See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

AUGUST GOTTLIEB See also:

• AUGUST GOTTLIEB SPANGENBERG (1704–1192)

SPANGENBERG (1704–1192)  , See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

Count See also:

• ZINZENDORF, NICOLAUS LUDWIG, COUNT OF ZINZENDORF AND POTTENDORF (1700-1760)

Zinzendorf's successor, and See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop of the Moravian Brethren, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born on the 15th of See also:

• JULY

July 1704 at Klettenberg, on the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south of the Harz Mountains, where his See also:

• FATHER

father, Georg See also:

• SPANGENBERG, AUGUST GOTTLIEB (1704–1192)

Spangenberg, was See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court preacher and ecclesiastical inspector of the courtship of See also:

• HOHENSTEIN (Hohenstein-Ernstthal)

Hohenstein . See also:

• LEFT

Left an See also:

• ORPHAN

orphan at the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of thirteen, he was sent to the gymnasium at Ilefeld, and passed thence (1722), in poorest circumstances, to the university of See also:

• JENA

Jena to study See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law . See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

Professor Johann See also:

• FRANZ, ROBERT (1815-1892)

Franz See also:

• BUDDEUS, JOHANN FRANZ (1667-1729)

Buddeus (1667–1729) received him into his See also:

• FAMILY

family, and a " stipendium " was procured for him . He soon abandoned law for See also:

• THEOLOGY

theology: took his degree in 1726, and began to give See also:

• FREE

free lectures on theology . He also took an active See also:

• PART

part in a religious See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

union of students, in the support of the free See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools for poor See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children established by them in the suburbs of Jena, and in the training of teachers . In 1728 Count Zinzendorf visited Jena, and Spangenberg made his acquaintance; in 1730 he visited the Moravian See also:

• COLONY (Lat. colonia, from colonus, a cultivator)

colony at See also:

• HERRNHUT

Herrnhut . A " collegium pastorale practicum " for the care of the sick and poor was in consequence founded by him at Jena, which the authorities at once See also:

• BROKE, or BROOKE, ARTHUR (d. 1563)
• BROKE, SIR PHILIP BOWES VERE, BART

broke up as a " Zinzendorfian institution." But Spangenberg's relations with the Moravians were confirmed by several visits to the colony, and the See also:

• ACCIDENT
• ACCIDENT (from Lat. accidere, to happen)

accident of an unfavourable See also:

• APPEAL

appeal to the See also:

• LOT
• LOT (Lat. Oltis)

lot alone prevented his See also:

• APPOINTMENT, POWER OF

appointment as See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• ELDER (0. Eng. ellarn; Ger. Holunder; Fr. sureau)
• ELDER (Gr. 1rpev(3iTepos)

elder of the community, See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1733 . Meanwhile his free lectures in Jena met with much See also:

• ACCEPTANCE (Lat. acceptare, frequentative form of accipere, to receive)

acceptance, and led to an invitation from Gotthilf See also:

• FRANCKE, AUGUST HERMANN (1663-1727)

Francke to the See also:

• POST

post of assistant professor of theology and See also:

• SUPERINTENDENT

superintendent of schools connected with his orphanage at See also:

• HALLE (known as HALLE-AN-DER-SAALE, t0 distinguish it from the small town of Halle in Westphalia)
• HALLE, SIR CHARLES (originally KARL HALLE) (1819-1895)

Halle . He accepted the invitation, and entered on his duties in See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1732 . But See also:

• DIFFERENCES, CALCULUS OF (Theory of Finite Differences)

differences between the Pietists of Halle and himself soon became apparent . He found their religious See also:

• LIFE

life too formal, See also:

• EXTERNAL

external and worldly; and they could not See also:

• SANCTION (Lat. sanctia, from sancire, to decree or ordain)

sanction his See also:

• COMPARATIVE

comparative indifference to doctrinal correctness and his incurable tendency to separatism in See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church life . Spangenberg's participation in private observances of the See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord's Supper and his intimate connexion with Count Zinzendorf brought matters to a crisis .

