See also:

• EDMUND
• EDMUND, or EADMUND (c. 980-1016)
• EDMUND, SAINT [EDMUND RICE] (d. 1240)

EDMUND See also:

• EDMUND SPENSER (c. 1552-1599)
• SPENSER, JOHN (1559-1614)

SPENSER (c. 1552-1599)  , See also:

• ENGLISH

English poet, author of the Faery See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

Queen, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born in See also:

• LONDON

London about the See also:

• YEAR

year 1552 . The received date of his See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth rests on a passage in See also:

• SONNET (Ital. Sonetto, dim. of Suono, Fr. Sonnet)

sonnet lx. of the Amoretti . He speaks there of having lived See also:

• FORTY

forty-one years; the Amoretti was published in 1595, and described on the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title-See also:

• PAGE
• PAGE, THOMAS NELSON (1853- )
• PAGE, WILLIAM (1811-1885)

page as " written not See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long since "; this would make the year of his birth 1552 or 1553 . We know from the Prothalamion that London was his birthplace . This at least seems the most natural See also:

• INTERPRETATION (from Lat. interpretari, to expound, explain, inter pres, an agent, go-between, interpreter; inter, between, and the root pret-, possibly connected with that seen either in Greek 4 p4'ew, to speak, or irpa-rrecv, to do)

interpretation of the words " Merry London, my most kindly See also:

• NURSE (a shortened form of the earlier " nourice," adapted through the French from Lat. nutrix, nu/rite, to nourish)

nurse, That to me gave this See also:

• LIFE

life's first native source." In the same poem he speaks of himself as taking his name from " an See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house of See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient fame." Several of his pieces are addressed to the daughters of See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John See also:

• SPENCER
• SPENCER, HERBERT (1820-1903)
• SPENCER, JOHN CHARLES SPENCER, 3RD EARL (1782-1845)
• SPENCER, JOHNPOYNTZ SPENCER
• SPENCER, WILLIAM ROBERT (1769-1834)

Spencer, See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of the Althorp See also:

• FAMILY

family; and in See also:

• COLIN, ALEXANDRE (1526-1612)

Colin Clout's Come See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

Home Again he describes three of the ladies as " The See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour of the See also:

• NOBLE, SIR ANDREW (1832- )

noble family Of which I meanest boast myself to be." Mr R . B . See also:

• KNOWLES, JAMES SHERIDAN (1784-1862)
• KNOWLES, SIR JAMES (1831-1908)

Knowles, however, is of the See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion (see the Spending of the See also:

• MONEY

Money of See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert See also:

• NOWELL, ALEXANDER (c. 1507-1602)

Nowell, privately printed, 1877) that the poet's kinsmen must be sought among the humbler Spencers of See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north-See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east See also:

• LANCASHIRE

Lancashire . Robert Nowell, a London See also:

• CITIZEN (a form corrupted in Eng., apparently by analogy with " denizen," from O. Fr. citeain, mod. Fr. citoyen)

citizen, See also:

• LEFT

left a sum of money to be distributed in various charities, and in the See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account-books of his executors among the names of other beneficiaries has been discovered that of " See also:

• EDMUND
• EDMUND, or EADMUND (c. 980-1016)
• EDMUND, SAINT [EDMUND RICE] (d. 1240)

Edmund Spensore, See also:

• SCHOLAR, SCHOLARSHIP

scholar of the See also:

• MERCHANT (O. Fr. marcheant, modern marchand; from Lat. mercari, to trade, merx, goods, merchandise)

Merchant See also:

• TAYLOR
• TAYLOR, ANN (1782-1866)
• TAYLOR, BAYARD (1825–1878)
• TAYLOR, BROOK (1685–1731)
• TAYLOR, ISAAC (1787-1865)
• TAYLOR, ISAAC (1829-1901)
• TAYLOR, JEREMY (1613-1667)
• TAYLOR, JOHN (158o-1653)
• TAYLOR, JOHN (1704-1766)
• TAYLOR, JOSEPH (c. 1586-c. 1653)
• TAYLOR, MICHAEL ANGELO (1757–1834)
• TAYLOR, NATHANIEL WILLIAM (1786-1858)
• TAYLOR, PHILIP MEADOWS (1808–1876)
• TAYLOR, ROWLAND (d. 1555)
• TAYLOR, SIR HENRY (1800-1886)
• TAYLOR, THOMAS (1758-1835)
• TAYLOR, TOM (1817-1880)
• TAYLOR, WILLIAM (1765-1836)
• TAYLOR, ZACHARY (1784-1850)

