See also:

• SPARROW (0. Eng. spearwa; Icel. sporr; O.H.G. Sparo)

SPARROW (0. Eng. spearwa; Icel. sporr; O.H.G. Sparo)  , a word perhaps (like the See also:

• EQUIVALENT

equivalent Latin passer) originally meaning almost any small See also:

• BIRD

bird, but gradually restricted in signification, and nowadays in See also:

• COMMON

common See also:

• ENGLISH

English applied to only four kinds, which are further differentiated as hedge-See also:

• SPARROW (0. Eng. spearwa; Icel. sporr; O.H.G. Sparo)

sparrow, See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house-sparrow, See also:

• TREE (0. Eng. treo, treow, cf. Dan. tree, Swed. Odd, tree, trd, timber; allied forms are found in Russ. drevo, Gr. opus, oak, and 36pv, spear, Welsh derw, Irish darog, oak, and Skr. dare, wood)
• TREE, SIR HERBERT BEERBOHM (1853- )

tree-sparrow and See also:

• REED
• REED, ANDREW (1787-1862)
• REED, ISAAC (1742—1807)
• REED, JOSEPH (1741—1785)
• REED, THOMAS BRACKETT (1839—1902)

reed-sparrow—the last being a See also:

• BUNTING
• BUNTING (a word of doubtful origin, possibly connected with bunt, to sift, or with the Ger. bunt, of varied colour)
• BUNTING, J
• BUNTING, JABEZ (1779-1858)

bunting (q.v.)—though when used without a prefix the second of these is usually intended . 1 . The hedge-sparrow, called " dunnock " in many parts of See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain, Accentor modularis of the sub-See also:

• FAMILY

family Turdinae of the thrushes (q.v.), is the little See also:

• BROWN
• BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
• BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
• BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
• BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
• BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
• BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
• BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
• BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
• BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
• BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
• BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
• BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
• BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
• BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
• BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
• BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
• BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
• BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
• BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
• BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
• BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
• BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)

brown-backed bird with an See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron-See also:

• GREY, CHARLES GREY, 2ND EARL (1764-1845)
• GREY, HENRY GREY, 3RD EARL (1802-1894)
• GREY, LADY JANE (1537-1554)
• GREY, SIR EDWARD
• GREY, SIR GEORGE (1812–1898)

grey See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head and See also:

• NECK (O. Eng. hnecca; the word appears in many Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch ride, Ger. Nacken; in O. E. the common word was heals; cf. Ger. Hals)

neck that is to be seen in nearly every See also:

• GARDEN (from O. Fr. garden, mod. Fr. jardin; this, like our words " garth," a paddock attached to a building, and " yard," comes from a Teutonic word for an enclosure which appears in Gothic as gards and O. H. Ger. gart, cf. Dutch gaarde and Ger. .garten)

garden through-out the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country, unobtrusively and yet tamely seeking its See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

food, which consists almost wholly of See also:

• INSECTS

insects, as it progresses over the ground in See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short jumps, each See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement being accompanied by a slight jerk or shuffle of the wings . Though on the See also:

• CONTINENT (from Lat. continere, "to hold together "; hence " connected," " continuous ")

continent of See also:

• EUROPE

Europe it regularly migrates, it is one of the few soft-billed birds that reside throughout the See also:

• YEAR

year with us, and is one of the earliest breeders—its well-known greenish-See also:

• BLUE (common in different forms to most European languages)

blue eggs, laid in a warmly built See also:

• NEST

nest, being recognized by hundreds as among the surest signs of returning See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring; but a second or even a third brood is produced later . The See also:

• COCK, EDWARD (1805-1892)

cock has a sweet but rather feeble See also:

• SONG

song; and the See also:

• SPECIES

species has See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long been accounted, though not with accuracy, to be the most common dupe of the See also:

• CUCKOO

cuckoo . Several other species are assigned to the genus Accentor; but all, except the See also:

• JAPANESE

Japanese A. rubidus, which is the counterpart of the See also:

• BRITISH

British hedge-sparrow, inhabit more or less rocky situations, and one, A. collaris, or alpinus, is a See also:

• DENIZEN (derived through the Fr. from Lat. de intus, " from within," i.e. as opposed to " foreign ")

denizen of the higher See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain-ranges of Europe, though it has several times strayed to See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England . 2 . The house-sparrow, the Fringilla domestica of See also:

• LINNAEUS

Linnaeus and Passer domesticus of See also:

• MODERN

modern authors, is far too well known to need any description of its See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance or habits, being found, whether in country or See also:

• TOWN

town, more attached to human dwellings than any other See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild bird; See also:

• NAY, or NEY

nay, more than that, one may safely assert that it is not known to thrive anywhere far away from the habitations or See also:

• WORKS

works of men, extending its range in such countries as See also:

• NORTHERN

northern Scandinavia and many parts of the See also:

• RUSSIAN

Russian See also:

• EMPIRE

Empire as new settlements are formed and See also:

• LAND

land brought under See also:

• XXV

xxv . 206o9 cultivation . Thus questions arise as to whether it should not be considered a See also:

• PARASITE (From Gr. irapa, beside, Tiros food)

parasite throughout the greater portion of the See also:

• AREA

area it now occupies, and as to what may have been its native country . Moreover, it has been introduced to several of the large towns of See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North See also:

• AMERICA

America and to many of the British colonies, in nearly all of which, as had been foreseen by ornithologists, it has multiplied to excess and has become an intolerable See also:

• NUISANCE (through Fr. noisance, nuisance, from Lat. nocere, to hurt)

nuisance, being unrestrained by the natural checks which partly restrict its increase in Europe and See also:

• ASIA

Asia . Whether indeed in the older seats of See also:

• CIVILIZATION

civilization the house-sparrow is not decidedly injurious to the agriculturist and horticulturist has long been a See also:

• MATTER

matter of discussion, and no definite result that a See also:

• FAIR

fair See also:

• JUDGE (Lat. judex, Fr. juge)

judge can accept has yet been reached .

It is freely admitted that the damage done to growing crops is often enormous, but as yet the service frequently rendered by the destruction of See also:

• INSECT

insect-pests cannot be calculated . In the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south of Europe the house-sparrow is in some measure replaced by two allied species, P. his paniolensis and P. italiae, whose habits are essentially identical with its own; and it is doubtful whether the sparrow of See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India, P. indicus, is specifically distinct; but See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa has several members of the genus which are decidedly so . 3 . The tree-sparrow, the Fringilla See also:

• MONTANA

montana of Linnaeus and Passer montanus of modern writers—both sexes of which much resemble the male house-sparrow, but are easily distinguishable by the reddish-brown See also:

• CROWN

crown, the See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black patch on the sides of the neck, and doubly-barred wings—is a much more See also:

• LOCAL

local species, in England generally frequenting the rows of See also:

• POLLARD, EDWARD ALBERT (1828–1872)

pollard-willows that See also:

• LINE

line so many See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers and canals, in the holes of which it breeds; but in some Eastern countries, and especially in See also:

• CHINA

China, it frequents houses, even in towns, and so fills the See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place of the house-sparrow . Its See also:

• GEOGRAPHICAL

geographical See also:

• DISTRIBUTION (Lat. distribuere, to deal out)

distribution is extensive and marked by some curious characters, among which may be mentioned that, being a See also:

• GREAT

great wanderer, it has effected settlements even in such remote islands as the Faeroes and some of the See also:

• OUTER

Outer See also:

• HEBRIDES, THE, or WESTERN ISLES

Hebrides . The genus Passer belongs to the Passerine family Fringillidae . The See also:

• AMERICAN

American birds called " sparrows " have little in common with the members of the genus Passer, and. belong to the family Emberizidae, which is closely allied to the Fringillidae . (A .