See also:

• SPEAR (O. Eng. spere, O. H. Ger. sper, mod. Ger. speer, &c., cf. Lat. sparrs; probably related to " spar, " a beam)

SPEAR (O. Eng. spere, O. H. Ger. sper, mod. Ger. speer, &c., cf. See also:

• LAT

Lat. sparrs; probably related to " spar, " a See also:

• BEAM
• BEAM (from the O. Eng. beam, cf. Ger. Baum, a tree, to which sense may be referred the use of " beam " as meaning the rood or crucifix, and the survival in certain names of trees, as horn-beam)

beam)  , a weapon of offence . See also:

• DEVELOPED

Developed from a See also:

• SHARP, GRANVILLE (1735-1813)
• SHARP, JAMES (1618-1679)
• SHARP, JOHN (1645-1714)
• SHARP, RICHARD (1759-1835)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1749-1824)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1856-1905)

sharp-headed stake, the See also:

• SPEAR (O. Eng. spere, O. H. Ger. sper, mod. Ger. speer, &c., cf. Lat. sparrs; probably related to " spar, " a beam)

spear may be reckoned, with the See also:

• CLUB (connected with " clump ")

club, as among the most See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient of weapons . All the prehistoric races handled the spear; all See also:

• SAVAGE
• SAVAGE, MINOT JUDSON (1841– )
• SAVAGE, RICHARD (d. 1743)

savage folk thrust with it or hurl it; civilized See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man still keeps it as the See also:

• LANCE

lance and the See also:

• BOAR (0. Eng. bar; the word is found only in W. Ger. languages, cf. Dutch beer, Ger. Eber)

boar-spear; indeed, the See also:

• BAYONET

bayonet is a spear-See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head with the See also:

• RIFLE

rifle for a See also:

• SHAFT
• SHAFT (O. Eng., sceaft, from scafan, to shave; the word is common to Teutonic languages)

shaft . The See also:

• ENGLISH

English before the See also:

• NORMAN
• NORMAN, SIR HENRY WYLIE (1826-1904)

Norman See also:

• CONQUEST

conquest were a spear-bearing See also:

• RACE

race . The See also:

• FREEMAN
• FREEMAN, EDWARD AUGUSTUS (1823-1892)

freeman's six-See also:

• FOOT

foot ashen spear was always near his See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand; and its head is found beside the bones of every See also:

• WARRIOR

warrior . The casting See also:

• JAVELIN

javelin was commoner than the See also:

• BOW (pronounced " bo ")

bow . Norman horsemen made the See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long lance, a dozen feet long, its pennon fluttering below the point, the knightly weapon . Throwing spears became rare, the See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

Black See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

Prince's English knights wondering at the See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish See also:

• FASHION (adapted from Fr. facon, agon, Lat. factio, making, facere, to do or make)

fashion of casting darts . In the 14th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century the vamplate came into use as a guard for the lance hand above the grip . At this See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time also the coronel head was devised for the better safeguard of the jousters, many of whom, how-ever, preferred the blunted or " rebated " point . The next step in development gave the shaft a swell towards the hand on both sides of the grip, a swell exaggerated in the jousting lance of the 16th century, which, fluted and hollowed, is found weighing twenty pounds, with a girth of as much as 271 in. at its broadest See also:

• PART

part . See also:

• LEATHER (a word which appears in all Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Leder, Dutch leer or leder, Swed. leder, and in such Celtic forms as Welsh llader)
• LEATHER, ARTIFICIAL

Leather " burres " were added below the grip and, before the'end of the 14th century, the See also:

• WEIGHT

weight of the jousting lance called for the use of the lance-See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest, a See also:

• HOOK, JAMES CLARKE (1819-1907)
• HOOK, THEODORE EDWARD (1788-1841)
• HOOK, WALTER FARQUHAR (1798-1875)

hook or catch screwed to the right See also:

• BREAST (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. the Ger. Brust, possibly connected with an O. Sax. brustian, to bud)

breast of the See also:

• HARNESS (from O. Fr. harneis or harnois; the ultimate origin is obscure; the Celtic origin which connects it with the Welsh haiarn, iron, has phonetic and other difficulties; the French is the origin of the Span. arnes, and Ger. Harnisch)

harness .

The Scots, always weaker than the English in See also:

• ARCHERY

archery, favoured the long spear as the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief weapon of the See also:

• INFANTRY

infantry, and from See also:

• FALKIRK

Falkirk onwards held their own in their " schiltron " formaf See also:

• ION

ion against all See also:

• CAVALRY (Fr. cavalerie, Ger. Kavallerie or Reiterei, derived ultimately from late Lat. caballus, horse)

cavalry, until riddled and disarrayed by the arrow-flights . Their English enemy, when harquebusiers began to oust the archers, exchanged the old bills for those 18 and 20 ft. pikes which bristled from the squares protecting the " shot." At the same time, the English horsemen began to leave the lance for See also:

• SWORD (0. Eng. sweord; ultimately from an Indo-European root meaning to wound)

sword, See also:

• PISTOL

pistol and musketoon . During the See also:

• CIVIL

civil See also:

• WARS

wars in the 17th century every man on foot was either pikeman or musketeer . After 1675 the long See also:

• PIKE
• PIKE, ZEBULON MONTGOMERY (1779-1813)

pike gave way to the bayonet in its first shape of a See also:

• DAGGER

dagger whose hilt could be struck into the muzzle of the See also:

• MUSKET (Fr. mousquet, Ger. Muskete, &c.)

musket, and, some four-teen years later, the bayonet with a See also:

• RING (O.E. hring; a word common to Teutonic languages; and probably cognate with the Lat. circus, Gr. KtpKOS or KpLKOS, Skt'. chakra, wheel, circle, cf. also " harangue "); in art, a band of circular shape of varying sizes, made of any material and used f

ring-catch gave the infantry-man the last See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of his pike . Sergeants, however, carried through the 18th century a " See also:

• HALBERT, HALBERD

halbert " (q.v.) which, in its degenerate form, became a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short pike, and infantry See also:

• OFFICERS

officers were sometimes armed with the See also:

• SPONTOON (Fr. esponton, Ital. spontone, from Lat. punctum, point, pungere, to prick)

spontoon . In 1816 certain See also:

• DRAGOON (Fr. dragon, Ger. Dragoner)

dragoon regiments were given the lance which had been seen at See also:

• WORK

work in the hands of Poles and See also:

• COSSACKS (Russ. Kazak; plural, Kazaki, from the Turki quzzaq, " adventurer, free-hooter ")

Cossacks; and the weapon is still part of the service equipment although controversy is still hot over its value in See also:

• ACTION

action, its supporters urging the demoralizing effect of the lance against broken troops . See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

Queen See also:

• VICTORIA
• VICTORIA (or VITTORIA), TOMMASSO LUDOVICO DA (C. I540-C. 1613)
• VICTORIA [ALEXANDRINA VICTORIA]

Victoria's See also:

• NAVY

navy gave up, in favour of the See also:

• CUTLASS

cutlass bayonet, the pikes which were once served out to repel attacks of boarders . At the See also:

• PRESENT

present See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day the High See also:

• SHERIFF

Sheriff's party of javelin-men are the only Englishmen who See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

march on foot with the ancient weapon .