Taylor School, at his going to See also:

• PEMBROKE
• PEMBROKE (Penfro)
• PEMBROKE, EARLS OF

Pembroke See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

Hall in See also:

• CAMBRIDGE
• CAMBRIDGE, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• CAMBRIDGE, RICHARD OWEN (1717-1802)

Cambridge." The date of this benefaction is the 28th of See also:

• APRIL

April 1569 . As the poet is known to have been a See also:

• SIZAR

sizar of Pembroke, the See also:

• IDENTIFICATION (Lat. idem, the same)

identification is beyond dispute . Till this See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery it was not known where See also:

• SPENSER, EDMUND (c. 1552-1599)
• SPENSER, JOHN (1559-1614)

Spenser received his school See also:

• EDUCATION

education . The speculations as to the poet's parentage, started by the Nowell MS., are naturally more uncertain . Mr Knowles found three Spensers in the books of the Merchant Taylors, and concluded that the poorest of them, John Spenser, a " See also:

• FREE

free journeyman " in the "See also:

• ART

art or See also:

• MYSTERY (Gr. µw(Trilpcov, from tcuvrm, an initiate, µfew, to shut the mouth)

mystery of clothmaking," might have been the poet's See also:

• FATHER

father, but he afterwards abandoned this theory .

Dr See also:

• GROSART, ALEXANDER BALLOCH (1827-1899)

Grosart, however, adhered to it, and it is now See also:

• PRETTY

pretty generally accepted . The connexion of Spenser with Lancashire is also supported by the Nowell MS.—several Spensers of that See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county appear among the " poor kinsfolk " who profited by Nowell's See also:

• BOUNTY (through O. Fr. bontet, from Lat. bonitas, goodness)

bounty . The name of the poet's See also:

• MOTHER

mother was Elisabeth, and he notes as a happy coincidence that it was See also:

• BORNE, KARL LUDWIG (1786–1837)

borne by the three See also:

• WOMEN

women of most consequence to him—wife, queen and mother (Amoretti, lxxiv.) . It is natural that a poet so steeped in See also:

• POETRY

poetry as Spenser should show his See also:

• FACULTY (through the French, from the Lat. facultas, ability to do anything, from facilis, easy, facere, to do; another form of the word in Lat. facilitas, facility, ease, keeps the original meaning)

faculty at a very See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age; and there is strong See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason to believe that verses from his See also:

• PEN (Lat. penna, a feather, pen)

pen were published just as he left school at the age of sixteen or seventeen . Certain pieces, See also:

• TRANSLATIONS

translations from Du Bellay and See also:

• PETRARCH (1304-1374)

Petrarch, afterwards included in a See also:

• VOLUME

volume of poems by Spenser published in 1591, are found in a See also:

• MISCELLANY

miscellany, See also:

• THEATRE (BEarpov, " a place for seeing," from OeacOae)

Theatre for Worldings, issued by a Flemish See also:

• PROTESTANT

Protestant refugee, John See also:

• VAN

van der See also:

• NOODT, GERHARD (1647-1725)

Noodt, on the 25th of May 1569 . The translations from Du Bellay appear in See also:

• BLANK (from the Fr. blanc, white)

blank See also:

• VERSE (from Lat. versus, literally a line or furrow drawn by turning the plough, from vertere, and afterwards signifying an arrangement of syllables into feet)

verse in the miscellany, and are rhymed in sonnet See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form in the later publication, but the diction is substantially the same; the translations from Petrarch are republished with slight See also:

• VARIATIONS
• VARIATIONS, CALCULUS
• VARIATIONS, CALCULUS OF

variations . Poets were so careless of their rights in those days and publishers took such liberties that we cannot draw for certain the conclusion that would be inevitable if the facts were of more See also:

• MODERN

modern date; but the probabilities are that these passages in Van der Noodt's Theatre, although the editor makes no See also:

