA

COUNT MIKHAIL MIKHAILOVICH SPERANSKI (1772-1839)

SPERMACETI (from Lat. sperma, seed, and cetus, a ' whale)

SPEUSIPPUS (4th century B.C.)

SPHAERISTERIUM (Gr. ackaipear 1pun)

SPHENODON, or TUATARA

SPHERE (Gr. vclsa?pa, a ball or globe)

SPHERES OF INFLUENCE

MUSIC OF THE SPHERES

SPHERICAL HARMONICS

SPHEROID (Gr. c4aipa-etbis, like a sphere)

SPHEROMETER (Gr. ocPaipa , a sphere, p rpov, a measure)

SPHERULITES (Gr. cchaipa, sphere, Mhos, stone)

SPHINX (Gr. Q¢lyyea', to draw tight, squeeze)

FRIEDRICH VON SPIELHAGEN (1829- )

CHRISTIAN HEINRICH SPIESS (1755-1799)

SPIKENARD, or NARD (O. Fr. spiquenard, Lat. spica nardi, from spica, ear of corn, and Gr. vapSos, Pers. nard, Skt. nalada, Indian spikenard, from Skt, nal, to smell)

SPILLIKINS (M.D., spelleken, little pin), or JACKSTRAWS (originally " jerk-straws" )

SPINA (Lat. for a thorn, or prickle, also backbone, whence spine)

SPINACH (Spinacia oleracea)

SPINELLO ARETINO (c. 1330-c. 1410)

SPINET, or SPINNET (Fr. espinetle or epinette; Ger. Spinett; Ital. spinetta)

SPINNING (from O. Eng. spinnen, to spin, cf. Ger. spinnen, &c., the Teut. root is seen, to draw out, cf. span, spider)

MARQUIS DE LOS BALBASES AMBROSE SPINOLA (1569-1630)

CRISTOVAL ROJAS DE SPINOLA (d. 1695)

BARUCH SPINOZA (1632-1677)

SPIRE LIGHT (Fr. lucarne)

SPIRES (Ger. Speyer or Speier)

SPITSBERGEN (the name being Dutch is incorrectly, though commonly, spelled Spitzbergen)

FRIEDRICH SPITTA (1852— )

SPLEEN (Gr. o-1rXilv)

LUDWIG SPOHR (1784-1859)

SPOLETO (anc. Spoletium)

JACQUES SPON (1647-1685)

SPONSOR (from Lat. spondere, to promise)

GASPARO LUIGI PACIFICO SPONTINI (1774-1851)

SPONTOON (Fr. esponton, Ital. spontone, from Lat. punctum, point, pungere, to prick)

SPOON (O. Eng. span, a chip or splinter of wood, cf. Du. spoon, Ger. Spahn, in same sense, probably related to Gr. r4 v, wedge)

SPORADES (Gr. ErropaSes, from a-sretpew, to sow)

SPORRAN (Gaelic sporan, purse, pouch)

SPORT (a contracted or shortened form of "disport," to amuse, divert oneself, O. Fr. se dis porter or deporter, to leave off work, hence to play, Lat. dis-, away, and portare, to carry; the origin of the meaning lies in the notion of turning away from ser

THE BOOK OF SPORTS

SPOTSWOOD (SPOTTSwooD or SPOTTISwOOD), ALEXANDER (1676-1940)

SPOTTISWOODE (SPOTTISwooD, SPOTISWOOD Or SPOTSWOOD), JOHN (1565-1639)

WILLIAM SPOTTISWOODE (1825-1883)

SPOUSE (O. Fr. espous, mod. epoux, espouse, epouse, Lat. sponsus, sponsa, a betrothed or promised man or woman, from spondere, to promise)

THOMAS SPRAT ( 1635-1713)

THOMAS ABEL BRIMAGE SPRATT (1811-1888)

CLAUS SPRECKELS (1828–1908)

KURT SPRENGEL (1766-1833)

JAKOB SPRENGER (fl. 1500)

COUNT GORAN MAGNUS SPRENGTPORTEN (1740-1819)

JAKOB MAGNUS SPRENGTPORTEN (1727—1786)

SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

SPRINGBUCK, or SPRINGBOK (Antidorcas euchore)

SPRINGER (Fr. rein)

ANTON HEINRICH SPRINGER (1825–1891)

EUGENE SPULLER (1835-1896)

