See also:

• SOWING (from "to sow," O. Eng. shwan, cf. Du. zaaijen, Ger. saen, &c.; the root is seen in Lat. severe, cf. "seed")

SOWING (from "to sow," O. Eng. shwan, cf. Du. zaaijen, Ger. saen, &c.; the See also:

• ROOT (late O.E. rot, adopted from Scand., cf. Norw. and Swed. rot, Dan. rod; the true O.E. word was wyrt, plant, represented in Ger. Wurz or Wurzel; the ultimate root is the same in both words, and is seen in Lat. radix)
• ROOT, ELIHU (1845– )

root is seen in See also:

• LAT

Lat. severe, cf. "See also:

• SEED (from the root seen in Lat. serere, to sow)

seed")  , in See also:

• AGRICULTURE
• AGRICULTURE (from Lat. ages, field, and colere, to cultivate)
• AGRICULTURE, BOARD OF

agriculture, the planting of See also:

• SEED (from the root seen in Lat. serere, to sow)

seed for the raising of crops . The scattering of seed by See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand is the simplest and See also:

• OLDEST

oldest method of delivering seed to the See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth, and is still preferred by some farmers and in certain circumstances . The sower carries the receptacle for the seed, a See also:

• ZINC

zinc " seed-See also:

• LIP (a word common in various forms, to Teutonic languages, cf Ger. Lippe, Dan. laebe; Lat. labium is cognate)

lip," seed-See also:

• SHEET

sheet or See also:

• BASKET

basket, slung over his See also:

• SHOULDER (in O.E. sculder, cognate with Ger. Schulter, Dutch schouder, Swed. skuldra, &c; the root is unknown)

shoulder, and walking up and down the ridges of the See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field scatters handfuls of See also:

• GRAIN (derived through the French from Lat. granum, seed, from an Aryan root meaning " to wear down," which also appears in the common Teutonic word " corn ")

grain with a semicircular sweep of the See also:

• ARM (a common Teutonic word; the Indo-European root is ar, to join or fit; cf. the Lat. armus, shoulder, and the plural word arma, weapons, Gr. apphs, joint, and the reduplicated apapilKSV, to join)

arm across the See also:

• BODY

body . The " casts " must not overlap too much, the seed must not fall more thickly at one point of the See also:

• CAST (from the verb meaning " to throw "; the word is Scand. in origin, cf. Dan. kaste, and Swed. kasta; " cast " in Middle Eng. took the place of the A.S. weor pan, cf. Ger. werf en)

cast than at another, and the See also:

• STANDARD
• STANDARD, BATTLE OF THE

standard of seeding per See also:

• ACRE
• ACRE, or AQUIRY

acre must be rigidly adhered to; hence See also:

• MANUAL

manual-See also:

• SOWING (from "to sow," O. Eng. shwan, cf. Du. zaaijen, Ger. saen, &c.; the root is seen in Lat. severe, cf. "seed")

sowing demands considerable skill and experience . It is still preferred in some districts for the sowing of See also:

• CORN (a common Teutonic word; cf. Lat. granum, seed, grain)
• CORN (fromm Lat. corms, horn)

corn crops; and in some cases the plough is followed by a furrow-presser, the seed falling into the hollows made by it, though under See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary circumstances the See also:

• FACE (from Lat. fades, derived either from facere, to make, or from a root fa-, meaning " appear "; cf. Gr. cbatvstv)

face of the field as See also:

• LEFT

left in " seams " by the furrow-slices from the plough is in a suitable See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition for broadcasting . So well, indeed, is the ploughing done in many countries that broadcasting gives perfectly See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good results, and broadcasting See also:

• MACHINES

machines reaching up to 15 ft. wide are in See also:

• COMMON

common use in See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place of hand-sowing, as these get over the ground more quickly and See also:

• DEPOSIT (Lat. depositurn, from deponere, to lay down, to put in the care of)

deposit the seed more regularly than an ordinary See also:

• WORK

work-See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man does by hand . It was See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long recognized that the precision which is of the essence of good sowing could be better attained by See also:

• MECHANICAL

mechanical means, and as See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early as 1662 a sowing-See also:

• MACHINE
• MACHINE (through Fr. from Lat. form machina of Gr. µnxavil)

machine was invented by See also:

• JOSEPH
• JOSEPH, COMTE DE (1785-1870)
• JOSEPH, FATHER (FRANCOIS LECLERC DU TREMBLAY) (1577-1638)

Joseph Locatelli in See also:

• CARINTHIA (Ger. Kdrnten)

Carinthia . In See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England the early See also:

• HISTORY

history of mechanical sowing is chiefly connected with the name of See also:

• JETHRO (or JETHER, Exod. iv. 18)

Jethro See also:

• TULL, JETHRO (1674-1741)

