LAZARO See also:

• LAZARO SPALLANZANI (1729-1799)

SPALLANZANI (1729-1799)  , See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man of See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at Scandiano in See also:

• MODENA (ancient Mutina)

Modena on the loth of See also:

• JANUARY

January 1729, and was at first educated by his See also:

• FATHER

father, who was an See also:

• ADVOCATE (Lat. advocatus, from advocare, to summon, especially in law to call in the aid of a counsel or witness, and so generally to summon to one's assistance)

advocate . At the See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of fifteen he was sent to the Jesuit See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

college at Reggio di Modena, and was pressed to enter that See also:

• BODY

body . He went, how-ever, to the university of See also:

• BOLOGNA
• BOLOGNA, GIOVANNI DA (1524–1608)

Bologna, where his famous kinswoman, Laura See also:

• BASSI, LAURA MARIA CATERINA (1711-1778)
• BASSI, UGO (1800-1849)

Bassi, was See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

professor of physics, and it is to her See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence that his scientific impulse has been usually attributed . With her he studied natural See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

philosophy and See also:

• MATHEMATICS (Gr. /saBnµar1Kil, Sc. vOcvn or E7rlQTt'µn; from p iN.La, "learning" or "science ")

mathematics, and gave also See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention to See also:

• LANGUAGES

languages, both See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient and See also:

• MODERN

modern, but soon abandoned the study of See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law, and afterwards took orders . His reputation soon widened, and in 1754 he became professor of See also:

• LOGIC (Xoy1K7, sc. rixvrt, the art of reasoning)

logic, See also:

• METAPHYSICS
• METAPHYSICS, or METAPHYSIC (from Gr. /sera, after, d v med, things of nature, lots, i.e. the natural universe)

metaphysics and See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek in the university of Reggio, and in 176o was translated to Modena, where he continued to See also:

• TEACH [THATCH OR THACH], EDWARD (d. 1718)

teach with great assiduity and success, but devoted his whole leisure to natural science . He declined many offers from other Italian See also:

• UNIVERSITIES

universities and from St See also:

• PETERSBURG

Petersburg until 1768, when he accepted the invitation of Maria See also:

• THERESA, ST (1515-1582)

Theresa to the See also:

• CHAIR (in. Mid. Eng. chcere, through O. Fr. chaire or chaiere, from Lat. cathedra, later caledra, Gr. xaOi3pa, seat, cf. "cathedral"; the modern Fr. form chaise, a chair, has been adopted in English with a particular meaning as a form of carriage; chaire

chair of natural See also:

• HISTORY

history in the university of See also:

• PAVIA (anc. Ticinum, q.v.)

Pavia, which was then being reorganized . He also became director of the museum, which he greatly enriched by the collections of his many journeys along the shores of .he Mediterranean . In 1785 he was invited to See also:

• PADUA (Lat. Patavium ; Ital. Padova)

Padua, but to retain his services his See also:

• SOVEREIGN

sovereign doubled his See also:

• SALARY

salary and allowed him leave of See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence for a visit to See also:

• TURKEY

Turkey, where he remained nearly a See also:

• YEAR

year, and made many observations, among which may be noted those of a See also:

• COPPER (symbol Cu, atomic weight 63.1, H=1, or 63.6, O = 16)

copper mine in Chalki and of an See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron mine at Principi . His return See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home was almost a triumphal progress: at See also:

• VIENNA (Ger. Wien; Lat. Vindobona)
• VIENNA, CONGRESS OF (1814-1815)

Vienna he was cordially received by See also:

• JOSEPH
• JOSEPH, COMTE DE (1785-1870)
• JOSEPH, FATHER (FRANCOIS LECLERC DU TREMBLAY) (1577-1638)

Joseph II., and on reaching Pavia he was met with acclamations outside the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city See also:

• GATES, HORATIO (1728-1806)

gates by the students of the university . During the following year his students exceeded five See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred . His integrity in the management of the museum was called in question, but a judicial investigation speedily cleared his See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour, to the See also:

• SATISFACTION (Lat. salisfacerc, to satisfy)

satisfaction even of his accusers . In 1788 he visited See also:

• VESUVIUS (also Vesevus in ancient poets)

Vesuvius and the volcanoes of the Lipari Islands and See also:

• SICILY (Ital. Sicilia)

Sicily, and embodied the results of his researches in a large See also:

• WORK

work (Viaggi alle due Sicilie ed 'in alcune parti deli' Apennine), published four years later .

He died from an apoplectic seizure on the 12th of See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1799, at Pavia . His indefatigable exertions as a traveller, his skill and See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good See also:

• FORTUNE, ROBERT (1813-188o)

fortune as a See also:

• COLLECTOR

collector, his brilliance as a teacher and expositor, and his keenness as a controversialist no doubt aid largely in accounting for See also:

• SPALLANZANI, LAZARO (1729-1799)

Spallanzani's exceptional fame among his contemporaries; yet greater qualities were by no means lacking . His See also:

• LIFE

life was one of incessant eager questioning of nature on all sides, and his many and varied See also:

• WORKS

works all See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear the See also:

• STAMP (from " to stamp," to strike or tread heavily, hence to impress, O. Eng. stempen, Du. stampen, Ger. stampfen, whence, O. Fr. estamper, mod. etamper)

stamp of a fresh and See also:

• ORIGINAL

original See also:

• GENIUS (from Lat. genere, gignere)

genius, capable of stating and solving problems in all departments of science—at one See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time finding the true explanation of " ducks and drakes " (formerly attributed to the See also:

• ELASTICITY

elasticity of See also:

• WATER

water) and at another helping to See also:

• LAY

lay the See also:

• FOUNDATIONS

foundations of our modern vulcanology and See also:

• METEOROLOGY (Gr. JerEwpa, and hb'yos, i.e. the science of things in the air)

meteorology . His See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main discoveries, however, were in the See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field of See also:

• PHYSIOLOGY (from Gr. 4 i s, nature, and koyos, discourse)

physiology: he wrote valuable and suggestive papers on respiration, on the senses of bats, &c., while he made experiments (1768) to disprove the occurrence of spontaneous See also:

• GENERATION (from Lat. generare, to beget, procreate; genus, stock, race)

generation, showing in opposition to J . H . Needham (1713–1781) that animalcules did not develop in See also:

• VEGETABLE

vegetable infusions which had been boiled and were kept in properly closed vessels . His great work, however, is the Dissertationi de fisica animale e vegetale (2 vols., 1780) . Here he first interpreted the See also:

• PROCESS

process of digestion, which he proved to be no See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere See also:

• MECHANICAL

mechanical process of trituration, but one of actual See also:

• SOLUTION (from Lat. solvere, to loosen, dissolve)

solution, taking See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place primarily in the See also:

• STOMACH (Gr. vrbsaxos from arbga, a mouth)

stomach, by the See also:

• ACTION

action of the gastric juice . He also carried out important researches on fertilization in animals (178o) .