SPUR (A.S. spura, spora, related to spornan, spurnan, to kick, spurn; cf. M.H.G. sporn, mod. Ger. Sporn)

CHARLES HADDON SPURGEON (1834—1892)

SPURN HEAD, or SPURN POINT

JOHANN CHRISTOPH SPURZHEIM

SPY (from " to spy " or " espy"; 0. Fr. espie, espier, to spy, watch; cf. Ger. spdhen, Lat. specere, to look; the Fr. term " espionage "is of course from the same source)

SQUAILS (from skail or kail, a ninepin)

SQUINT (possibly connected with Swed. svinka, to flinch; 0. Eng. swiccan, avoid)

SQUIRREL (Fr. ecureuil)

SQUIRREL MONKEY

BARONNE DE MARGUERITE JEANNE CORDIER DELAUNAY STAAL (1684-1750)

BERNHARD STADE (1848–1906)

JOHANN PHILIPP KARL JOSEPH STADION (1763—1824)

STADTHOLDER (Du. stadhouder, a delegate or representative)

MADAME DE STAEL

STAFF (O. Eng. staef, cf. Du. staf, Ger. Stab, &c.; Icel. stafr meant also a written letter, and O. Eng. stafas, the letters of the alphabet; " stave," one of the thin pieces of wood of which a cask is made, is a doublet)

STAFFA (Norse for staff, column, or pillar island)

EARLS AND MARQUESSES OF STAFFORD

STAG (0. Eng. stagga, a Norse word, cf. Icel. steggr, steggi, a male animal, cf. Steggander, a drake; it is usually referred to stigan, to climb, to mount, but this is doubtful)

STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

FRIEDRICH JULIUS STAHL (1802-1861)

GEORG ERNST STAHL (1660-1734)

STAIR (0. Eng. stagger, step, from stigan, to climb, cf. Ger. steigen; the root is also seen in " stile " and " stirrup ")

JAMES DALRYMPLE STAIR

STALACTITES (Gr. (rraXaicros, from vraXaQVecv, to drip)

STALL (0. Eng. steall, stael, cf. Du. stal, Ger. and Swed. Stall, a common Teutonic word for a place, station, place for standing in; the root is the Indo-European std–, to stand, seen also in Latin stabulum, Greek vraO bs, and in stallion, an entire hors

JOHANN GOTTFRIED STALLBAUM (1793-1861)

STEFAN STAMBOLOV (1854-1895)

HENRY GREY STAMFORD

STAMMERING, or STUTTERING

STAMP (from " to stamp," to strike or tread heavily, hence to impress, O. Eng. stempen, Du. stampen, Ger. stampfen, whence, O. Fr. estamper, mod. etamper)

STANCHION (Fr. etancon, a wooden post)

BATTLE OF THE STANDARD

STANDARDS DEPARTMENT

STANDARDS OF VOLUME

STANDARDS OF WEIGHT

STANDISH, MILES, or MYLES (c. 1584-1656)

WILLIAM CLARKSON STANFIELD (1794–1867)

SIR CHARLES VILLIERS STANFORD (1852– )

LADY HESTER LUCY STANHOPE (1776-1839)

STANISLAU (Polish, Stanislawow)

STANLEY (FAMILY)

ARTHUR PENRHYN STANLEY (18x5–1881)

EDWARD STANLEY (1779-1849)

SIR HENRY MORTON STANLEY (184o-1904)

SIR WILLIAM STANLEY (1548-163o)

THOMAS STANLEY (1625-1678)

JOSEPH STANNARD (1796-1830)

STANNARIES (Lat. stannum, Cornish, stean, tin)

SIR JAMES STANSFELD (182o-1898)

ELIZABETH CADY STANTON (1815-1902)

RICHARD STANYHURST (1547-1618)

STANZA (Low Lat. stantia, Ital. stantia or stanza)

WALTER DE STAPLEDON (1261—1326)

STARA ZAGORA (Turk. Eski-Zagra)

STARBOARD AND LARBOARD

JAMES STARK (1794-1859)

JOHN STARK (1728-1822)

JAMES STARLEY (1830-1881)

STARLING (0. Eng. staer steam, and slerlyng; Lat. surnus; Fr. etourneau)

JEAN SERVAIS STAS (1813–1891)

