See also:

• BARUCH

BARUCH See also:

• BARUCH SPINOZA (1632-1677)

SPINOZA (1632-1677)  , or, as he afterwards signed himself, See also:

• BENEDICT (BENEDICTUS)
• BENEDICT, SIR JULIUS (1804-1885)

Benedict de See also:

• SPINOZA, BARUCH (1632-1677)

Spinoza, Dutch philosopher, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• AMSTERDAM
• AMSTERDAM (NEw AMSTERDAM)

Amsterdam on the 24th of See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 163z . His parents belonged to the community of Jewish emigrants from See also:

• PORTUGAL

Portugal and See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain who, fleeing from See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic persecution in the See also:

• PENINSULA
• PENINSULA (Lat. paeninsula, from paene, almost, and insula, an island)

Peninsula, had sought See also:

• REFUGE

refuge in the nearly emancipated See also:

• NETHERLANDS

Netherlands . The name, variously written Espinoza, De Spinoza, D'Espinoza and Despinoza, probably points to the See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of See also:

• LEON
• LEON, LUIS PONCE DE (1527-1591)
• LEON, MOSES BEN SI
• LEON, or LEON DE LAS ALDAMAS

Leon as the previous See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home of the See also:

• FAMILY

family; there are no fewer- than five See also:

• TOWN

town-See also:

• SHIPS

ships so called in the neighbourhood of See also:

• BURGOS

Burgos . The philosopher's grandfather appears to have been the recognized See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of the Jewish community in Amsterdam in 1628; and his See also:

• FATHER

father, See also:

• MICHAEL
• MICHAEL (1596-1645)
• MICHAEL (Hebrew Sn,q, " Who is like God? ")

Michael Espinoza, was repeatedly See also:

• WARDEN

warden: of the See also:

• SYNAGOGUE (avvaywyii)
• SYNAGOGUE, UNITED

synagogue between 1630 and r65o . The father was a See also:

• MERCHANT (O. Fr. marcheant, modern marchand; from Lat. mercari, to trade, merx, goods, merchandise)

merchant in See also:

• FAIR

fair circumstances . He was thrice married and had. six See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children all of whom predeceased him See also:

• SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

save a daughter Rebekah, born of the first See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage, and See also:

• BARUCH

Baruch, the son of his second wife . Spinoza's See also:

• MOTHER

mother died in 1638 when the boy was barely six years old, and his father in 1654 when he was in his twenty-second See also:

• YEAR

year . Spinoza received his first training under the See also:

• SENIOR, NASSAU WILLIAM (1790-1864)

senior See also:

• RABBI

rabbi, See also:

• SAUL (Heb. shd'ul, " asked ")

Saul See also:

• LEVI, HERMANN (1839-1900)
• LEVI, LEONE (1821-1888)

Levi Morteira, and See also:

• MANASSEH (7th cent. B.C.)
• MANASSEH (apparently Hebrew for " he who causes to for-get," but see H. W. Hogg, Encyc. Bib., s.v.); in the Bible, a tribe of Israel, the elder but less important of the "sons" of Joseph. Its seat lay to the north of Ephraim, but its boundaries can scarce

Manasseh See also:

• BEN (from Old Eng. bennan, within)

ben See also:

• ISRAEL (Hebrew for " God strives " or " rules "; see Gen. xxxii. 28; and the allusion in Hosea xii. 4)

Israel, a theological writer of some See also:

• EMINENCE (Lat. eminentia)

eminence whose See also:

• WORKS

works show considerable knowledge of philosophical authors . Under these teachers he became See also:

• FAMILIAR (through the Fr. familier, from Lat. familiaris, of or belonging to the familia, family)

familiar with the See also:

• TALMUD

Talmud and, what was probably more important for his own development; with the philosophical writings of See also:

• IBN

Ibn See also:

• EZRA (from a Hebrew word meaning " help ")
• EZRA, FOURTH BOOK (or APOCALYPSE) OF
• EZRA, THIRD BOOK OF [I Esdras]

Ezra and See also:

• MAIMONIDES

Maimonides, Levi ben See also:

• GERSON, JOHN (1363—1429)

Gerson, Hasdai See also:

• CRESCAS, HASDAI BEN ABRAHAM (1340-1410)

Crescas, and other representatives of Jewish See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval thought, who aim at combining the traditional See also:

• THEOLOGY

theology with ideas got from See also:

• ARISTOTLE
• ARISTOTLE (384-322 B.C.)

Aristotle and his Neoplatonic commentators . Latin, still the universal See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language of learning, formed no See also:

• PART

part of Jewish See also:

• EDUCATION

education; and Spinoza, after learning the elements from a See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master, resorted for, further instruction to a physician named See also:

• FRANZ, ROBERT (1815-1892)

Franz See also:

• VAN

van den Ende, who eked out an income by taking pupils . Van den Ende appears to have been distinctly a See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man of parts, though of a somewhat indiscreet and erratic See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character . He was eventually hanged in See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris as a conspirator in 1694 .