Tull, who about 1730 invented the corn-See also:

• DRILL

drill.' See also:

• COOKE, GEORGE FREDERICK (1756–1811)
• COOKE, JAY (1821–1905)
• COOKE, ROSE TERRY (1827-1892)

Cooke's drill brought out in 1783 was the definite precursor of the See also:

• MODERN

modern drill . The drill, besides depositing the seed at a See also:

• UNIFORM

uniform See also:

• DEPTH

depth, sows it in parallel rows at equal distances from one another and thus makes possible the use of the See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

horse See also:

• HOE (through Fr. houe from O.H.G. houwd, mod. Ger. Haue; the root is seen in " hew," to cut, cleave; the word must be distinguished from " hoe," promontory, tongue of land, seen in place names, e.g. Morthoe, Luton Hoo, the Hoe at Plymouth, &c. ; this is t
• HOE, RICHARD MARCH (1812-1886)

hoe and facilitates the suppression of weeds amongst growing crops, the latter See also:

• ADVANTAGE

advantage being specially marked in the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case of See also:

• ROOT (late O.E. rot, adopted from Scand., cf. Norw. and Swed. rot, Dan. rod; the true O.E. word was wyrt, plant, represented in Ger. Wurz or Wurzel; the ultimate root is the same in both words, and is seen in Lat. radix)
• ROOT, ELIHU (1845– )

root crops . The " See also:

• CUP (in O.E. cuppe; generally taken to be from Late Lat. cuppa, a variant of Lat. cupa, a cask, cf. Gr. KuaeXXov)

cup-feed " and the " force-feed " are the commonest and most generally useful types . The cup-drill consists of a long See also:

• BOX
• BOX (Gr. irl or, Lat. buxus, box-wood; cf. 2r6Eir, a pyx)

box carried upon wheels and divided diagonally into two sections by a See also:

• PARTITION

partition . The forward See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section contains the seed which drops through apertures, the See also:

• SIZE

size of which can be regulated by slides, to the bottom section .

A spindle geared to the ground-wheels by cogs passes longitudinally through the centre of this section and carries disks, See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round the rims of which are fitted small cups . As the horses pull the drill forward, the spindle and disks revolve and the cups See also:

• SCOOP (from M. L. Ger. or M. Du. schope, cf. Du. schoep, a bailing vessel, Ger. schopfen, and, from M. Du. schoppe, Ger. Schuppe, shovel)

scoop up the seed and pour it into the funnels; thence it proceeds down a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of tubes or " spouts " and drops into shallow furrows traced by small coulters travelling immediately in front of the streams of seed . The coulters can be raised or lowered by levers and are kept down to their work by weights or pressers, which can be regulated according as deep or shallow sowing is required . In the force-feed type of drill the seed falls through apertures in the bottom of the seed-hopper into funnels, through which extends a See also:

• SHAFT
• SHAFT (O. Eng., sceaft, from scafan, to shave; the word is common to Teutonic languages)

shaft carrying bowl-shaped wheels, one for each (fig . I) . These wheels are either spirally-grooved inside or else cogged and serve to feed the seed regularly into the tubes . Instead of coulters, the drill is often fitted with shoes or revolving disks, similar in See also:

• ACTION

action to those of the disk-See also:

• HARROW

harrow . The tooth and See also:

• BRUSH (from Fr. brosse, which, like the English word, means both the undergrowth of a wood and the instrument; if the word in both these meanings is ultimately the same, then the origin is from a bundle of brushwood used as a brush or broom, but this is h
• BRUSH, GEORGE DE FOREST (1855– )

brush pinion, the perforated disk and the See also:

• CHAIN (through the O. Fr. citable, chcene, &c., from Lat. catena)

chain feed drills, are other types differentiated according to the method by which the seed is " fed " from the hopper and the See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind of See also:

• CROP (a word common. in various forms, such as Germ. Kropf, to many Teutonic languages for a swelling, excrescence, round head or top of anything; it appears also in Romanic languages derived from Teutonic, in Fr. as troupe, whence the English " crupper "

crop being sown . Liquid-manure drills distribute chemical manure mixed with See also:

• WATER

water and are often fitted with a seed-box for root seeds, the manure and the seed being deposited through the same spout . Drills are also made in which dry fertilizers may be deposited with the seed in a similar manner . The wheelbarrow seeder, a long box pierced with openings and carried transversely on a See also:

• SKELETON

skeleton wheelbarrow, is used for sowing grass seed . ' The machine devised by See also:

• JOSIAH (Heb. yo' shiyydhu, perhaps " Yah [weh] supports ")

Josiah Worlidge about 1669 was ineffective in practice and differed totally in structure from that of Tull .