STATE OF AFFAIRS AS AT 31ST DECEMBER

GREAT OFFICERS OF STATE

STATES OF THE CHURCH, or PAPAL STATES (Ital. Stato della Chiesa, Stato Pontifico, Stato Romano, Stato Ecclesiastico Fr. bats de l'Eglise, Pontifical Souverain de Rome, &c.; Ger. Kirchenstaat; in ecclesiastical Latin often Patrimonium Sancti Petri)

STATICS (from Gr. root am-, stand, or cause to stand)

STATIONS OF THE CROSS

PUBLIUS PAPINIUS STATIUS (c. A.D. 45-96)

STATUTE MERCHANT

HOWARD STAUNTON (1810-1874)

BART SIR GEORGE THOMAS STAUNTON

SIR WILLIAM FOSTER STAWELL (1815–188g)

STE ANNE DE BEAUPRE

WILLIAM THOMAS STEAD (1849– )

STEADY MOTION OF WATER IN OPEN CHANNELS OF

STEAM (0. Eng. steam, vapour, smoke, cf. Du. steam; the origin is unknown)

STEAMSHIP LINES

STEATOPYGIA (Gr. oriap, fat, irvyit rump)

EDMUND CLARENCE STEDMAN (1833–1908)

STEEL CONSTRUCTION

FLORA ANNIE STEEL (1847– )

ANNE STEELE (1717-1778)

SIR RICHARD STEELE (1672-1729)

THOMAS STEELE (1788-1848)

WILLIAM STEELE (d. 1680)

MERCHANTS OF THE STEELYARD

JAN HAVICKSZ STEEN (1626-1.679)

STEENKIRK (STEENKERKE)

STEEPLE (akin to " steep")

PAUL WILSON STEER (186o– )

GEORGE STEEVENS (1736-1800)

GEORGE WARRINGTON STEEVENS (1869-1900)

AGOSTINO STEFFANI (1653-1728)

HENRIK STEFFENS (1773-1845)

DANIEL STEIBELT (c. 1764-1823)

CHARLOTTE VON STEIN (1742-1827)

BARON VOM HEINRICH FRIEDRICH KARL STEIN

JAKOB STEINER (1796-1863)

KARL FRIEDRICH VON STEINMETZ (1796-1877)

MORITZ STEINSCHNEIDER (1816-1907)

HEYMANN STEINTHAL (1823—1899)

STEM (O. Eng. staefn, stemn, cf. Du. stain, Ger. Stamm, &c., probably related to " staff ")

COUNT MAGNUS GUSTAFSSON STENBOCK (1664—1717)

NICOLAUS STENO (1631-1686)

STENOGRAPHY (from Gr. arev6c, close, narrow, and ypageuv, to write)

HEINRICH VON STEPHAN (1831-1897)

STEPHANUS BYZANTINUS (STEPHEN OF BYZANTIUM)

STEPHEN (1097?-1154)

STEPHEN (ISTVAN) BATHORY (1533-1586)

STEPHEN KEMBLE (1758-1822)

SIR JAMES STEPHEN (1789-1859)

BART SIR JAMES FITZJAMES STEPHEN

SIR LESLIE STEPHEN (1832-1904)

ALEXANDER HAMILTON STEPHENS (1812-1883)

JOHN LLOYD STEPHENS (1805–1852)

GEORGE STEPHENSON (1781–1848)

ROBERT STEPHENSON (1803-1859)

GEORGE STEPNEY (1663-1707)

SERGIUS STEPNIAK (1852-1895)

STEPPE (from the Russ. stepi, a waste)

STEREOBATE (Gr. vrepeos, solid, and Oiurts, a base)

STEREOCHEMISTRY (Gr. umEptc, solid, and chemistry)

STEREOSCOPE (Gr. (rrepe5s, solid, vxtnrav, to see))

ANTOINETTE STERLING (d. 1904)

JOHN STERLING (1806-1844)

LAURENCE STERNE (1713-1768)

RICHARD STERNE (c. 15gb-1683)

STESICHORUS (c. 640–555 B.C.)

STETHOSCOPE (Gr. vrijOos, chest, and UK07r6.v, to look, examine)

BART SIR JAMES DENHAM STEUART

BARON VON FREDERICK WILLIAM AUGUSTUS HENRY FERDINAND STEUBEN (1730–1794)

AGOSTINO STEUCO [in Latin STEUCHUS or EUGUBINUS] (1406-15:19)