See also:

• SPINNING (from O. Eng. spinnen, to spin, cf. Ger. spinnen, &c., the Teut. root is seen, to draw out, cf. span, spider)

SPINNING (from O. Eng. spinnen, to spin, cf. Ger. spinnen, &c., the Teut. See also:

• ROOT (late O.E. rot, adopted from Scand., cf. Norw. and Swed. rot, Dan. rod; the true O.E. word was wyrt, plant, represented in Ger. Wurz or Wurzel; the ultimate root is the same in both words, and is seen in Lat. radix)
• ROOT, ELIHU (1845– )

root is seen, to draw out, cf. span, spider)  , the forming of threads by See also:

• DRAWING

drawing out and twisting various See also:

• FIBRES
• FIBRES (or FIBERS, in American spelling; from Lat. fibra, apparently connected either with filum, thread, or findere, to split)

fibres . There is ample See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence of the See also:

• GREAT

great antiquity and wide See also:

• DIFFUSION (from the Lat. diffundere; dis-, asunder, and fundere, to pour out)

diffusion of the See also:

• ART

art of See also:

• SPINNING (from O. Eng. spinnen, to spin, cf. Ger. spinnen, &c., the Teut. root is seen, to draw out, cf. span, spider)

spinning, for spinning necessarily precedes See also:

• WEAVING

weaving (q.v.) whenever See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short fibrous materials have to be made into threads, and weaving is one of the primal and most universal employments of mankind . Either remains of implements employed in spinning, or spun threads, are found wherever traces of prehistoric See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man make their See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance . The See also:

• SIMPLE

simple spinning apparatus which was used in the earliest ages continued to be used by civilized communities till comparatively See also:

• RECENT

recent times, and it may therefore be said that no art which has been so See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long and widely practised remained so unprogressive as that of spinning . On the other See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, since about the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of the 18th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, when human ingenuity See also:

• BENT
• BENT (E1. BENI)
• BENT, JAMES THEODORE (1852–1897)

bent itself in See also:

• EARNEST (probably a corruption of the obsolete arles or erles, adapted from Lat. equivalent arrha, due to a confusion with the adjective " earnest," serious, O. Eng. eornust, cognate with Ger. ernst)

earnest to improve the art, there have not been See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed in the whole range of See also:

• MECHANICAL

mechanical See also:

• INDUSTRIES

industries See also:

• MACHINES

machines of greater variety, delicacy of See also:

• ACTION

action, and manifold productive capacity than those now in use for spinning . The See also:

• PRIMITIVE

primitive See also:

• THREAD (0. Eng. praed, literally, that which is twisted, prawan, to twist, to throw, cf. " throwster," a silk-winder, Ger. drehen, to twist, turn, Du. draad, Ger. Draht, thread, wire)

thread-making See also:

• IMPLEMENT (Lat. implementum, a filling up, from implere, to fill)

implement consisted of a wooden spindle, from 9 to 15 in. long, which was rounded and tapered at both extremities, as in the accompanying figure . Near the Primitive Spindle . See also:

• TOP (cf. Dan. top, Ger. Topf, also meaning pot)

top there was usually a notch in which the See also:

• YARN

yarn was caught while undergoing the operation of twisting, and See also:

• LOWER

lower down a whorl, or wharve, composed of a' perforated disk of See also:

• CLAY (from O. Eng. claeg, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Klei)
• CLAY, CASSIUS MARCELLUS (1810-1903)
• CLAY, CHARLES (1801–1893)
• CLAY, FREDERIC (1838–1889)
• CLAY, HENRY (1777–1852)

clay, See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone, See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood, or other material was secured to give momentum and steadiness to a rotating spindle . Long fibres were commonly attached to a See also:

• DISTAFF

distaff of wood, which was held under the See also:

• LEFT

left See also:

• ARM (a common Teutonic word; the Indo-European root is ar, to join or fit; cf. the Lat. armus, shoulder, and the plural word arma, weapons, Gr. apphs, joint, and the reduplicated apapilKSV, to join)

arm of the operator, but short fibres were spun from carded rolls . After attaching some See also:

• TWISTED

twisted fibres to the spindle, a rotatory See also:

• MOTION (Lat. motio, from movere, to move)
• MOTION, LAWS OF

motion was given to the latter either by See also:

• ROLLING

rolling it by hand against one thigh, or by twirling it between the fingers and thumb of the right hand, after which the fibres were See also:

• DRAWN

drawn out in a See also:

• UNIFORM

uniform strand by both hands and converted into yarn . When the thread was of sufficient strength, the spindle was suspended by it until a full stretch had been drawn and twisted, after which that portion was See also:

• WOUND (O. Eng. wund,connected with a Teutonic verb, meaning to strive, fight, suffer, seen in O. Eng. winnan, whence Eng. " win ")

wound upon the See also:

• BODY

body of the spindle, and the operation continued until the spindle was filled . The quantity thus rolled up gives the name to a now definite measure of See also:

• LINEN

linen yarn, namely `.` the spindle, " or 14,400 yards .