He was offered by the See also:

• SENATE (Lat. senatus, from root sen-, as in senex, old; the root is the Sanskrit sana, cf. Gr. 'vos; the same element appears in senor, seigneur, seneschal)

senate of the theological See also:

• FACULTY (through the French, from the Lat. facultas, ability to do anything, from facilis, easy, facere, to do; another form of the word in Lat. facilitas, facility, ease, keeps the original meaning)

faculty of Halle the alternative of doing See also:

• PENANCE (Old Fr. penance, fr. Lat. poenitentia, penitence)

penance before See also:

• GOD

God, submitting to his superiors, and separating himself from Zinzendorf, or leaving the See also:

• MATTER

matter. to the decision of the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king, unless he preferred to " leave Halle quietly." The See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case came before the king, and, on the 8th -of See also:

• APRIL

April 1733, Spangenberg was conducted by the military outside the See also:

• GATES, HORATIO (1728-1806)

gates of Halle . At first he went to Jena, but Zinzendorf at once sought to secure him as a See also:

• FELLOW

fellow labourer, though the count wished to obtain from him a See also:

• DECLARATION (from Lat. declarare, to make fully clear, clams)

declaration which would remove from,the Pietists of Halle all blame with regard to the disruption . Spangenberg went to Herrnhut and found amongst the Moravians his life-See also:

• WORK

work, having joined them at a moment when the stability of the society was threatened . He became its theologian, its See also:

• SPANISH

SPANISH-See also:

• AMERICAN

AMERICAN See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

WAR OF 1898 since the 2ISt . The American See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government had begun to prepare for war as early as See also:

• JANUARY

January: See also:

• SHIPS

ships on several See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign stations had been See also:

• DRAWN

drawn nearer See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home, and those in See also:

• CHINESE, JAPANESE AND

Chinese See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters were collected at Hong-See also:

• KONG

Kong; the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North See also:

• ATLANTIC

Atlantic See also:

• SQUADRON

squadron, the only powerful one, had been sent from See also:

• HAMPTON
• HAMPTON, WADE (1818-1902)

Hampton Roads into the waters of See also:

• FLORIDA

Florida for manoeuvres; after the destruction of the " See also:

• MAINE
• MAINE, ANNE LOUISE BENEDICTE DE BOURBON
• MAINE, SIR HENRY JAMES SUMNER (1822–1888)

Maine " the chief part of the ships in the Atlantic were concentrated at See also:

• KEY
• KEY (in O. Eng. tang; the ultimate origin of the word is unknown; it appears only in Old Frisian kei of other Teutonic languages; until the end of the 17th century the pronunciation was kay, as in other words in O. Eng. ending in aeg; cf. daeg, day; clang
• KEY (the phraseograms being indicated by hyphens)
• KEY, SIR ASTLEY COOPER (1821-1888)
• KEY, THOMAS HEWITT (1799-1875)

Key See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West; the battleship " See also:

• OREGON

Oregon " was ordered See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east from the Pacific; $50,000,000 was voted (March 9) " for the See also:

• NATIONAL

national See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence "; steps were taken to See also:

• PURCHASE

purchase See also:

• AUXILIARY (from Lat. auxilium, help)

auxiliary cruisers, yachts and tugs, which were rapidly equipped; large supplies of See also:

• AMMUNITION

ammunition were ordered, and Key West became an active See also:

• BASE

base of preparation; See also:

• CAPTAIN (derived from Lat. ca put, head, through the Low Lat. capitanus)

Captain See also:

• SAMPSON, WILLIAM THOMAS (1840–1902)

Sampson, See also:

• SENIOR, NASSAU WILLIAM (1790-1864)

senior officer of the North Atlantic squadron, was appointed its See also:

• COMMANDER

commander-in-chief with See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank of acting See also:

• REAR

rear-See also:

• ADMIRAL

admiral; and a " flying squadron " composed of the armoured cruiser " See also:

• BROOKLYN

Brooklyn " (See also:

• FLAG (or " FLAGGE," a common Teutonic word in this sense, but apparently first recorded in English)

flag), the battleships " See also:

• TEXAS

Texas " and " See also:

• MASSACHUSETTS (an Indian name, originally applied to a tribe of Indians)

Massachusetts," and the fast cruisers " Minneapolis " and " See also:

• COLUMBIA

Columbia," with See also:

• COMMODORE (a form of " commander"; in the 17th century the term " commandore " is used)

Commodore W . S . See also:

• SCHLEY, WINFIELD SCOTT (1839-1911)

Schley in command, was stationed at Hampton Roads . There was a See also:

• GREAT

great preponderance of large ships on the See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of the See also:

• UNITED

United States; only in See also:

• TORPEDO

torpedo See also:

• CRAFT (a word common to Teutonic languages for strength, or power; cf. Ger. Kraft)

craft and small gunboats was See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain See also:

• SUPERIOR

superior . The American ships were highly efficient; in Spain everything was unready; Admiral See also:

• CERVERA, PASCUAL CERVERA Y TOPETE (1839-1909)

Cervera See also:

• FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt that to send a Spanish squadron across the Atlantic was to send it to destruction, and when he had collected his squadron (including two cruisers from See also:

• HAVANA (the name is of aboriginal origin; Span. Habana or, more fully, San Cristobal de la Habana)

Havana) at the Cape Verde Islands in March, he renewed his expostulations, in which he was supported by a See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council of war . But on the 24th of April he was peremptorily ordered to leave for See also:

• PORTO

Porto Rico, without definite instructions or See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan of See also:

• CAMPAIGN

campaign . The American flying squadron was held at Hampton Roads, so great was the fear of attack by Spanish ships; and armed auxiliaries and fast cruisers were employed in patrolling the See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast east of New See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York; these could have rendered See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good service else-where, but would have been of no use in repelling an attack by Cervera's squadron had it come that way . The See also:

• JOINT (through Fr. from Lat. junctum, jungere, to join)

joint See also:

• RESOLUTION

resolution of See also:

• CONGRESS (Lat. congressus, coming together, from congredi; cum, with, and gradus, step)

Congress of the loth of April had declared that the relinquishment by Spain of authority in See also:

• CUBA (the aboriginal name)

Cuba was the See also:

• OBJECT

object of American See also:

• ACTION

action; the struggle thus naturally centred about the See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island .

All operations were thus near at See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, Havana, the real See also:

• OBJECTIVE, or OBJECT GLASS

objective in Cuba, being only about Too m. from Key West . A See also:

• POLITICAL

political See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason for confining action to the western Atlantic was that an immediate attack upon the coasts of Spain might have aroused the strongly See also:

• PRO

pro-Spanish sympathy of See also:

• CONTINENTAL

continental See also:

• EUROPE

Europe into greater activity . The See also:

• REGULAR

regular United States See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army, the only available force until war was declared and a volunteer force was authorized, had been assembled at I ampa, Florida, New See also:

• ORLEANS
• ORLEANS, CHARLES, DUKE OF (1391-1465)
• ORLEANS, DUKES OF
• ORLEANS, FERDINAND PHILIP LOUIS CHARLES HENRY, DUKE OF (1810-1842)
• ORLEANS, HENRI, PRINCE
• ORLEANS, HENRIETTA, DUCHESS
• ORLEANS, JEAN BAPTISTE GASTON, DUKE
• ORLEANS, LOUIS
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE JOSEPH
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ROBERT, DUKE
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE, DUKE OF (1725–1785)
• ORLEANS, LOUIS, DUKE OF (1372–1407)
• ORLEANS, PHILIP I
• ORLEANS, PHILIP II

Orleans and Chickamauga, See also:

• GEORGIA

Georgia, but until the See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control of the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea was decided, the army could not prudently be moved across the Strait of Florida . Cervera's See also:

• FLEET

fleet was thus the real objective of the See also:

• NAVY

navy, and had to be settled with before any military action could be undertaken . Rear-Admiral Sampson left Key West early on the 22nd, and began the See also:

• BLOCKADE
• BLOCKADE (Fr. blocus, Ger. Blokade)

blockade of Havana and the north coast of Cuba as far as See also:

• CARDENAS (San Juan de Dios de Cardenas)

Cardenas; 8o m. east, and See also:

• BAHIA

Bahia Honda, 5o M. west . His North Atlantic squadron of 28 vessels of all kinds, of which the armoured cruiser " New York " (flag), the battleships " See also:

• IOWA

Iowa " and " See also:

• INDIANA

Indiana," and the monitors " Puritan," " Terror " and " See also:

• AMPHITRITE

Amphitrite," were the most important, and which included six torpedo-boats, was increased to 124 vessels by the 1st of July, chiefly by the addition of extemporized cruisers, converted yachts, &c . In the Pacific, the American squadron—the protected cruisers " See also:

• OLYMPIA

Olympia " (See also:

• FLAGSHIP

flagship of Commodore See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George See also:

• DEWEY, DAVIS RICH (1858- )
• DEWEY, GEORGE (1837- )
• DEWEY, MELVIL (1851- )

Dewey), " See also:

• BALTIMORE
• BALTIMORE, GEORGE CALVERT, 1ST BARON (C. 1580—1632)

Baltimore," See also:

• RALEIGH
• RALEIGH, SIR WALTER (c. 1552-1618)

Raleigh " and " See also:

• BOSTON
• BOSTON, THOMAS (1676-1732)

Boston," the small unprotected cruiser " See also:

• CONCORD
• CONCORD, BOOK OF (Liber Concordiae)

Concord," the gunboat " See also:

• PETREL

Petrel," the armed See also:

• REVENUE
• REVENUE (0. Fr. revenu, from revenir, to return)

revenue cutter " See also:

• HUGH
• HUGH, ST

Hugh M'Culloch," with a See also:

• PURCHASED

purchased See also:

• COLLIER, ARTHUR (1680-1732)
• COLLIER, JEREMY (1650-1726)
• COLLIER, JOHN PAYNE (1789–1883)

collier " Nanshan " and a purchased See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply See also:

• SHIP

ship " Zafiro "—left Hong-Kong at the See also:

• REQUEST, LETTERS OF

request of the See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor and went to Mirs See also:

• BAY

Bay, some See also:

• MILES, NELSON APPLETON (1839— )

miles east apologist, its statesman and corrector, through sixty See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long years 25th the United States Congress declared that war had existed of incessant labour . For the first See also:

• THIRTY

thirty years (1733-1762) his work was mainly devoted to the superintendence and organization of the extensive missionary enterprises of the See also:

• BODY

body in See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany, See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, See also:

• DENMARK
• DENMARK (Danmark)

Denmark, See also:

• HOLLAND
• HOLLAND, CHARLES (1733–1769)
• HOLLAND, COUNTY AND PROVINCE OF
• HOLLAND, HENRY FOX, 1ST BARON (1705–1774)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICH, 1ST EARL OF (1S9o-,649)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICHARD VASSALL FOX, 3RD
• HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT (1819-1881)
• HOLLAND, PHILEMON (1552-1637)
• HOLLAND, RICHARD, or RICHARD DE HOLANDE (fl. 1450)
• HOLLAND, SIR HENRY, BART

Holland, Surinam, Georgia and elsewhere . It was on an island off See also:

• SAVANNAH

Savannah that Spangenberg startled See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John See also:

• WESLEY (FAMILY)
• WESLEY, JOHN (1703-1791)
• WESLEY, SAMUEL (1766-1837)
• WESLEY, SAMUEL SEBASTIAN (1810–1876)

Wesley with his questions and profoundly influenced his future career . One See also:

• SPECIAL

special endeavour of Spangenberg in See also:

• PENNSYLVANIA
• PENNSYLVANIA, UNIVERSITY OF

Pennsylvania was to bring over the scattered Schwenkfeldians to his faith . In 1741-1742 he was in England See also:

• COLLECTING

collecting for his See also:

• MISSION

mission and obtaining the sanction of the See also:

• ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

archbishop of See also:

• CANTERBURY
• CANTERBURY, CHARLES

Canterbury . During the second See also:

• HALF

half of this missionary See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of his life he super-intended as bishop the churches of Pennsylvania, defended the Moravian colonies against the See also:

• INDIANS, NORTH AMERICAN

Indians at the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of war between See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France and England, became the apologist of his body against the attacks of the See also:

• LUTHERANS

Lutherans and the Pietists, and did much tb moderate the mystical extravagances of Zinzendorf, with which his See also:

• SIMPLE

simple, See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical and healthy nature was out of sympathy .

The second thirty years of his work (1762-1792) were devoted to the consolidation of the See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German Moravian Church . Zinzendorf's See also:

• DEATH

death (176o) had left See also:

• ROOM

room and need for his labours at home . At Herrnhut there were conflicting tendencies, doctrinal and practical extravagances, and the organization of the brethren was very defective . In 1777 Spangenberg was commissioned to draw up an See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea fidei fratrum, or compendium of the See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian faith of the United Brethren, which became the accepted declaration of the Moravian belief . As compared with Zinzendorf's own writings, this See also:

• BOOK

book exhibits the finer See also:

• BALANCE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. bilantia, an apparatus for weighing, from bi, two, and lanx, a dish or scale)

balance and greater moderation of Spangenberg's nature, while those offensive descriptions of the relation of the sinner to See also:

• CHRIST (Gr. X pLQTOS, Anointed)
• CHRIST, WILHELM VON (1831-1906)

Christ in which the Moravians at first indulged are almost absent from it . In his last years Spangenberg devoted special See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention to the See also:

• EDUCATION

education of the See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young, in which the Moravians have since been so successful.' He died at Berthelsdorf, on the 18th of September 1792 . In addition to the Idea fidei fratrum, Spangenberg wrote, besides other apologetic books, a Declaration fiber See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

die seither gegen uns ausgegangenen Beschuldigungen sonderlich die See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

Person unseres Ordinarius (Zinzendorf) betreffend (See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig, 1751), an Apologetische Schlassschrift (1752), Leben See also:

• DES

des Grafen Zinzendorf (1772-1775); and his See also:

• HYMNS

hymns are well known beyond the Moravian circle . In addition to his autobiography (Selbstbiographie), see J . Risler, Leben Spangenbergs (See also:

• BARBY

Barby, 1794) ; K . F . Ledderhose, Das Leben Spangenbergs (See also:

• HEIDELBERG

Heidelberg, 1846) ; See also:

• OTTO

Otto Frick, Beitrage zur Lebensgeschuhte A . G .