• ACKNOWLEDGMENT (from the old acknow, a compound of on- and know, to know by the senses, which passed through the forms oknow, aknow and acknow; acknowledge is formed on analogy of " knowledge ")

acknowledgment, were contributed by the schoolboy Spenser.' As the exercises of a schoolboy See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing before our poetic diction was enriched by the See also:

• GREAT

great Elizabethans, they are remarkable for a sustained command of expression which many schoolboys might exhibit in See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation now, but which was a rarer and more significant accomplishment when See also:

• SURREY
• SURREY, EARLDOM OF
• SURREY, HENRY HOWARD, EARL OF (1518?-1547)

Surrey and See also:

• SACKVILLE, GEORGE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1716-1785)
• SACKVILLE, MORTIMER

Sackville were the highest See also:

• MODELS

models in See also:

• POST

post-Chaucerian English . Little is known of Spenser's Cambridge career, except that he was a sizar of Pembroke Hall, took his See also:

• BACHELOR (from Med. Lat. baccalarius, with its late and rare variant baccalaris—cf. Ital. baccalare—through O. Fr. bacheler)

bachelor's degree in 1572, his See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master's in 1576, and left Cambridge without having obtained a fellowship . Dr Grosart's inquiries have elicited the fact that his See also:

• HEALTH

health was not See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good—See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

college allowances while he was in See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence being often paid " Spenser aegrotanti." One of the See also:

• FELLOWS, SIR CHARLES (1799-1860)

fellows of Pembroke strongly influenced his destiny . This was See also:

• GABRIEL (Heb. SKns, man of God)

Gabriel See also:

• HARVEY
• HARVEY, GABRIEL (c. 1545-1630)
• HARVEY, SIR GEORGE (1806-1876)
• HARVEY, WILLIAM (1578—1657)

Harvey, a prominent figure in the university life of the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time, an enthusiastic educationist, vigorous, versatile, not a little vain of his own culture and See also:

• LITERARY

literary See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers, which had gained him a certain See also:

• STANDING

standing in London society . The revival and See also:

• ADVANCEMENT

advancement of English literature was a See also:

• PASSION (post-classical Lat. passio, formed from pati, passus, to suffer, endure)

passion of the time, and Harvey was fully possessed by it . His See also:

• FANCY (a shortened form, dating from the 15th century, of " fantasy," which is derived through the O. Fr. fantasie, modern fantaisie. from the Latinized form of the Gr. cbavraoia, Oavrai'ecv, Oat Pais, to show)

fancy for reforming English verse by discarding See also:

• RHYME

rhyme and substituting unrhymed classical metres, and the See also:

• TONE, THEOBALD WOLFE (1763-1798)

tone of his controversy with See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas See also:

• NASH, RICHARD (1674-1762)

Nash, have caused him to be regarded as merely an obstreperous and pragmatic See also:

• PEDANT

pedant; but it is clear that Spenser, who had sense enough not to be led astray by his eccentricities, received active and generous help from him and probably not a little literary stimulus .

Harvey's letters to Spenser' throw a very kindly See also:

• LIGHT

light on his See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character . During his residence at the university the poet acquired a knowledge of See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek, and at a later See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period offered to impart that See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language to a friend in See also:

• IRELAND
• IRELAND, CHURCH
• IRELAND, CHURCH OF
• IRELAND, JOHN (1761-1842)
• IRELAND, JOHN (1838- )
• IRELAND, WILLIAM HENRY (1777-1835)

Ireland (see Ludowick Bryskett, Discourse of See also:

• CIVIL

Civil Life, London, 16o6—written twenty years previously) . Spenser's See also:

• AFFINITY (Lat. affinitas, relationship by marriage, from offinis, bordering on, related to; finis, border, boundary)
• AFFINITY, CHEMICAL

affinity with See also:

• PLATO

Plato is' most marked, and he probably read him in the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original . Three years after leaving Cambridge, in 1579, Spenser issued his first volume of poetry, the Shepherd's See also:

• CALENDAR

Calendar . Where and how he spent the See also:

• INTERVAL

interval have formed subjects for elaborate See also:

• SPECULATION

speculation . That most of it was spent in the study of his art we may take for granted . That he lived for a time in the " north parts " of See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England; that there or elsewhere he See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell in love with a See also:

• LADY (0. Eng. hlaefdige, Mid. Eng. ldfdi, lavedi; the first part of the word is hldf, loaf, bread, as in the corresponding hldford, lord; the second part is usually taken to be from the root dig-, to knead, seen also in " dough "; the sense development fr

lady whom he celebrates under the See also:

• ANAGRAM (Gr. ava, back, and ypa(beiv, to write)

anagram of " Rosalind," and who was most likely See also:

• ROSE
• ROSE (Rosa)
• ROSE, GEORGE (1744-1818)
• ROSE, HUGH JAMES (1795—1838)
• ROSE, WILLIAM STEWART (1775-1843)

Rose, a daughter of a See also:

• YEOMAN

yeoman named Dyneley, near See also:

• CLITHEROE

Clitheroe; that his friend Harvey urged him to return See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south, and introduced him to Sir See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip See also:

• SIDNEY
• SIDNEY (or SYDNEY), ALGERNON (1622-1683)
• SIDNEY, SIR HENRY (1529-1586)
• SIDNEY, SIR PHILIP (1554-1586)

Sidney; that Sidney took to him, discussed poetry with him, introduced him at See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court, 'put him in the way of preferment—are ascertained facts in his See also:

• PERSONAL

personal See also:

• HISTORY

history . Dr Grosart conjectures with considerable plausibility that he was in Ireland in 1577 . The words " for long time far estranged " in E.K.'s See also:

• PREFACE (Med. Lat. prefatia, for classical praefatio, praefari, to speak beforehand)

preface to the Shepherd's Calendar point that way . Spenser undoubtedly entered the service of the See also:

• EARL

earl of See also:

• LEICESTER
• LEICESTER, EARLS OF
• LEICESTER, ROBERT DUDLEY, EARL
• LEICESTER, ROBERT SIDNEY, EARL OF (1563-1626)
• LEICESTER, THOMAS WILLIAM COKE, EARL OF (1754-1842)

Leicester either in 1578 or a year earlier (See also:

• CAREW, GEORGE (d. about 1613)
• CAREW, RICHARD (1555–1620)
• CAREW, THOMAS (1595–1645?)

Carew Papers) . The See also:

• INTEREST

interest of the Shepherd's Calendar is mainly personal to Spenser . Its twelve poems continue to be read chiefly because they were the first published essays of the author of the Faery Queen, the poems in which he tried and disciplined his powers .

They See also:

• MARK
• MARK, CARL (1858– )
• MARK, GOSPEL OF ST
• MARK, ST

mark no See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage in the history of See also:

• PASTORAL (from Lat. pastor, a shepherd)

pastoral poetry . The title, borrowed from a See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French almanack of the year 1496, which was translated into English in 1go3.and frequently reprinted, is at-tractive but hardly tallies with the subject . It may have been an afterthought . Spenser had too strong a See also:

• GENIUS (from Lat. genere, gignere)

genius not to make his own individuality See also:

• FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt in any form that he attempted, and his buoyant dexterity in handling various schemes of verse must always afford delight to the connoisseur in such things . But a reader not already interested in Spenser, or not already See also:

• FAMILIAR (through the Fr. familier, from Lat. familiaris, of or belonging to the familia, family)

familiar with the artificial See also:

• ECLOGUE

eclogue, would find little to attract him in the Shepherd's Calendar . The poems need a See also:

• SPECIAL

special education; given this, they ' The first versions of the Visions of Petrarch and Du Bella}, are reproduced by Dr Grosart in his See also:

• COMPLETE

Complete See also:

• WORKS

Works of Spenser, vol. iv . (London, 1882) . The translations of Petrarch are imitated from See also:

• MAROT
• MAROT, DANIEL (seventeenth century)

Marot . Koeppel (Englische Studien, vol. xv.), questions whether they are by Spenser (see also J . B . See also:

• FLETCHER, ALICE CUNNINGHAM (1845– )
• FLETCHER, ANDREW
• FLETCHER, GILES (c. 1548-1611)
• FLETCHER, GILES (c. 1584-1623)
• FLETCHER, JOHN WILLIAM (1729-1785)
• FLETCHER, PHINEAS (1582-1650)