His See also:

• ENTHUSIASM

enthusiasm for the natural sciences may have been the only ground for the reputation he had acquired of instilling atheistic nations into the minds of his pupils along with the Latin which he taught them . But it is quite possible that his scientific' studies had bred in him, as in many others at that See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time, a materialistic, or at least a naturalistic, turn of mind; indeed, we should expect as much in a man of Van den Ende's somewhat rebellious temperament . We do not know whether his See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence was brought to See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear in this sense upon Spinoza; but it has been suggested that the writings of See also:

• BRUNO (BRUN, BRUNS) OF QUERFURT, SAINT (c. 975-1009)
• BRUNO, GIORDANO (c. 1548-1600)
• BRUNO, or BRUN (925–965)
• BRUNO, SAINT

Bruno, whose spirit of enthusiastic See also:

• NATURALISM

naturalism and fervid revolt against the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church would be especially dear to a man of Van den Ende's leanings, may have been put into the See also:

• PUPIL (Lat. pupillus, orphan, minor, dim. of pupus, boy, allied to puer, from root pm- or peu-, to beget, cf. "pupa," Lat. for " doll," the name given to the stage intervening between the larval and imaginal stages in certain insects)

pupil's See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand by the master . Latin, at all events, Spinoza learned to use with correctness, freedom and force, though his language does not, of course, conform to classical canons . A See also:

• ROMANCE

romance has See also:

• WOVEN

woven itself See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round Spinoza's connexion with Van den Ende's See also:

• HOUSEHOLD, ROYAL

household . . The physician had an only daughter, See also:

• CLARA, SAINT (1194-1253)

Clara Maria by name, who, besides being proficient in See also:

• MUSIC

music, understood Latin, it is said, so perfectly that she was able to See also:

• TEACH [THATCH OR THACH], EDWARD (d. 1718)

teach her father's pupils in his See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence . Spinoza, the See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

story goes, See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell in love with his fair instructress; but a See also:

• FELLOW

fellow-student, called Kerkering, supplanted him in his See also:

• MISTRESS

mistress's affections by the help of a valuable necklace of pearls which he presented to ,the See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young See also:

• LADY (0. Eng. hlaefdige, Mid. Eng. ldfdi, lavedi; the first part of the word is hldf, loaf, bread, as in the corresponding hldford, lord; the second part is usually taken to be from the root dig-, to knead, seen also in " dough "; the sense development fr

lady . See also:

• CHRONOLOGY (Gr. xpovo?oyfa, computation of time, xp6vos)

Chronology unfortunately forbids us to accept this little See also:

• EPISODE

episode as true . See also:

• RECENT

Recent investigation has proved that, while the marriage with Kerkering, or rather Kerckkrink, is a fact, it did not take See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place till 1671, in which year the See also:

• BRIDE (a common Teutonic word, e.g..Goth. bruths, O. Eng. bryd, O. H. Ger. prs2t, Mod. Ger. Bract, Dut. bruid, possibly derived from the root bru-, cook, brew; from the med. latinized form bruta, in the sense of daughter-in-law, is derived the Fr. bru)

bride, as appears by the See also:

• REGISTER

register, was twenty-seven years of See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age . She cannot, therefore, have been . more than eleven, or twelve in 1656, the year in which Spinoza See also:

• LEFT

left Amster-See also:

• DAM

dam; and as Kerckkrink was seven years younger than Spinoza, they cannot well have been simultaneous pupils of • Van den Ende's and simultaneous suitors for his daughter's hand . But, though the details of the story thus fall to pieces, it is still possible that in the five years which followed his retirement from Amsterdam Spinoza, who was living within easy distance and paid visits to the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city from time to time, may have kept up his connexion with Van den Ende, and that the See also:

• ATTACHMENT

attachment may have dated from this later See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period . This would at least be some explanation for the existence of the story; for Colerus expressly says that Spinoza " often confessed that he meant to marry her." But there is no mention of the Van den Endes in Spinoza's See also:

• CORRESPONDENCE
• CORRESPONDENCE (from med. scholastic Lat. correspondentia, corrcspondere, compounded of Lat. cum, with, and respond ere, to answer; cf. Fr. correspondance)

correspondence; and in the whole See also:

• TENOR (through Fr. and It. from Lat. tenor, holding on, course, sense of a law, tone)

tenor of his See also:

• LIFE

life and character there is nothing on which to fasten the See also:

• PROBABILITY (Lat. probabilis, probable or credible)

probability of a romantic attachment .