Spangenbergs (Halle, 1884) ; See also:

• GERHARD
• GERHARD, FRIEDRICH WILHELM EDUARD (1795-1867)

Gerhard Reichel's See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article in See also:

• HERZOG, HANS (1819–1894)
• HERZOG, JOHANN JAKOB (1805-1882)

Herzog-Hauck's Realencyklopadie (ed . 1906), s.v . " Spangenberg "; the article by Ledderhose, in the Allgemeine deutsche Biographie; also MORAVIAN B BETH REN . SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR OF 1898 . For the causes leading up to the war see CUBA and UNITED STATES: See also:

• HISTORY

History . On the 15th of See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1898 the U.S. battleship " Maine," which had been sent to Havana on the 25th of January, was destroyed in Havana See also:

• HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

harbour by an See also:

• EXPLOSION

explosion, with a loss of 266 lives . An American See also:

• BOARD (O. Eng. bord)

board of inquiry, of which Captain W . T . Sampson was See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president, made an extensive examination of the See also:

• WRECK

wreck, and reported to the navy See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department on the 21st of March that the explosion was caused by an exterior mine, the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal reason for this decision being the upheaval of the ship's bottom.' On the loth of April President See also:

• MCKINLEY, WILLIAM (1843—1901)

McKinley approved a resolution demanding the withdrawal of Spain from Cuba and setting See also:

• NOON

noon of the 23rd of April as the latest date for a reply to the demand . Before this could be delivered by the American See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister in See also:

• MADRID

Madrid, the Spanish government sent him his passports . On the 22nd the president declared a blockade of Cuban ports; on the 24th the Spanish government declared war; and on the ' The Spanish authorities made an examination, but did not inspect the interior, the chief See also:

• DIVER

diver See also:

• REPORTING

reporting that " the See also:

• BILGE (a corruption of bulge, from Fr. bouge, Lat. bulga, a bag, deriving probably from an original Celtic word)

bilge and See also:

• KEEL

keel of the See also:

• VESSEL (O. Fr. vaissel, from a rare Lat. vascellum, dim. of vas, vase, urn)

vessel throughout its entire extent were buried in the mud, but did not appear to have suffered any damage." It has been suggested that the explosion was the work of Cuban 'sympathizers who thus planned to secure American assistance against Spain . It was not until Ig10 that Congress made an See also:

• APPROPRIATION (from Lat. appropriare, to set aside)

appropriation (and an inadequate one then) for raising the " Maine." on the Chinese coast .

Ordered (April 25) to begin operations, particularly against the Spanish fleet, which he was directed to See also:

• CAPTURE (from Lat. capere, to take; Fr. prise maritime; Ger. Wegnahme)

capture or destroy, Dewey left Mira Bay on the 27th, and arrived off Luzon, in the Philippines, on the 3oth of April . The Spanish admiral Montojo anchored to the eastward of the See also:

• SPIT

spit on which are the See also:

• VILLAGE

village and See also:

• ARSENAL

arsenal of See also:

• CAVITE

Cavite, in a See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general east and west See also:

• LINE

line, keeping his See also:

• BROADSIDE

broadside to the northward . His force consisted of the " Reina Cristina," the " Castilla " (an old wooden steamer which had to be towed); the " See also:

• ISLA, JOSE FRANCISCO DE (1703-1781)

Isla de Cuba " and " Isla de Luzon " (protected cruisers of 1050 tons); the " See also:

• DON
• DON (anc. Tanais)

Don Juan de See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• AUSTRIA, UPPER (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

Austria " and the " Don See also:

• ANTONIO
• ANTONIO (1429—1498)
• ANTONIO, NICOLAS (1617-1684)

Antonio de Ulloa " (gunboats of about 1150 tons), and the " Marques del Duero " (of 500 tons) . There were six guns (3 See also:

• BREECH (common in early forms to Teutonic languages)

breech-loaders) in See also:

• BATTERY (Fr. batterie, from battles, to beat)

battery at or near Cavite . Dewey stood on during the See also:

• NIGHT

night, and passed into the Boca Grande (about 5 M. broad), paying no attention to rumours of torpedoes in a channel so broad and deep, and at newer at idni g See also:

• MANNA

manna. m ht passed El Fraile (a large See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock, ri m . from the south side); from which two shots were fired at him, and he was also fired at by the " Cavite " and one of the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city batteries . When he sighted the Spanish squadron to the southward he ordered his transports and the revenue cutter " Hugh M`Culloch " out into the bay, and stood down in See also:

• COLUMN (Lat. columna)

column with the " Olympia," " Baltimore," (( Raleigh," " Petrel," " Concord " and " Boston " at 400-yd. intervals . When within 5000 yds. he ported his helm, and at 5.41 a.m. opened See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire . He stood westwards along the Spanish line, using his See also:

• PORT

port batteries, turned to starboard and stood back, gradually decreasing his distance to 2000 yds . At 7 o'See also:

• CLOCK

clock the Spanish flagship attempted to come out and engage at See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short range, but was driven back by the American fire . The Spanish squadron was now in very See also:

• BAD, BCD

bad See also:

• PLIGHT

plight, but the seriousness of its See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition was not fully known to the American commander . At 7.35 Dewey withdrew, gave his men breakfast, and had a consultation of commanding See also:

• OFFICERS

officers .

Before he re-engaged at r r.16 the " Cristina " and " Castilla " had broken into flames, so that the See also:

• REMAINDER, REVERSION

remainder of the action consisted in silencing the Cavite batteries and completing the destruction and demoralization of the smaller Spanish ships, which the " Petrel " was ordered in to bum . The victory was See also:

• COMPLETE

complete . All the Spanish ships', were sunk or destroyed . The injury done the American ships was practically nil . The Spanish lost 167 killed and 214 wounded, out of a See also:

• TOTAL

total of 1875 . The Americans had 7 slightly wounded out of 1748 men in action . Dewey took See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of Cavite, paroled its See also:

• GARRISON
• GARRISON, WILLIAM LLOYD (1805-1879)

garrison, and awaited the arrival of a See also:

• LAND

land force to capture See also:

• MANILA

Manila . The blockade of Havana had progressed without incident, beyond the capture of a number of Spanish steamers and sailing The Cuban vessels,2 and the shelling of some new earthworks Blockade. at See also:

• MATANZAS

Matanzas on the 27th of April; but on the 11th of May a small action was fought at Cardenas, in which the Americans were repulsed and See also:

• ENSIGN (through the Fr. enseigne from the Latin plural insignia)

Ensign See also:

• WORTH
• WORTH, CHARLES FREDERICK (1825-1895)

Worth Bagley, the first American officer to lose his life in the war, was killed . On the same See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day a partially successful See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt was made, under a heavy fire from the See also:

• SHORE

shore, to cut the See also:

• CABLE (from Late Lat. capulum, a halter, from capere, to take hold of)
• CABLE, GEORGE WASHINGTON (1844– )

cable between See also:

• CIENFUEGOS (originally FERNANDINA DE JAGUA)
• CIENFUEGOS, NICASIO ALVAREZ DE (1764–1809)

Cienfuegos and Havana . Cervera had left the Cape Verde Islands on the 2gth of April with four armoured cruisers, the " Almifante Oquendo," " Infanta Maria See also:

• THERESA, ST (1515-1582)

Theresa " and " Vizcaya " (See also:

• SISTER

sister ships of 7000 tons) and the " Cristobal See also:

• COLON
• COLON (formerly known as ASPINWALL)

Colon " (same See also:

• SIZE

size; differently equipped) and three torpedo-See also:

• BOAT (0. Eng. bdt; the true etymological connexion with Dutch and Ger. boot, Fr. bateau, Ital. battello presents great difficulties; Celtic forms are from O. Eng.)

boat destroyers—a type not then represented in the American navy—" Furor," " Terror " and " Pluton." On See also:

• HEARING (formed from the verb " to hear," O. Eng. hyran, heron, &c., a common Teutonic verb; cf. Ger. Koren, Dutch hooren, &c.; the O. Tent. form is seen in Goth. hausjan; the initial h makes any connexion with " ear," Lat. audire, or Gr. &Kobew very doub

hearing (May I) of Cervera's departure, Sampson went east r000 m. to See also:

• SAN

San Juan, Porto Rico, with the armoured cruiser " ( New York," the battleships " Iowa " and " Indiana," the cruisers " See also:

• MONTGOMERY
• MONTGOMERY ( Tre' Faldwyn)
• MONTGOMERY, GABRIEL, SEIGNEUR DE LORGES, COMTE DE (c. 1530-1574)
• MONTGOMERY, JAMES (1771-1854)
• MONTGOMERY, ROBERT (1807-1855)