Fletcher, Modern Language Notes, vol. xxii.) . 2 See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

Letter-See also:

• BOOK

Book of Gabriel Harvey (See also:

• CAMDEN
• CAMDEN, CHARLES PRATT, 1ST EARL (1714-1794)
• CAMDEN, JOHN JEFFREYS PRATT, 2ND EARL
• CAMDEN, WILLIAM (1551-1623)

Camden Society).;EDM<UND are felt to be full of See also:

• CHARM (through the Fr. from the Lat. carmen, a song)

charm and See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power, a fresh and vivid See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring to the splendid summer of the Faery Queen .

The diction is a studiously atchaic artificial See also:

• COMPOUND
• COMPOUND (from Lat. componere, to combine or put together)

compound, partly Chaucerian, partly North Anglian, partly factitious; and the pastoral scenery is such as may be found in any See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country where there are See also:

• SHEEP
• SHEEP (from the Anglo-Saxon sceap, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; e.g. the German Schaf)

sheep, hills, trees, shrubs, toadstools and See also:

• RUNNING

running streams . That Spenser, having been, in the north of England, should have introduced here and there a See also:

• TOUCH (derived through Fr. toucher from a common Teutonic and Indo-Germanic root, cf. " tug," " tuck," O. H. Ger. zucchen, to twitch or draw)

touch of north country See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour is natural enough; but it is not sufficient to give a character to the poems as pastoral poems . As such they follow continuously and do not violently break away from Latin, See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian and French predecessors, and See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

Professor See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George See also:

• SAINTSBURY, GEORGE EDWARD BATEMAN (1845- )

Saintsbury is undoubtedly right in indicating Marot as the most immediate See also:

• MODEL (0. Fr. modelle, mod. modele; It. modello, pattern, mould; from Lat. modus, measure, standard)

model . At the same time one can quite understand on See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical grounds why the Shepherd's Calendar was hailed with See also:

• ENTHUSIASM

enthusiasm as the See also:

• ADVENT (Lat. Adventus, sc. Redemptoris, " the coming of the Saviour ")

advent of a " new poet." Not only was it a complete See also:

• WORK

work in a form then new to English literature, but the See also:

• EXECUTION (from Lat. ex-sequor, exsecutus, follow or carry out)

execution showed the See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand of,a master . There had been nothing so finished, so sustained, so masterful in grasp, so brilliant in See also:

• METRE ((terpuc?, sc. rFxvf, from Gr. Or poi', measure)

metre and phrase, since See also:

• CHAUCER, GEOFFREY (? 1340-1400)

Chaucer . It was felt at once that the poet for whom the age had been waiting had come . The little coterie of See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends whose admiration the See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young poet had won in private were evidently concerned lest the wider public should be bewildered and repelled by the unfamiliar pastoral form and rustic diction . To put the public at the right point of view the poems were published' with a commentary by" E.K."—supposed to be one See also:

• EDWARD

Edward See also:

• KIRKE, PERCY (c. 1646-1691)

Kirke, who was an undergraduate with Spenser at Pembroke, . This so-called glosse " explained the archaic words, revealed the poet's intentions, and boasted that, as in the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case of See also:

• VIRGIL (PUBLIUS VERGILIUS MARC)
• VIRGIL, POLYDORE (c. 1470-1555)

Virgil, the pastoral poetry of the " new poet " was but " a proving of the wings for higher and wider flights." The " new poet's" name was with-held; and the identification of the various " shepherds"—of Cuddie and 12offy and Diggon Davie, and the beauteous See also:

• GOLDEN

golden-haired " widow's daughter of the glen "—was fortunately reserved to yield delight to the ingenious curiosity of a later age.' On the subject of Spenser's obligations the glosse " is very misleading . An eclogue See also:

• DRAWN

drawn almost entirely from Virgil is represented as jointly inspired by Virgil and See also:

• THEOCRITUS

Theocritus and chiefly by the latter . Marot is belittled and his claim to be a poet called in question . As regards the twelfth eclogue suggested by and in' See also:

• PART

part translated from his poetry, his See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence is ignored .