The mastery of Latin which he acquired from Van den Ende opened up to Spinoza the whole See also:

• WORLD

world of See also:

• MODERN

modern See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

philosophy and See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science, both represented at that time by the writings of See also:

• DESCARTES, RENE (1596-1650)

Descartes . He read him greedily, says Colerus, and afterwards often declared that he had all his philosophical knowledge from him . The impulse towards natural science which he had received from Van den Ende would be strengthened by the See also:

• READING

reading of Descartes; he gave over divinity, we are told, to devote himself entirely to these new studies . His inward break with Jewish orthodoxy dated, no doubt, further back—from his acquaintance with the philosophical theologians and commentators of the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle ages; but these new interests combined to estrange him still further from the traditions of the synagogue . He was seldomer seen at its services—soon not at all . The See also:

• JEALOUSY (adapted from Fr. jalousie, formed from jaloux, jealous, Low Lat. zelosus, Gr. j'i os, ardour, zeal, from the root seen in '&u', to boil, ferment; cf. " yeast ")

jealousy of the heads of the synagogue was easily roused . An See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt seems to have been made to draw from him his real opinions on certain prominent points of divinity . Two so-called friendsendeavoured, on the plea of doubts of their own, to See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead him into a theological discussion; and, some of Spinoza's expressions being repeated to the Jewish authorities, he was sumnioned to give an See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of himself . Anxious to retain so promising an adherent, and probably desirous at the same time to avoid public See also:

• SCANDAL

scandal, the chiefs of the community offered him a yearly See also:

• PENSION (Lat. pensio, a payment, from pendere, to weigh, to pay)

pension of See also:

• I000

i000 florins if he would outwardly conform and appear now and then in the synagogue . But such deliberate See also:

• HYPOCRISY

hypocrisy was abhorrent to Spinoza's nature . Threats were equally unavailing, and accordingly on the 27th of See also:

• JULY

July 1656 Spinoza was solemnly cut off from the See also:

• COMMONWEALTH

commonwealth of Israel . The curses pronounced against him may be read in most of the See also:

• BIOGRAPHIES

biographies .

While negotiations were still pending, he had been set upon one evening by a fanatical See also:

• RUFFIAN (Fr. ruffian, It. ruffiano)

ruffian, who thought to expedite matters with the See also:

• DAGGER

dagger . Warned by this that Amsterdam was hardly a safe place of See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence for him any longer, Spinoza had already left the city before the See also:

• SENTENCE (Lat. sententia, a way of thinking, opinion, judgment; vote, sentire, to feel, think)

sentence of See also:

• EXCOMMUNICATION (Lat. ex, out of, away from; communis, common)

excommunication was pronounced . He did not go far, but took up his See also:

• ABODE (from " abide," to dwell, properly " to wait for ," to bide)

abode with a friend who lived some See also:

• MILES, NELSON APPLETON (1839— )

miles out on the Old Church road . His See also:

• HOST

host belonged to the Collegiants or Rhijnsburgers, a religious society which had sprung up among the proscribed Arminians of See also:

• HOLLAND
• HOLLAND, CHARLES (1733–1769)
• HOLLAND, COUNTY AND PROVINCE OF
• HOLLAND, HENRY FOX, 1ST BARON (1705–1774)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICH, 1ST EARL OF (1S9o-,649)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICHARD VASSALL FOX, 3RD
• HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT (1819-1881)
• HOLLAND, PHILEMON (1552-1637)
• HOLLAND, RICHARD, or RICHARD DE HOLANDE (fl. 1450)
• HOLLAND, SIR HENRY, BART

Holland . The pure morality and See also:

• SIMPLE

simple-minded piety of this community seem See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early to have attracted Spinoza, and to have won his unfeigned respect . Several, of his See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends were Collegiants, or belonged to the similarly minded community of the See also:

• MENNONITES

Mennonites, in which the Collegiants were afterwards merged . In this quiet See also:

• RETREAT (O. Fr. retrete, mod. retraite, from Lat. retrahere, to draw back)

retreat Spinoza spent nearly five years . He See also:

• DREW
• DREW, SAMUEL (1765-1833)

drew up a protest against the See also:

• DECREE (from the past participle, decretus, of Lat. decernere)

decree of excommunication, but otherwise it left him unmoved . From this time forward he disused his See also:

• HEBREW

Hebrew name of Baruch, adopting instead the Latin See also:

• EQUIVALENT

equivalent, See also:

• BENEDICTUS

Benedictus . Like every See also:

• JEW, THE WANDERING

Jew, Spinoza had learned a handicraft; he was a grinder of lenses for See also:

• OPTICAL

optical See also:

• INSTRUMENTS

instruments, and was thus enabled to See also:

• EARN

earn an income sufficient for his modest wants . His skill, indeed, was such that lenses of his making were much sought after, and those found in his See also:

• CABINET

cabinet after his See also:

• DEATH

death fetched a high See also:

• PRICE
• PRICE, BARTHOLOMEW (1818–1898)
• PRICE, BONAMY (1807-1888)
• PRICE, RICHARD (1723-1791)

price . It was as an. optician that he was first brought into connexion with See also:

• HUYGENS, CHRISTIAAN (1629-1695)
• HUYGENS, SIR CONSTANTIJN (1596-1687)

Huygens and See also:

• LEIBNITZ (LEIBNIZ), GOTTFRIED WILHELM

Leibnitz; and an optical See also:

• TREATISE

Treatise on the See also:

• RAINBOW

Rainbow, written by him and See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long supposed to be lost, was discovered and reprinted by Dr Van Vloten in 1862 .