Montgomery " and " ( See also:

• DETROIT

Detroit," and one torpedo-boat . In going east he calculated on using a See also:

• SPEED, JOHN (1552–1629)

speed of to knots, on getting to San Juan on the 8th, about the time the Spaniards would reach 1 Three of the best were afterwards raised and repaired by American See also:

• ENGINEERS, MILITARY

engineers . 2 The " See also:

• BUENAVENTURA

Buenaventura," the first See also:

• PRIZE, or PRIZE OF WAR (Fr. prise, from prendre, to take)

prize of the war, was taken by the gunboat " See also:

• NASHVILLE

Nashville " off Key West on the 23rd of April.its See also:

• LONGITUDE (from Lat. longitudo, " length ")

longitude, and if they were not there, on returning off Havana before they could get to Havana harbour .

He wished to prevent Cervera's refitting at San Juan, from which See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place the American coast would be within easy reach, New York being only about 1400 M. away . But the speed of the American squadron See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell short of Sampson's expectation; he reached San Juan on the 12th, stood in to see if Cervera was in the harbour, and opened fire upon the fortifications . He did not See also:

• PRESS (through Fr. presse from Lat. pressare, frequentative of premere, to crush, squeeze, press)

press the attack since Cervera was not See also:

• PRESENT

present, and at once started back for Havana without See also:

• NEWS

news of Cervera, who was then in fact off See also:

• MARTINIQUE

Martinique, with orders to go to San Juan . When he heard that Sampson was at San Juan, he steamed to See also:

• CURACAO, or CURACOA

Curacao, where he arrived on the 14th of May and where the authorities allowed him to See also:

• COAL

coal . He reached See also:

• SANTIAGO, or SANTIAGO DE CHILE

Santiago de Cuba early on the z nth without being sighted en route by any of the American scouts, though several were in the vicinity . Sampson thought the Spanish squadron might have returned to Spain.' But he learned that the enemy had See also:

• NET

net turned back, on the night of the 15th, when a telegram from the navy department directed him to proceed with all despatch to Key West . He got there on the afternoon of the 18th, and found the flying The See also:

• SEARCH, or VISIT AND SEARCH

search squadron (" Brooklyn " (flag), " Massachusetts," far Cervera's " Texas," and " See also:

• SCORPION (Lat. Scorpio)

Scorpion "), which left on the next squadron. See also:

• MORNING

morning (1gth) for Cienfuegos, then regarded by the navy department as the certain objective of the Spanish squadron . The battleship " Iowa," the gunboat " Castine," the torpedo-boat " See also:

• DUPONT, PIERRE (1821-1870)

Dupont " and the collier " ( See also:

• MERRIMAC

Merrimac " sailed to join Schley on the loth, and gave him a force sufficient to meet Cervera . Sampson was advised by the department (on the 20th) to " send by the ` Iowa ' to Schley to proceed off Santiago de Cuba with his whole command, leaving one small vessel off Cienfuegos," but he directed Schley in an See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order of the 21st if he was satisfied that Cervera was not at Cienfuegos, to proceed with all despatch to Santiago, and if the Spanish squadron was there, to blockade it . Commodore Schley arrived off Cienfuegos on the 22nd, and held to the See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion that Cervera was there until the 24th, when Commodore M'Calla of the " See also:

• MARBLEHEAD

Marblehead " communicated with the insurgents some miles westwards, and learned the truth . Schley started that evening for Santiago, 300 M. distant, but on the afternoon of the 26th was 20 m. south of the port . Early on the 27th Schley received a despatch from the navy department suggesting that the Spanish squadron was in Santiago and bidding him see " that the enemy, if therein, does not leave without a decisive action." Schley replied " .

. . cannot rennaip off Santiago present See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state squadron coal See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account . . . much to be regretted cannot obey orders of department . . . forced to proceed for coal to Key West ty way of See also:

• YUCATAN

Yucatan Passage "; in the controversy that arose out of these events Schley's critics insisted that the " Iowa and the " Massachusetts " had at this time enough coal to carry them three times the distance from Santiago to Key West . Sampson with the " New York'' had arrived early on the 28th of May off Key West . When Schley's telegram, which had much disturbed the See also:

• WASHINGTON
• WASHINGTON (or WASHINGTON COURT HOUSE)
• WASHINGTON, BOOKER TALIAFERRO (c. 1859– )
• WASHINGTON, BUSHROD (1762-1829)
• WASHINGTON, GEORGE (1732-1799)