In the See also:

• UNITED

United States the See also:

• MAIZE, or INDIAN CORN

maize or See also:

• INDIAN

Indian-corn crop exceeds all others in value, and machines used in planting and handling this crop are of See also:

• GREAT

great importance . Corn (maize) is sometimes listed or planted in a continuous See also:

• ROW, JOHN (c. 1525—1580)

row like See also:

• WHEAT
• WHEAT (Triticum)

wheat, and for this purpose a machine known as a See also:

• LISTER, JOSEPH LISTER
• LISTER, MARTIN (c. 1638-1712)

lister is employed . In its See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general construction this machine is a sulky plough, having a See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

double See also:

• MOULD

mould-See also:

• BOARD (O. Eng. bord)

board, which turns the furrow in both directions . Immediately behind the plough is a sub-soiler for deepening the furrow and penetrating to the moist See also:

• SOIL

soil below the See also:

• SURFACE

surface . A seed-box is mounted on the plough See also:

• BEAM
• BEAM (from the O. Eng. beam, cf. Ger. Baum, a tree, to which sense may be referred the use of " beam " as meaning the rood or crucifix, and the survival in certain names of trees, as horn-beam)

beam, and is prppided with a feed-See also:

• PLATE

plate operated by a shaft geared to one of the wheels . The seed is delivered to the furrow in See also:

• REAR

rear of the mould-boards and covered by two shovels fixed behind which turn the soil back into the furrow . It is, however, more common to plant maize in hills, which are spaced equally from each other and See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form rows in both directions, so that a See also:

• CULTIVATOR

cultivator may be driven between them . This work is done by a machine called a check-row corn planter . In using the corn planter, a See also:

• WIRE (A.S. wir, a wire; cf. Swed. vire, to twist, M.H.G. wiere, a gold ornament, Lat. viriae, armlets, ultimately from the root wi, to twist, bind)

wire, having buttons attached thereto, at intervals corresponding to the distance between the hills, is first stretched across the field and anchored at its ends . This wire is then placed upon the See also:

• GUIDE (in Mid. Eng. gyde, from the Fr. guide; the earlier French form was guie, English " guy," the d was due to the Italian form guida; the ultimate origin is probably Teutonic, the word being connected with the base seen in O. Eng. witan, to know)

guide rollers at the See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of the machine and passes between the jaws of a forked See also:

• LEVER (through O. Fr. leveour, levere, mod. levier, from Lat. levare, to lift, raise)
• LEVER, CHARLES JAMES (1806-1872)

lever, which is connected at its other end with a See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock-shaft passing across the machine and serving to oscillate a feed-plate in the bottom of each seed-hopper . As the buttons on the check-wire strike the forked lever, the latter is See also:

• DRAWN

drawn to the rear and causes the feed-plate to drop the seed through the tubes into the open space between the plates of the furrowing See also:

• SHOE (a word appearing in the Teutonic languages in various forms, as Ger. Schuh, Swed. and Dan. sko, sometimes supposed to come from an unknown root ska or sku, cover)

shoe . A See also:

• REEL (O.E. hreol, glossed by the Med. Lat. alibrum in .lelfric's Glossary, c. 1o5o; the word is of unknown origin; it does not appear in cognate languages, and Celtic forms such as Gaelic ruidhil are from English)

reel at the rear of the machine is used to take up the check-wire as the planter progresses .

In another corn planter the check-wire is dispensed with, and the machine is provided with a shaft carrying two reels, the See also:

• BLADES, WILLIAM (1824-1890)

blades of which are at a distance apart equal to the distance between the hills of corn, and thus measure the intervals at which the corn is to be dropped . A See also:

• ROD (O.E. rodd, probably related to Norw. rudda, stick, rodda, stake)
• ROD, EDOUARD (1857-1910)

rod, extending from the side of the machine, and carrying a small See also:

• WHEEL (0. Eng. hweol, hweohl, &c., cognate with Icel. hjol, Dan. hiul, the Indo-European root is seen in Sanskrit chakra, Gr. r in Aos, circle, whence " cycle ")
• WHEEL, BREAKING ON THE

wheel, marks the next row and serves as a guide to the See also:

• DRIVER, SAMUEL ROLLES (1846– )

driver . See J . B . See also:

• DAVIDSON, ANDREW BRUCE (1831–1902)
• DAVIDSON, JOHN (1857–1909)
• DAVIDSON, RANDALL THOMAS (1848– )
• DAVIDSON, SAMUEL (1807-1898)
• DAVIDSON, THOMAS (1817-1885)

Davidson and L . W . See also:

• CHASE
• CHASE, SALMON PORTLAND (1808-1873)
• CHASE, SAMUEL (1741–1811)
• CHASE, WILLIAM MERRITT (1849– )

Chase, See also:

• FARM

Farm Machinery and Farm See also:

• MOTORS, ELECTRIC

Motors, p . 132 (New See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York, 1908) .