He was also fond of See also:

• DRAWING

drawing as an amusement in his leisure See also:

• HOURS, CANONICAL

hours; and Colerus had seen a See also:

• SKETCH (directly adapted from Dutch schets, which was taken from Ital. schizzo, a rough draft, Lat. schedium, something hastily made, Gr. oxE&os, sudden, off-hand, axeb6v, near by; Ger. Skizze and Fr. esquisse are from the same source)

sketch-See also:

• BOOK

book full of such drawings representing persons of Spinoza's acquaintance, one of them being alikeness of himself in the character of See also:

• MASANIELLO

Masaniello . The five years which followed the excommunication must have been devoted to concentrated thought and study . Before their conclusion Spinoza had parted See also:

• COMPANY

company from Descartes, and the leading positions of his own See also:

• SYSTEM

system were already clearly determined in his mind . A number of the younger men in Amsterdam—many of them students of See also:

• MEDICINE

medicine or medical practitioners—had also come to regard him as their intellectual See also:

• LEADER, BENJAMIN WILLIAMS (1831– )

leader . A See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind of philosophical See also:

• CLUB (connected with " clump ")

club had been formed, including among its members See also:

• SIMON, ABRAHAM (1622-1692)
• SIMON, JULES FRANCOIS (1814–1896)
• SIMON, RICHARD (1638–1712)
• SIMON, SIR JOHN (1816–1904)
• SIMON, THOMAS (c. 1623-1665)

Simon de Vries, See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John Bresser, See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis See also:

• MEYER, CHRISTIAN ERICH HERMANN VON (18or-1869)
• MEYER, HEINRICH AUGUST WILHELM (1800-1873)
• MEYER, JULIUS LOTHAR (183o-1895)
• MEYER, KONRAD FERDINAND (1825-1898)
• MEYER, VICTOR (1848-1897)
• MEYER, [MARIE] PAUL HYACINTHE (184o- )

Meyer, and others who appear in Spinoza's correspondence . Originally See also:

• MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)

meeting in all probability for more thoroughgoing study of the Cartesian philosophy, they looked naturally to Spinoza for guidance, and by and by we find him communicating systematic drafts of his own views to the little See also:

• BAND

band of friends and students, The See also:

• MANUSCRIPT

manuscript was read aloud and discussed at their meetings, and any points remaining obscure were referred to Spinoza for further explanation . An interesting specimen of such difficulties propounded by Simon de Vries and resolved by Spinoza in accordance with his own principles, is preserved for us in Spinoza's correspondence . This Simon de Vries was a youth of generous impulses and of much promise . Being in See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good circumstances, he was anxious to show his gratitude to Spinoza by a See also:

• GIFT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. die Gift, gift, das Gift, poison, formed from the Teut. stem gab-, to give, cf. Dutch geven, Ger. geben; in O. Eng. the word appears with initial y, the guttural of later English is due to Scandinavian influence)

gift of z000 florins, which the philosopher See also:

• HALF

half-jestingly excused himself from accepting . De Vries died young, and would See also:

• FAIN, AGATHON JEAN FRANCOIS (1778–1837)

fain have left his See also:

• FORTUNE, ROBERT (1813-188o)

fortune to Spinoza; but the latter refused to stand in the way of his See also:

• BROTHER

brother, the natural See also:

• HEIR (Lat. heres, from a root meaning to grasp, seen in heres or erus, master of a house, Gr. xeip, hand, Sans. hat ana, hand)

heir, to whom the See also:

• PROPERTY

property was accordingly left, with the See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition that he should pay to Spinoza an See also:

• ANNUITY (from Lat. annus, a year)

annuity sufficient for his See also:

• MAINTENANCE (Fr. maintenance, from maintenir, to maintain, support, Lat. manu tenere, to hold in the hand)

maintenance . The heir offered to "See also:

• FIX, THEODORE (180o-1846)

fix the amount at 500 florins, but Spinoza accepted only 300, a sum which was regularly paid till his death . The written communications of his own See also:

• DOCTRINE

doctrine referred to above belong to a period after Spinoza had removed from the neighbourhood of Amsterdam; but it has been conjectured that the See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

Short Treatise on See also:

• GOD

God, on Man, and his Wellbeing, which represents his thoughts in their earliest systematic See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form, was left by him as a parting See also:

• LEGACY (Lat. legatum)

legacy to this See also:

• GROUP

group of friends .