Washington officials, was forwarded to Sampson, he secured permission to go at once to Santiago with the " New York " and " Oregon " (which had arrived at Key West on the 26th of May in excellent condition after her voyage of nearly 16,000 m. from the Pacific) to turn back Schley's heavier ships . Before he started he received a telegram from Schley stating that he would remain off Santiago . It is now known from the documents published by Admiral Cervera that the Spanish squadron, in the See also:

• INTERVAL

interval preceding the 28th, when Schley arrived in sight of the port, was on the point of ieaving Santiago . On the morning of the 29th two Spanish cruisers were seen a short distance within the entrance, and on the 31st Schley, with the (( Massachusetts," " Iowa " and " New Orleans," stood in and made an attack upon these and the batteries at long range (8500-11,000 yds.) . On the 3oth Sampson, leaving a squadron on the north side under Commodore See also:

• WATSON, RICHARD (1737-1816)
• WATSON, THOMAS (c. 1557–1592)
• WATSON, WILLIAM (1858- )
• WATSON, WILLIAM (c. 1559-1603)

Watson, stood for 3 A telegram (not received by Cervera) had been sent to Martinique on the 12th of May, authorizing the squadron's return . Santiago at a speed of 13 knots . He arrived early on the 1st of See also:

• JUNE

June and work was at once begun on the preparations for sinking the collier " Merrimac " in the entrance channel, which was less than 200 ft. broad in parts available for ships . The preparations for a See also:

• QUICK

quick sinking were chiefly carried out by See also:

• NAVAL

naval constructor See also:

• RICHMOND
• RICHMOND, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• RICHMOND, LEGH (1772-1827)
• RICHMOND, SIR WILLIAM BLAKE (1842– )

Richmond P .

Hobson, who went in, in the early morning of the 3rd of June, with a See also:

• CREW (sometimes explained as a sea term of Scandinavian origin, cf. O. Icel. kris, a swarm or crowd, but now regarded as a shortened form of accrue, accrewe, used in the 16th century in the sense of a reinforcement, O. Fr. acreue, from accrofire, to grow,
• CREW, NATHANIEL CREW, 3RD BARON (1633–1721)

crew of seven men . The steering-See also:

• GEAR (connected with " garb," properly elegance, fashion, especially of dress, and with " gar," to cause to do, only found in Scottish and northern dialects; the root of the word is seen in the Old Tent. garwjan, to make ready)

gear was disabled by a See also:

• SHELL
• SHELL (O. Eng. scell, scyll, cf. Du. sceel, shell, Goth. skalja, tile; the word means originally a thin flake,. cf. Swed. skalja, to peel off; it is allied to " scale " and " skill," from a root meaning to cleave, divide, separate)

shell, and the ship drifted too far with the See also:

• TIDE (O. Eng. lid, cf. Ger. Zeit, time or season, connected with root of Sanskrit a-diti, endless)

tide and was sunk in a broad part of the channel where it did not See also:

• BLOCK
• BLOCK (from the Fr. bloc, and possibly connected with an Old Ger. Block, obstruction, cf. " baulk ")
• BLOCK, MAURICE (1816–19or)

block the See also:

• EGRESS (Lat. egressus, going out)

egress of Cervera's squadron . Cervera sent word to Sampson that Hobson and his men, who had been captured, were unhurt . They were exchanged on the 7th of July . On the 6th of June the batteries at the entrance were bombarded and their weakness was ascertained . Sampson there-The United upon placed, every evening, a battleship (relieved States Fleet every two and a half See also:

• HOURS, CANONICAL

hours) See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close in, with a search- before See also:

• LIGHT

light turned on the channel, making it impossible, as S nti go Cervera. afterwards said, for the Spanish squadron to See also:

• ESCAPE (in mid. Eng. eschape or escape, from the O. Fr. eschapper, modern echapper, and escaper, low Lat. escapium, from ex, out of, and cappa, cape, cloak; cf. for the sense development the Gr. iichueoOat, literally to put off one's clothes, hence to sli

escape by night . The port of See also:

• GUANTANAMO

Guantanamo, 40 M. east of Santiago, was occupied by the " Marblehead " and " See also:

• YANKEE

Yankee " on the 7th, a See also:

• BATTALION

battalion of See also:

• MARINES (from Lat. mare, sea)

marines from the transport " See also:

• PANTHER

Panther" landed there on the loth, and the port was used thereafter as a base and coaling station . On the 14th the Spanish land forces retired before an expedition of the American marines, who remained in occupation until the 5th of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August . A blockade of San Juan, Porto Rico, by one or two fast ships was kept up on account of the presence there of the destroyer " Terror," but this vessel, coming out (June 22) with a