Simple as was this primitive apparatus, a dexterous spinner could produce yarn of an evenness, strength and delicacy such as has scarcely been exceeded by elaborate See also:

• MODERN

modern appliances . The yarns for the See also:

• GOSSAMER

gossamer-like See also:

• DACCA

Dacca muslins of See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India were so See also:

• FINE

fine that z lb See also:

• WEIGHT

weight of See also:

• COTTON
• COTTON (Fr. coton; from Arab. qutun)
• COTTON, CHARLES (163o–1687)
• COTTON, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH (1813–1866)
• COTTON, JOHN (1585–1652)
• COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE

cotton was spun into a thread nearly 253 in. long . This was accomplished with the aid of a See also:

• BAMBOO

bamboo spindle not much bigger than a darning See also:

• NEEDLE (O. Eng. ncedl; the word appears in various forms in Teutonic languages, Ger. Nadel, Dutch naal, the root being ne-, to sew, cf. Ger. nahen, and probably Lat. nere, to spin, Gr. vi)ats, spinning)

needle, and which was lightly weighted with a pellet of clay . Since such a See also:

• TENDER

tender thread could not support even the weight of so slight a spindle, the apparatus was rotated upon a piece of hollow See also:

• SHELL
• SHELL (O. Eng. scell, scyll, cf. Du. sceel, shell, Goth. skalja, tile; the word means originally a thin flake,. cf. Swed. skalja, to peel off; it is allied to " scale " and " skill," from a root meaning to cleave, divide, separate)

shell . The spindle as here described was, so far as is known, the See also:

• SOLE (Solea)

sole apparatus with which yarn was spun until comparatively recent times . The changes in modern spinning have had for their See also:

• OBJECT

object: (r) the providing of mechanical means to rotate the spindle, (2) an automatic method of drawing out the fibres, and (3) devices for working a large See also:

• GROUP

group of spindles together, at speeds before unattainable . The first improvement consisted in cutting a See also:

• RING (O.E. hring; a word common to Teutonic languages; and probably cognate with the Lat. circus, Gr. KtpKOS or KpLKOS, Skt'. chakra, wheel, circle, cf. also " harangue "); in art, a band of circular shape of varying sizes, made of any material and used f

ring groove in the wharve, mounting the spindle horizontally in a See also:

• FRAME

frame, and passing a See also:

• BAND

band from a large See also:

• WHEEL (0. Eng. hweol, hweohl, &c., cognate with Icel. hjol, Dan. hiul, the Indo-European root is seen in Sanskrit chakra, Gr. r in Aos, circle, whence " cycle ")
• WHEEL, BREAKING ON THE

wheel See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round the wharve . A rotatory motion was then given to the spindle by turning the wheel with the left hand . After attaching the filaments to the spindle they were attenuated with the right hand, and when fully twisted the thread was moved to See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form a right See also:

• ANGLE (from the Lat. angulus, a corner, a diminutive, of which the primitive form, angus, does not occur in Latin; cognate are the Lat. angere, to compress into a bend or to strangle, and the Gr. ayKOS, a bend; both connected with the Aryan root ank-, to

angle with the spindle and coiled upon it . Such a wheel has long been known in India, and from a drawing in a 14th-century See also:

• MANUSCRIPT

manuscript in the See also:

• BRITISH

British Museum it is obvious that it was not unknown, although far from being in See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general use, in See also:

• EUROPE

Europe at that See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early date . It came ultimately to be known in See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England as the " bobbing wheel," and was in See also:

• CONSTANT, BENJAMIN (1845-1902)

constant use down to the beginning of the 19th century for spinning coarse and fine yarns But fine yarns received two spinnings; the first consisted in drawing out and slightly twisting the fibres into what is still known as a roving, and by the second spinning the roving was fully attenuated and twisted . In 1533, a See also:

• CITIZEN (a form corrupted in Eng., apparently by analogy with " denizen," from O. Fr. citeain, mod. Fr. citoyen)

citizen of See also:

• BRUNSWICK
• BRUNSWICK (Ger. Braunschweig)
• BRUNSWICK, KARL WILHELM FERDINAND, DUKE OF (1735-18o6)

Brunswick is said to have cranked the See also:

• AXIS (Lat. for " axle ")

axis of the large wheel and added a treadle, by which the spinner was enabled to rotate her spindle with one See also:

• FOOT

foot and have both hands See also:

• FREE

free to manipulate the fibres .