It is at least certain, from a reference in Spinoza's first See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter to See also:

• OLDENBURG

Oldenburg, that such a systematic exposition was in existence before See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1661.1 There are two dialogues somewhat loosely incorporated with the See also:

• WORK

work which probably belong to a still earlier period . The short appendix, in which the attempt is made to See also:

• PRESENT

present the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief points of the See also:

• ARGUMENT

argument in geometrical form, is a fore-runner of the See also:

• ETHICS
• ETHICS, SHAFTESBURY, HOBBES

Ethics, and was probably written somewhat later than the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of the book . The See also:

• TERM

term " Nature" is put more into the foreground in the Treatise, a point which might be urged as See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence of Bruno's influence—the dialogues, moreover, being specially concerned to establish the unity, infinity and selfcontainedness of Nature 2; but the two opposed Cartesian attributes, thought and See also:

• EXTENSION (Lat. ex, out ; tendere, to stretch)

extension, and the absolutely See also:

• INFINITE (from Lat. in, not, finis, end or limit; cf. findere, to deave)

infinite substance whose attributes they are—substance constituted by infinite attributes—appear here as in the Ethics . The latter notion—of substance—is said to correspond exactly to " the essence of the only glorious and blessed God." The earlier differs from the later exposition in allowing an See also:

• OBJECTIVE, or OBJECT GLASS

objective causal relation between thought and extension, for which there is substituted in the Ethics the See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea of a thoroughgoing See also:

• PARALLELISM, PSYCHOPHYSICAL

parallelism . The Short Treatise is of much See also:

• INTEREST

interest to the student of Spinoza's philosophical development, for it represents, as See also:

• MARTINEAU, HARRIET (1802-1876)
• MARTINEAU, JAMES (1805-1900)

Martineau says, " the first landing-place of his mind in its See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent advance." Although the systematic framework of the thought and the terminology used are both derived from the Cartesian philosophy, the intellectual milieu of the time, the early work enables us, better than the Ethics to realize that the See also:

• INSPIRATION (Lat. inspirare, breathe upon or into)

inspiration and starting-point of his thinking is to be found in the religious speculations of his Jewish predecessors . The histories of philosophy may quite correctly describe his theory as the logical development of Descartes's doctrines of the one Infinite and the two finite substances, but Spinoza himself was never a Cartesian . He brought his See also:

• PANTHEISM (Gr. 7rav, all, Oeos, god)

pantheism and his See also:

• DETERMINISM (Lat. determinare, to prescribe or limit)

determinism with him to the study of Descartes from the mystical theologians of his See also:

• RACE

race . Early in 1661 Spinoza's host removed to Rhijnsburg near See also:

• LEIDEN

Leiden, the headquarters of the Collegiant brotherhood, and Spinoza removed with him . The See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house where they lived at Rhijnsburg is still See also:

• STANDING

standing, and the road bears the name of Spinoza See also:

• LANE, EDWARD WILLIAM (1801–1876)
• LANE, JAMES HENRY (1814–1866)

Lane . Very soon after his See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

settlement in his new quarters he was sought out by See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry Oldenburg, the first secretary of the Royal Society.3 Oldenburg became Spinoza's most 1 Various manuscript copies were apparently made of the treatise in question, but it was not printed, and dropped entirely out of knowledge till 1852, when See also:

• EDWARD

Edward See also:

• BOHMER, JOHANN FRIEDRICH (1795–1863)

Bohmer of See also:

• HALLE (known as HALLE-AN-DER-SAALE, t0 distinguish it from the small town of Halle in Westphalia)
• HALLE, SIR CHARLES (originally KARL HALLE) (1819-1895)

Halle lighted upon an abstract of it attached to a copy of Colerus's Life, and shortly afterwards upon a Dutch MS. purporting to be a See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation of the treatise from the Latin See also:

• ORIGINAL

original . This was published in 1862 by Van Vloten with a retranslation into Latin . Since then a See also:

• SUPERIOR

superior Dutch translation has been discovered, which has been edited by See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

Professor Schaarschmidt and translated into German .

Another German version with introduction and notes has been published by See also:

• SIGWART, CHRISTOPH WILHELM VON (1789-1844)

Sigwart based on a comparison of the two Dutch See also:

• MSS

MSS . A scholarly See also:

• ENGLISH

English translation similarly equipped was published by A . See also:

• WOLF
• WOLF (Canis lupus)
• WOLF, FRIEDRICH AUGUST (1759-1824)
• WOLF, HUGO (1860-1903)
• WOLF, JOSEPH (1820-1899)

Wolf in 1910 . 2 The fact that Spinoza nowhere mentions Bruno would not imply, according to the See also:

• LITERARY

literary habits of those days, that he was not acquainted with his speculations and even indebted to them . There is no mention, for example, of See also:

• HOBBES, THOMAS (1588–1679)

Hobbes throughout Spinoza's See also:

• POLITICAL

political See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing, and only one .casual reference to him in a letter, although the See also:

• OBLIGATION

obligation of the Dutch to the English thinker lies on the See also:

• SURFACE

surface . Accordingly, full See also:

• WEIGHT

weight must be allowed to the See also:

• INTERNAL

internal evidence brought forward by Sigwart, Avernarius and others to prove Spinoza's acquaintance with Bruno's writings . But the point remains quite doubtful and is in any See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case of little importance . ' Heinrich Oldenburg (c . 1626–1678) was a native of See also:

• BREMEN

Bremen, but had settled in See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England in the time of the commonwealth . Though hardly a scientific man himself, he had a genuine interest in science, and must have possessed social gifts . Ile was the friend ofregular correspondent—a third of the letters preserved to us are to or from him; and it appears from his first letter that their talk on this occasion was " on God, on infinite extension and thought, on the difference and the agreement of these attributes, on the nature of the See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

union of the human soul with the See also:

• BODY

body, as well as concerning the principles of the Cartesian and Baconian philosophies." Spinoza must, therefore, have unbosomed himself See also:

• PRETTY

pretty freely to his visitor on the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main points of his system . Oldenburg, however, was a man of no speculative capacity, and, to See also:

• JUDGE (Lat. judex, Fr. juge)

judge from his subsequent correspondence, must have quite failed to grasp the real import and See also:

• SCOPE (through Ital. scopo, aim, purpose, intent, from Gr. o'KOaos, mark to shoot at, aim, o ic07reiv, to see, whence the termination in telescope, microscope, &c.)

scope of the thoughts communicated to him .

From one of Oldenburg's early letters we learn that the treatise De intellectus emendatione was probably Spinoza's first occupation at Rhijnsburg . The nature of the work also bears out the supposition that it was first undertaken . It is, in a manner, Spinoza's " See also:

• ORGANON (Gr. 6pyavov, instrument, from Epyov, work)

organon "—the doctrine of method which he would substitute for the corresponding doctrines of See also:

• BACON
• BACON (through the O. Fr. bacon, Low Lat. baco, from a Teutonic word cognate with " back," e.g. O. H. Ger. pacho, M. H. Ger. backe, buttock, flitch of bacon)
• BACON, FRANCIS (BARON VERULAM, VISCOUNT ST ALBANS) (1561-1626)
• BACON, JOHN (1740–1799)
• BACON, LEONARD (1802–1881)
• BACON, ROGER (c. 1214-c. 1294)
• BACON, SIR NICHOLAS (1509-1579)

Bacon and Descartes as alone consonant with the thoughts which were shaping themselves or had shaped themselves in his mind . It is a theory of philosophical truth and See also:

• ERROR (Lat. error, from errare, to wander, to err)

error, involving an account of the course of philosophical inquiry and of the supreme See also:

• OBJECT

object of knowledge . It was apparently intended by the author as an See also:

• ANALYTICAL

analytical introduction to the constructive exposition of his system, which he presently essayed in the Ethics . But he must have found as he proceeded that the two See also:

• TREATISES

treatises would See also:

• COVER (from the Fr. convert, from couvrir, to cover, Lat. cooperire)

cover to a large extent the same ground, the account of the true method merging almost inevitably in a statement of the truth reached by its means . The Improvement of the Understanding was therefore put aside unfinished, and was first published in the See also:

• OPERA (Italian for " work ")

Opera posthuma . Spinoza meanwhile concentrated his See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention upon the Ethics, and we learn from the correspondence with his Amsterdam friends that a consider-able part of book i. had been communicated to the philosophical club there before See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1663 . It formed his main occupation for two or three years after this date . Though thus giving his friends freely of his best, Spinoza did not See also:

• CAST (from the verb meaning " to throw "; the word is Scand. in origin, cf. Dan. kaste, and Swed. kasta; " cast " in Middle Eng. took the place of the A.S. weor pan, cf. Ger. werf en)

cast his thoughts broadcast upon any See also:

• SOIL

soil . He had a pupil living with him at Rhijnsburg whose character seemed to him lacking in solidity and discretion . This pupil (probably See also:

• ALBERT
• ALBERT (1490'1545)
• ALBERT (149o-1568)
• ALBERT (1522–1557)
• ALBERT (FRANCIS CHARLES AUGUSTUS ALBERT EMMANUEL) (1819—1861)
• ALBERT (FRIEDRICH RUDOLF ALBRECHT)
• ALBERT, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS
• ALBERT, MADAME (c. 2805—2846)

Albert See also:

• BURGH [BOURKE, BURKE]
• BURGH, HUBERT DE (d. 1243)

Burgh, who after-wards joined the Church of See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome and penned a foolishly insolent See also:

• EPISTLE

epistle to his former teacher) was the occasion of Spinoza's first publication—the only publication indeed to which his name was attached .