The stanzas Professor See also:

• HALES, JOHN (1584-1656)
• HALES, or HAYLES, JOHN (d. 1571)
• HALES, STEPHEN (1677-1761)

Hales cites as autobiographical are actually taken from Marot's eclogue, Au Rai sous See also:

• LES

les noms de See also:

• PAN (" pasturer ")
• PAN (common in various forms to many Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Pfanne; it is generally taken to be an early adaptation in a shortened form of Lat. patina, shallow bowl or dish, from patere, to lie open)

Pan et See also:

• ROBIN

Robin . Dr Grosart falls into the same See also:

• ERROR (Lat. error, from errare, to wander, to err)

error . The Shepherd's Calendar was published at Gabriel Harvey's instance, and was dedicated to Sir Philip Sidney . It was one out of many poetical schemes on which the young poet was busy in the flush of conscious power and high hopes excited by the admiration of the literary authorities whose approval was then most to 'See also:

• LIE, JONAS LAURITZ EDEMIL (1833—1908)
• LIE, MARIUS SOPHUS (1842–1899)

lie coveted . His ; letters to Harvey and Harvey's letters to him furnish hints fora very engaging fancy picture of Spenser at this stage of his life—looking at the See also:

• WORLD

world through rose-coloured, See also:

• SPECTACLES

spectacles, high in favour with Sidney and Leicester, dating his letters from Leicester House, gaily and energetically discussing the technicalities of his. art, with some See also:

• PROVISION (Lat. provisio)

provision from his powerful friends—certain, but the form of it delightfully uncertain—going to court in the See also:

• TRAIN (M. Eng. trayn or trayne, derived through Fr. from Late Lat. trahinare, to drag, draw, Lat. trahere, cf. trail, trace, ultimately from the same source)

train of Leicester, growing pointed See also:

• BEARD (A.S. beard, O. H. and Mod. Ger. Bart, Dan. beard, Icel. bar, rim, edge, beak of a ship, &c., O. Slay. barda, Russ. barodd. Cf. Welsh barf, Lat.. barba, though, according to the New English Dictionary, the connexion is for phonetic reasons doubtful)
• BEARD, WILLIAM HOLBROOK (1825-1900)

beard and mustachios of fashionable shape, and frightening his ever-vigilant friend and See also:

• MENTOR

mentor Harvey by the light courtier-like tone of his references to wol41en . The studious pastoral poet from north parts " had blossomed with surprising rapidity in the See also:

• IMAGE (Lat. imago, perhaps from the same root as imitari, copy, imitate)

image of the See also:

• GAY, JOHN (1685-1732)
• GAY, MARIE FRANCOISE SOPHIE (1776-1852)
• GAY, WALTER (1856– )

gay See also:

• FORTUNE, ROBERT (1813-188o)

fortune-seeking adventurers who crowded the court of the virgin queen in those stirring times . Some of the poems which he mentions to Harvey as then completed or on the See also:

• ANVIL (from Anglo-Saxon anfilt or onfilti, either that on which something is " welded " or " folded," cf. German falzen, to fold, or connected with other Teutonic forms of the word, cf. German amboss, in which case the final syllable is from " beat," and

anvil—his Dreams, his Nine Comedies, his Dying See also:

• PELICAN (Fr. Pelican; Lat. Pelecanus or Pelicanus)

Pelican and his Stemmata dudleiana (singing the praises of the noble family. which was befriending him)—have not been preserved, at least in any form that can be certainly identified . Among the lost works. was his English Poet—a contribution to literary See also:

• CRITICISM
• CRITICISM (from the Gr. KpiTrlS, a judge, Kpivew, to decide, to give an authoritative opinion)

criticism., He had sent Harvey a portion of the Faery Queen, which he was eager to continue; but Harvey did not think much of it—a See also:

• JUDGMENT

judgment for which Harvey is often ridiculed as a dull pedant, as if we knew for certain that what was submitted to him was identical with what was published ten years later.; Spenser was appointed secretary to the See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

lord-See also:

• DEPUTY (through the Fr. from a Late Lat. use of deputare, to cut off, allot; putare having the original sense of to trim, prune)

deputy of Ireland in 158o, and was one of the See also:

• BAND

band of adventurers who, with mixed motives of love of excitement, patriotism, piety and hopes of forfeited estates, accompanied Lord See also:

• ARTHUR (Fr. Arius)
• ARTHUR, CHESTER ALAN (1830 – 1886)

Arthur See also:

• GREY, CHARLES GREY, 2ND EARL (1764-1845)
• GREY, HENRY GREY, 3RD EARL (1802-1894)
• GREY, LADY JANE (1537-1554)
• GREY, SIR EDWARD
• GREY, SIR GEORGE (1812–1898)

Grey of See also:

• WILTON

Wilton to Ireland to aid in the suppression of See also:

• DESMOND (Des-Mumha)
• DESMOND, GERALD FITZGERALD, 15TH EARL OF (d. 1583)7

Desmond's See also:

• REBELLION

rebellion . Regret is sometimes expressed that the author of the ' Faery Queen, who ought to have been dreamy, meditative, See also:

• GENTLE (through the Fr. gentil, from Lat. gentilis, belonging to the same gens, or family)

gentle and refined, should have been found in such See also:

• COMPANY

company, arid should have taken part in the violent and bloody scenes of Lord Grey's two years' See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt at " pacification." But such things must be judged with reference to the circumstances and the spirit of the time, and it must be remembered that England was then See Dr Grosart's Complete Works of Spenser, vol. i . engaged in a fierce struggle for existence against the See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic powers of the See also:

• CONTINENT (from Lat. continere, "to hold together "; hence " connected," " continuous ")

Continent . Of Lord Grey's character his secretary was an enthusiastic admirer, exhibiting him in the Faery Queen as Arthegal, the personification of See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice; and we know exactly what were his own views of Irish policy, and how strongly he deplored that Lord Grey was not permitted to carry them out . Spenser's View of the See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

State of Ireland drawn up after fourteen years' experience, but first printed in 1633 by Sir See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James See also:

• WARE

Ware, who complains of Spenser's harshness and inadequate know-ledge (History of Ireland, appendix), is not the work of a gentle dreamer, but of an energetic and shrewd public See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official .

The View is not a descriptive work; there,is nothing in the See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style to indicate that it was written by a poet; it is an elaborate state See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper, the exposition in the form of a See also:

• DIALOGUE

dialogue of a minutely considered See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan for the pacification of Ireland. written out of zeal for the public service for the eyes of the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government of the See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day . A very thoroughgoing plan it is . After passing in See also:

• REVIEW (Fr. revue, from revoir, to see again, Lat. re and videre)

review the history and character of the Irish, their See also:

• LAWS

laws, customs, See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion, habits of life, See also:

• ARMOUR, PHILIP DANFORTH (1832-1901)

armour, See also:

• DRESS (from the Fr. dresser, to set out, arrange, formed from Lat. directus, arranged, dirigere, to direct, arrange)

dress, social institutions and finding ' evil usages " in every See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department, he propounds his plan of See also:

• REFORMATION
• REFORMATION, THE

reformation." Reformation can be effected only by the See also:

• SWORD (0. Eng. sweord; ultimately from an Indo-European root meaning to wound)

sword, by the strong hand . The interlocutor in the dialogue holds up his hands in horror . Does he propose extermination ? By no means; but he would give the Irish a choice between submission and extermination . The government had vacillated too long, and, fearing the cost of a thorough operation, had spent twice as much without in any way mending matters . Let them send into Ireland io,000 See also:

• FONT (Lat. fans, " fountain " or " spring," Ital. fonte, Fr. les fonts)

font and woo See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

horse, disperse them in garrisons—a complete See also:

• SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)

scheme of localities is submitted—give the Irish twenty days to come in; if they did not come in then, give no See also:

• QUARTER (through Fr. from Lat. quartarius, fourth part)

quarter afterwards, but See also:

• HUNT, ALFRED WILLIAM (183o-1896)
• HUNT, HENRY (1i73-1835)
• HUNT, HENRY JACKSON (1819-1889)
• HUNT, JAMES HENRY LEIGH (1784-1859)
• HUNT, ROBERT (1807-1887)
• HUNT, THOMAS STERRY (1826-1892)
• HUNT, WILLIAM HENRY (1790—1864)
• HUNT, WILLIAM HOLMAN (1827-1910)
• HUNT, WILLIAM MORRIS (1824-1879)

hunt them down like See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild beasts in the See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter time when the covert is thin; " if they be well followed one winter, ye shall have little work to do with them the next summer "; See also:

• FAMINE (Lat. fames, hunger)

famine would complete the work of the sword; and in eighteen months' time See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace would be restored and the ground cleared for See also:

• PLANTATION (Lat. plantare, to plant)

plantation by English colonists . There must be no flinching in the execution of this plan—" no remorse or See also:

• DRAWING

drawing back for the sight of any such rueful See also:

• OBJECT

object as must thereupon follow, nor for compassion of their calamities, seeing that by no other means it is• possible to recover them, and that these are not of will but of very urgent See also:

• NECESSITY (Lat. necessitas)

necessity." The government had out of foolish compassion drawn back before when Lord Grey had brought the recalcitrant Irish to the necessary extremity of famine; the gentle poet warns them earnestly against a repetition of the blunder . Such was Spenser's plan for the pacification of Ireland, See also:

• PRO

pro-pounded not on his own authority, but as having support in " the consultations and actions of very See also:

• WISE, HENRY ALEXANDER (1806-1876)
• WISE, ISAAC MAYER (1819-1900)

wise See also:

• GOVERNORS

governors and counsellors whom he had sometimes heard treat thereof." He knew that it was " bloody and cruel "; but he contended passionately that it was necessary for the See also:

• MAINTENANCE (Fr. maintenance, from maintenir, to maintain, support, Lat. manu tenere, to hold in the hand)

maintenance of English power and the Protestant religion . The method was repugnant to the kindly nature of See also:

• AVERAGE

average Englishmen; from the time of Lord Grey no English authority had the See also:

• HEART
• HEART, LUNG

heart to go through with it till another remorseless zealot appeared in the See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person of See also:

• CROMWELL, HENRY (1628-1674)
• CROMWELL, OLIVER (1599-1658)
• CROMWELL, RICHARD (1626–1712)
• CROMWELL, THOMAS, EARL OF

Cromwell . That Cromwell knew the See also:

• TREATISE

treatise of " the See also:

• SAGE, RUSSELL (1816-1906)

sage-and serious Spenser," perhaps through See also:

• MILTON
• MILTON, JOHN (1608–1674)

Milton, is probable from the fact that the poet's Irish estates were secured to his See also:

• GRANDSON (Ger. Grandsee)

grandson by the See also:

• PROTECTOR

Protector's intervention in 1657 .

These estates had been granted to Spenser as his See also:

• SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share in the redistribution of See also:

• MUNSTER
• MUNSTER, SEBASTIAN (1489-1552)

Munster -3000 acres of See also:

• LAND

land and Kilcolman See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

Castle, an ancient seat of the Desmonds, in the north of the county of See also:

• CORK
• CORK (perhaps through Sp. corcha from Lat. cortex, bark, but possibly connected with quercus, oak)
• CORK, RICHARD BOYLE

Cork . The elaborate and business-like character of the View shows that the poet was no sinecurist, but received his See also:

• REWARD

reward for substantial See also:

• POLITICAL

political services . He ceased to be secretary to the lord-deputy when Lord Grey was recalled in 1582; but he continued in the public service, and in 1586 was promoted to the onerous position of clerk to the See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council of Munster . Amidst all the distractions of his public life in Ireland Spenser kept up his interest in literature, and among proper subjects for reforn included Irish poetry, of which he could See also:

• JUDGE (Lat. judex, Fr. juge)

judge only through the See also:

• MEDIUM

medium of translations . He allows it some merit—" sweet wit," " good invention," " some pretty See also:

• FLOWERS, ARTIFICIAL

flowers "—but laments that it is " abused to the gracing of wickedness and See also:

• VICE

vice." Meanwhile he seems to have proceeded steadily with the See also:

• COMPOSITION
• COMPOSITION (Lat. compositio, from componere, to put together)

composition of the Faery Queen, translating his varied experience of men and affairs into the picturesque forms of his See also:

• ALLEGORY (iXXos, other, and ayopeuav, to speak)

allegory, and expressing through them his conception of the immutable principles. that ought to regulate human conduct .