It is not possible accurately to See also:

• FIX, THEODORE (180o-1846)

fix the See also:

• DATES

dates at which all improvements in spinning appliances were made; it is certain that many were known and used long before they were generally adopted . Thus the flyer, which twists yarn before winding it upon a bobbin, is shown in a drawing by Leonardo da See also:

• VINCI, LEONARDO (1690-173o)

Vinci, together with a See also:

• DEVICE

device for moving the bobbin up and down the spindle so as to effect an even See also:

• DISTRIBUTION (Lat. distribuere, to deal out)

distribution of the yarn . During the 16th century a See also:

• MACHINE
• MACHINE (through Fr. from Lat. form machina of Gr. µnxavil)

machine of the foregoing type was widely used, and came to be known as the See also:

• SAXONY
• SAXONY (Ger. Provinz Sachsen)

Saxony wheel . It changed spinning from an intermittent to a continuous operation . The spindle had affixed upon its See also:

• OUTER

outer end a wooden flyer, whose forked legs were far enough apart to enclose a See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

double-flanged spool, and at short intervals bent wires, known as the heck, were inserted in each See also:

• LEG
• LEG (a word of Scandinavian origin, from the Old Norwegian leggr, cf. Swed. lagg, Dan. laeg; the O. Eng. word was sceanca, shank)

leg for the purpose of guiding the thread evenly upon the spool . This spool was loosely threaded upon the spindle and one of its flanges was grooved to take a See also:

• DRIVING (from " to drive," i.e. generally to propel, force along or in, a word common in various forms to the Teutonic languages)

driving band from the large wheel, hence the spindle and the spool were separately driven, but the former at a higher See also:

• SPEED, JOHN (1552–1629)

speed than the latter . The twisted filaments were drawn through an See also:

• EYE
• EYE (O. Eng. edge, Ger. Auge; derived from an Indo-European root also seen in Lat. oc-ulus, the organ of vision (q.v.)

eye in the flyer, led' along one of its legs, and made fast to the spool . By operating the treadle the flyer twisted all the fibres about a See also:

• COMMON

common axis once for each revolution, and the spool wound up the length thus spun: the thread being slipped from tooth to tooth of the heck at See also:

• REGULAR

regular intervals to See also:

• DIRECT

direct it evenly across the spool . During the 17th century a second and similar spindle and flyer were added, and these left the spinner free to manipulate one thread with her right, and another with her left hand . It was in this See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition that the most advanced form of yarn-making was carried on until a great See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of inventions revolutionized spinning, and laid the See also:

• FOUNDATIONS

foundations of the factory See also:

• SYSTEM

system which now prevails . The remaining See also:

• PART

part of the problem which See also:

• LAY

lay before inventors was to draw out masses of parallel fibrous material, and twist them into uniform strands by mechanical means . The first See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage in the See also:

• EVOLUTION

evolution of mechanical spinning was effected by the invention of See also:

• LEWIS, HENRY CARVILL
• LEWIS, JOHN FREDERICK (180 1876)
• LEWIS, MATTHEW GREGORY (1775-1818)
• LEWIS, MERIWETHER (1774-1809)
• LEWIS, SIR GEORGE CORNEWALL, BART

Lewis See also:

• PAUL
• PAUL (PAULUS)

Paul, of See also:

• BIRMINGHAM

Birmingham, who obtained a patent in 1738, and who was assisted by See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John See also:

• WYATT, JAMES (1746–1813)

Wyatt .

The essential features of this invention consisted in passing carded slivers between pairs of parallel rollers, each succeeding pair of which moved faster than the preceding pair, to attenuate the sliver to the required extent . From Paul's See also:

• SPECIFICATION (from Med. Lat. specificatio, specificare, to enumerate or mention in detail)

specification it would appear that he attempted to turn the rollers about their See also:

• HORIZONTAL

horizontal and See also:

• VERTICAL (from Lat. vertex, highest point)

vertical axes simultaneously, in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to draw out the fibres and twist them at one operation . But healso mentions a See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan for which he procured a patent twenty years later, namely, the use of only one pair of rollers working in See also:

• CONJUNCTION (from Lat. conjungere, to join together)

conjunction with a bobbin which See also:

• DREW
• DREW, SAMUEL (1765-1833)

drew off the thread faster than the rollers delivered the sliver, and coiled the thread about itself . The bobbin, therefore, attenuated, twisted and wound the material . Neither plan proved a commercial success . See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas Highs, of See also:

• LEIGH
• LEIGH, EDWARD (1602–1671)

Leigh, and others, laboured upon the problem, but it was left to See also:

• RICHARD
• RICHARD (d. 1184)
• RICHARD, FRANCOIS MARIE BENJAMIN (18,9-1908)
• RICHARD, HENRY (1812-1888)
• RICHARD, ST

Richard See also:

• ARKWRIGHT, SIR RICHARD (1732-1792)

Arkwright, a See also:

• BARBER (from Lat. barba, beard)

barber, of See also:

• PRESTON
• PRESTON, JOHN (1587-1628)

Preston and See also:

• BOLTON (BOLTON-LE-MOORS)
• BOLTON (or BOULTON), EDMUND (1S75?-1633?)
• BOLTON, DUKES OF

Bolton, to achieve what his predecessors vainly struggled for . He obtained See also:

• PATENTS

patents, in 1769 and 1775, for a machine which was subsequently known as the See also:

• WATER

water-twist frame by See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason of water-See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power being applied to drive it . Arkwright's first machine did not contain any really new feature, for it consisted of Paul's drawing rollers, and the spindle, flyer and spool from the Saxony wheel, but the spindles and rollers were grouped in sets of four . Later the water-twist frame was changed into the " throstle " frame, which in turn has almost ceased to be used . In 1829 C . Danforth (1797-1876), an See also:

• AMERICAN

American spinner, invented a dead spindle, on the top of which he placed a hollow cap to serve as the winding point, and inside the cap he rotated a spool: a plan still used by worsted spinners . In 1828 Mr See also:

• THORPE [or TnoRP], JOHN (/l. 1570-1618)
• THORPE, BENJAMIN (1782-1870)

Thorpe, also an American, invented the ring spinning frame, whose See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal feature consisted in the substitution-ti; for the flyer of a flanged See also:

• ANNULAR, ANNULATE

annular ring, and a See also:

• LIGHT

light C-shaped traveller .

By means of the traveller a thread was held in the best position for winding upon a spool, as well as put under the necessary tension . Later inventors have so altered the construction of the ring, traveller and spindle that a speed of upwards of t I,000 revolutions per See also:

• MINUTE
• MINUTE (Lat. minutes, small; minuere, to make less)

minute can now be attained . This represents the highest development of continuous spinning . Whilst endeavours were being made to perfect continuous spinning, See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention was also directed to perfecting the intermittent See also:

• PROCESS

process as represented by the bobbing wheel . Between the years 1764 and 1767, See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James Hargreaves, of Standhill, invented the spinning jenny, by the aid of which sixteen, or more, threads could be spun simultaneously by one See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person . All the spindles were placed vertically and rotated from a See also:

• DRUM (early forms drome or dromme, a word common to many Teut. languages, cf. Dan. tromme, Ger. Trommel: the word is ultimately the same as " trumpet," and is probably onomatopoeic in origin; it appears late in Eng. about the middle of the 16th century)

drum, but the rovings were mounted in a movable See also:

• CARRIAGE

carriage and passed between a clamp that opened and shut like a parallel ruler . After securely clamping the rovings and attaching them to the spindles, the carriage was drawn out slowly by one hand and the spindles revolved by the other . The rovings were thus stretched to the proper degree of tenuity, and sufficiently twisted . This was followed by the inward run of the carriage, when the stretch of spun threads was wound upon the spindles, and the operation repeated . Hargreaves therefore returned to the first principles of spinning, namely, simultaneous drawing and twisting . But although the jenny gave a greatly increased output, it was See also:

• ILL

ill adapted for fine spinning . During the years 1774 to 1779, See also:

• SAMUEL

Samuel See also:

• CROMPTON
• CROMPTON, SAMUEL (1753-1827)

Crompton, of Bolton, combined, in the See also:

• MULE (Lat. mulus)

mule, the drawing rollers of Paul with the stretching of Hargreaves .

But his rollers did not fully attenuate the rovings before twisting them, as is the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case with continuous spinning, neither was stretching alone relied upon . From its introduction this machine was able to spin finer and more elastic threads than any of its rivals, but for a See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time the preparation of suitable rovings was a source of great trouble . The immediate consequence of the decision of the See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court of See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King's See also:

• BENCH (an O.E. and Eng. form of a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Bank, Dan. baenk and the Eng. doublet " bank ")

Bench, in 1785, to throw open to the public Arkwright's preparatory machinery, was to enormously increase the usefulness of the mule . Since Crompton's time a See also:

• HOST

host of inventors have laboured to render all parts of the mule thoroughly automatic; this has led to many changes and additions, but none of its essential features have been discarded . The inventions of Paul, Arkwright, Hargreaves and Crompton are at the foundations of all modern systems of spinning; details regarding them are given in the See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article on COTTON-SPINNING MACHINERY . (T . W .