Not deeming it prudent to initiate the young man into his own system, he took for a textbook the second and third parts of Descartes's Principles, which See also:

• DEAL

deal in the main with natural philosophy . As he proceeded he put Descartes's See also:

• MATTER

matter in his own language and cast the whole argument into a geometric form . At the See also:

• REQUEST, LETTERS OF

request of his friends he devoted a fortnight to applying the same method to the first or metaphysical part of Descartes's philosophy, and the sketch was published in 1663, with an appendix entitled Cogitata metaphysica, still written from a Cartesian standpoint (defending, for example, the freedom of the will), but containing hints of his own doctrine . The book was revised by Dr Meyer for publication and furnished by him, at Spinoza's request, with a See also:

• PREFACE (Med. Lat. prefatia, for classical praefatio, praefari, to speak beforehand)

preface in which it is expressly stated that the author speaks throughout not in his own See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person but simply as the exponent of Descartes . A Dutch translation appeared in the following year.4 In 1663 Spinoza removed from Rhijnsburg to Voorburg, a suburban See also:

• VILLAGE

village about 2 m. from the See also:

• HAGUE, THE (in Dutch, 's Gravenhage, or, abbreviated, den Haag; in Fr. La Haye; and in Late Lat. Haga Comitis)

Hague . His reputation had continued to spread . From Rhijnsburg he had paid frequent visits to the Hague, and it was probably the See also:

• DESIRE

desire See also:

• BOYLE
• BOYLE, JOHN J
• BOYLE, ROBERT (1627-1691)

Boyle, and acquainted with most of the leaders of science in England as well as with many on the See also:

• CONTINENT (from Lat. continere, "to hold together "; hence " connected," " continuous ")

Continent . He delighted to keep him-self in this way au courant with the latest developments, and lost no opportunity of establishing relations with men of scientific reputation . It was probably at the See also:

• SUGGESTION

suggestion of Huygens that he See also:

• BENT
• BENT (E1. BENI)
• BENT, JAMES THEODORE (1852–1897)

bent his steps towards Spinoza's lodging . 4 The See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of the Latin original ran—Renati See also:

• DES

des Cartes principiorum philosophiae pars i. et ii. more geometrico demonstratae per Benedictum de Spinoza Amstelodamensem . Accesserunt ejusdem cogitata metaphysica . to be within reach of some of the friends he had made in these visits—among others the De Witts—that prompted his changed residence .

He had works in hand, moreover, which he wished in due time to publish; and in that connexion the friendly See also:

• PATRON

patron-age of the De Witts might be of essential service to him . The first years at Voorburg continued to be occupied by the See also:

• COMPOSITION
• COMPOSITION (Lat. compositio, from componere, to put together)

composition of the Ethics, which was probably finished, however, by the summer of 1665 . A See also:

• JOURNEY (through O. Fr. jornee or journee, mod. Fr. journee, from med. Lat. diurnata, Lat. diurnus, of or belonging to dies, day)

journey made to Amsterdam in that year is conjectured to have had reference to its publication . But, finding that it would be impossible to keep the authorship See also:

• SECRET (Lat. secretum, hidden, concealed)

secret, owing to the numerous hands through which parts of the book had already passed, Spinoza determined to keep his manuscript in his See also:

• DESK (from Lat. discus, quoit, in med. sense of " table," cf. " dish " and Ger. Tisch, table, from same source)

desk for the present . In September 1665 we find Oldenburg twitting him with having turned from philosophy to theology and busying himself with angels, prophecy and miracles . This is the first reference to the Tractatus theologicopoliticus, which formed his chief occupation for the next four years . The aim of this treatise may be best understood from the full title with which it was furnished—Tractatus theologicopoliticus, continens dissertationes See also:

• ALIQUOT (a Lat. word meaning " some," " so many ")

aliquot, quibus ostenditur See also:

• LIBEL

libel-totem philosophandi non tantum salva pietate et reipubticae See also:

• PACE (through O. Fr. pas, from Lat. passus, step, properly the stretch of the leg in walking, from pandere, to stretch)
• PACE, RICHARD (c. 1482-1536)

pace posse concedi sed eandem nisi cum pace reipublicae ipsaque pietate tolli non posse . It is, in fact, an eloquently reasoned See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence of See also:

• LIBERTY (Lat. libertas, from liber, free)

liberty of thought and speech in speculative matters . The See also:

• EXTERNAL

external See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion—its See also:

• RITES

rites and observances—must of See also:

• NECESSITY (Lat. necessitas)

necessity be subject to a certain See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control on the part of the See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state, whose business it is to see to the preservation of decency and See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order . But, with such obvious exceptions, Spinoza claims See also:

• COMPLETE

complete freedom of expression for thought and belief; and he claims it in the interests alike of true piety and of the state itself . The thesis is less interesting to a modern reader—because now generally acknowledged—than the argument by which it is supported . Spinoza's position is based upon the thoroughgoing distinction See also:

• DRAWN

drawn in the book between philosophy, which has to do with knowledge and See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion, and theology, or, as we should now say, religion, which has to do exclusively with obedience and conduct .

