SPIKENARD, or NARD (O. Fr. spiquenard,

See also:

• LAT

Lat. spica

See also:

• NARDI, JACOPO (b. 1476)

nardi, from spica,

See also:

• EAR (common Teut.; O.E. are, Ger. Ohr, Du. oor, akin to Lat. auris, Gr. ovs)

ear of

See also:

• CORN (a common Teutonic word; cf. Lat. granum, seed, grain)
• CORN (fromm Lat. corms, horn)

corn, and Gr. vapSos, Pers. nard, Skt. nalada,

See also:

• INDIAN

Indian spikenard, from Skt, nal, to

See also:

• SMELL (connected etymologically with " smoulder " and " smoke ")

smell)  , a celebrated per-fume which seems to have formed one of the most durable aromatic ingredients in the costly unguents used by the Romans and Eastern nations . The ointment prepared from it (" ointment of pistic nard "1) is mentioned in the New Testament (Mark xiv . 3-5; John xii . 3-5) as being " very costly," a pound of it being valued at more than 300 denarii (over £io) . This appears to represent the prices then current for the best quality of nard, since Pliny (H.N. xii . 26) mentions that nard sj ikes reached as much as loo denarii per lb, and, although he does not mention the price of nard ointment, he states (xiii . 2) that the " unguentum cinnamomintim," a similar preparation, ranged from 25 to 300 denarii according to its quality . Nard ointment also varied considerably in price from its liability to sophistication (Ibid. xii . 26, 27; xiii . 2) . The genuine ointment2 1 The meaning of the word " pistic " is uncertain, some rendering it " genuine," others " liquid," and others taking it for a local name 2 The use of alabaster vessels for preserving these fragrant unguents was customary at a very early period . Theophrastus (c .

314 B.C.) states that vessels of

lead and alabaster were best for the purpose, on account of their density and coolness, and their power (unguentum nardinum sive foliatum) contained costus (the root of Saussurea lappa), amomum (the fruits of Amomum cardamomum), balm (the oleoresin of Balsamodendron opobalsamum) and myrrh, with Indian nard (Ibid. xiii . 2) . The exact botanical source of the true or . Indian nard was long a matter of uncertainty, the descriptions given by ancient authors being somewhat vague, but it is now identified as Nardostachys jatamansi, • a plant of the valerian order, the fibrous root-stocks or spikes " of which are still collected in the mountains of Bhotan and Nepal . The name " spike " is applied apparently from its resemblance in shape to a spike or ear of bearded corn . The root is crowned by the bases of several stems, each about 2 in. or more in length and as thick as the finger . To these the fibrous tissue of former leaves adheres and gives them a peculiar bristly appearance . It is this portion that is chiefly collected . Other and inferior varieties of nard are mentioned by Dioscorides and subsequent writers . Celtic nard, obtained from the Ligurian Alps and Istria, consisted of the roots of plants also belonging to the valerian order (Valeriana celtica and V. saxatilis) . This was exported to the East and thence to Egypt, and was used in the preparation of baths . Mountain nard was collected in Cilicia and Syria, and is supposed to have consisted of the root of Valeriana tuberosa .

The false nard of

Dauphine, used in later times, and still employed as a charm in Switzerland, is the root-stock of Allium victorialis . It presents a singular resemblance to the spikes of Indian nard, but is devoid of fragrance . It is remarkable that all the nards belong to the natural order Valerianaceae, the odour of valerian being considered disagreeable at the present day; that of Nerdostachys jatamansi is intermediate between valerian and patchouli, although more agreeable than either . The name " spikenard has also been applied in later times to several plants . The Spikenard of the United States is Aralia racemosa, and another species of the same genus, A. nudicaulis, or wild sarsaparilla, is known as " wild spikenard." In the West Indies Hyplis suaveolens is called " spikenard, and in Great Britain the name " ploughman's spikenard " is given to Inula conuza .