The See also:

• AEGIS (Gr. Aigis)

aegis of religion, therefore, cannot be employed to cover with its authority any speculative doctrine; nor, on the other hand, can any speculative or scientific investigation be regarded as putting religion in See also:

• JEOPARDY

jeopardy . Spinoza undertakes to prove his case by the instance of the Hebrew Scriptures . Scripture deals, he maintains, in none but the simplest precepts, nor does it aim at anything beyond the obedient mind; it tells nought of the divine nature but what men may profitably apply to their lives . The greater part of the treatise is devoted to working out this See also:

• LINE

line of thought; and in so doing Spinoza consistently applies to the See also:

• INTERPRETATION (from Lat. interpretari, to expound, explain, inter pres, an agent, go-between, interpreter; inter, between, and the root pret-, possibly connected with that seen either in Greek 4 p4'ew, to speak, or irpa-rrecv, to do)

interpretation of the Old Testament those canons of See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical exegesis which are often regarded as of comparatively recent growth . The treatise thus constitutes the first document in the modern science of Biblical See also:

• CRITICISM
• CRITICISM (from the Gr. KpiTrlS, a judge, Kpivew, to decide, to give an authoritative opinion)

criticism . It was published in 167o, anonymously, printer and place of publication being likewise disguised (Hamburgi apud Heinricum Kitnraht) . The See also:

• STORM (in O. Eng..storm, and so in Du. and Low Ger.; in O. H. Ger. and mod. Ger. Sturm; the root is probably that seen in " stir," to rouse, move, disturb, cf. Ger. storen)
• STORM, THEODOR WOLDSEN (1817-1888)

storm of opposition which it encountered showed that these precautions were not out of place . It was synodically condemned along with Hobbes's See also:

• LEVIATHAN

Leviathan and other books as early as See also:

• APRIL

April 1671, and was consequently interdicted by the states-See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general of Holland in 1674; before long it was also placed on the See also:

• INDEX

Index by the Catholic authorities . But that it was widely read appears from its frequent reissue with false title-pages, representing it now as an historical work and again as a medical treatise . Controversialists also crowded into the lists against it . A translation into Dutch appears to have been proposed; but Spinoza, who foresaw that such a step would only increase the commotion which was so distasteful to him, steadily set his See also:

• FACE (from Lat. fades, derived either from facere, to make, or from a root fa-, meaning " appear "; cf. Gr. cbatvstv)

face against it . No Dutch translation appeared till 1693 .

The same year in which the Tractatus was published Spinoza removed from his suburban lodging at Voorburg into the Hague itself . He took rooms first on the Veerkay with the widow Van de Velde, who in her youth had assisted See also:

• GROTIUS, HUGO (1583-1645)

Grotius to See also:

• ESCAPE (in mid. Eng. eschape or escape, from the O. Fr. eschapper, modern echapper, and escaper, low Lat. escapium, from ex, out of, and cappa, cape, cloak; cf. for the sense development the Gr. iichueoOat, literally to put off one's clothes, hence to sli

escape from his captivity at Loewenstein . This was the house afterwards occupied by Colerus, the worthy Lutheran See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister who became Spinoza's biographer . But the widowinsisted on boarding her lodger, and Spinoza presently found the expense too See also:

• GREAT

great for his slender See also:

• PURSE (Late Lat. bursa, adapted from Gr. Gupta, hide, skin; possibly O. Eng. pusa, bag, has influenced the change from b to p)

purse . He accordingly removed to a house on the Pavelioen Gracht near at hand, occupied by a painter called Van der Spijck . Here he spent the remaining years of his life in the frugal See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence which he prized . Colerus gives particulars which enable us to realize the almost incredible simplicity and See also:

• ECONOMY

economy of his mode of life . He would say sometimes to the See also:

• PEOPLE

people of the house that he was like the See also:

• SERPENT (Lat. serpens, creeping, from serpere; cf. "reptile " from repere, Gr.4 ml-eta)

serpent which forms a circle with its tail in its mouth, meaning thereby that he had nothing left at the year's end . His friends came to visit him in his lodgings, as well as others attracted by his reputation—Leibnitz among the rest—and were courteously entertained, but Spinoza preferred not to accept their offers of hospitality . He spent the greater part of his time quietly in his own chamber, often having his meals brought there and sometimes not leaving it for two or three days together when absorbed in his studies . On one occasion he did not leave the house for three months . " When he happened to be tired by having applied himself too much to his philosophical meditations, he would go downstairs to refresh himself, and discoursed with the Van der Spijcks about anything that might afford matter for an See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary conversation, and even about trifles .

He also took See also:

• PLEASURE (through Fr. plaisir from Lat. placere, to please; Gr. rlbovii)

pleasure in smoking a See also:

• PIPE

pipe of See also:

• TOBACCO

tobacco; or, when he had a mind to divert himself somewhat longer, he looked for some See also:

• SPIDERS

spiders and made them fight together, or he threw some flies into the cobweb, and was so well pleased with the result of that See also:

• BATTLE

battle that he would sometimes break into See also:

• LAUGHTER

laughter " (Colerus) . He also conversed at times on more serious topics with the simple people with whom he lodged, often, for example, talking over the See also:

• SERMON (Lat. sermo, a discourse)