SPINY See also:

• SQUIRREL
• SQUIRREL (Fr. ecureuil)

SQUIRREL  , a See also:

• BOOK

book-name for a See also:

• GROUP

group of See also:

• AFRICAN

African ground squirrels, characterized by the spiny nature of the See also:

• FUR (connected with O. Fr. forre, a sheath or case; so " an outer covering ")

fur of the more typical forms . They See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form the genus Xerus, which is split up into a number of subgenera; Xerus rutilus of See also:

• ABYSSINIA (officially ETHIOPIA)

Abyssinia and See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa belonging to the typical group, while the striped spitze) given to the lofty See also:

• ROOFS

roofs in See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone or See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood covered with See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead or See also:

• SLATE (properly CLAY SLATE; in M. Eng. slat or sclat, from O. Fr. esclat, a small piece of wood used as a tile; esclater, to break into pieces, whence modern Fr. eclat, the root being seen also in Ger. schleissen, to split)

slate, which See also:

• CROWN

crown the towers of cathedrals, churches, &c . In their origin, as in the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church of Thaon in See also:

• NORMANDY

Normandy, they were four-sided roofs of slight See also:

• ELEVATION

elevation, but soon began to be features of See also:

• GREAT

great importance, becoming lofty pyramids generally of octagonal form, and equal in height sometimes to the towers themselves . The junction, however, of an octa- gonal See also:

• SPIRE

spire and a square See also:

• TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

tower involved a distinct architectural problem, and its solutions in See also:

• ENGLISH

English, See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French and See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German See also:

• SPIRES (Ger. Speyer or Speier)

spires are of See also:

• INFINITE (from Lat. in, not, finis, end or limit; cf. findere, to deave)

infinite variety . One of the earliest treatments is that of the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south-See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west tower of See also:

• CHARTRES

Chartres See also:

• CATHEDRAL

Cathedral, where, on the four projecting angles are lofty spire See also:

• LIGHTS, CEREMONIAL USE OF

lights which, with others on the four faces and the octagonal spire itself, form a See also:

• FINE

fine See also:

• COMPOSITION
• COMPOSITION (Lat. compositio, from componere, to put together)

composition; at the See also:

• ABBEY (Lat. abbatia; from Syr. abba, father)
• ABBEY, EDWIN AUSTIN (1852– )

abbey of St See also:

• DENIS (DIoNysms), SAINT
• DENIS, JOHANN NEPOMUK COSMAS MICHAEL (1729-1800)

Denis the spire See also:

• LIGHT

light at each See also:

• ANGLE (from the Lat. angulus, a corner, a diminutive, of which the primitive form, angus, does not occur in Latin; cognate are the Lat. angere, to compress into a bend or to strangle, and the Gr. ayKOS, a bend; both connected with the Aryan root ank-, to

angle was carried on three columns which filled better the three- cornered space at the angles and gave greater lightness to the structure; See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long See also:

• VERTICAL (from Lat. vertex, highest point)

vertical slits in the spire lights and the spire increased this effect, leading eventually to the introduction of See also:

• TRACERY

tracery throughout the spire; the ultimate results of this we see in the See also:

• LACE (corresponding to Ital. merletto, trina; Genoese Pizzo; Ger. spitzen; Fr. dentelle; Dutch kanten; Span. encaje; the English word owes something to the Fr. lassis or laces, but both are connected with the earlier Lat. laqueus; early French laces were

lace-See also:

• WORK

work spires of See also:

• STRASSBURG, or STRASBURG (French Strasbourg)

Strassburg, See also:

• ANTWERP
• ANTWERP (Fr. Anvers)

Antwerp, St See also:

• STEPHEN
• STEPHEN (1097?-1154)
• STEPHEN (ISTVAN) BATHORY (1533-1586)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES (1789-1859)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES FITZJAMES, BART
• STEPHEN, SIR LESLIE (1832-1904)

Stephen's at See also:

• VIENNA (Ger. Wien; Lat. Vindobona)
• VIENNA, CONGRESS OF (1814-1815)

Vienna, See also:

• FREIBERG, or FREYBERG

Freiberg, See also:

• ULM

Ulm and other examples, which in some cases must be looked upon as the See also:

• TOURS

tours de force of the masons employed . In See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England the spires were far less pre- tentious but of greater variety of form . The spire of the cathe- dral at See also:

• OXFORD
• OXFORD, EARLS OF
• OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
• OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
• OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
• OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
• OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST

Oxford (1220) is perhaps the earliest example; it is of comparatively See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low elevation, of octagonal form with marked See also:

• ENTASIS (from Gr. vTelvety, to stretch a line or bend a bow)

entasis, and is decorated with spire lights on each See also:

• FACE (from Lat. fades, derived either from facere, to make, or from a root fa-, meaning " appear "; cf. Gr. cbatvstv)

face and pinnacled turrets at the angles . Those which are See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar to England are the See also:

• BROACH (Fr. broche, a pointed instrument, Med. Lat. brocca, cf. the Latin adjective brochus or broccus, projecting, used of teeth)
• BROACH, or BHARUCH

broach-spires, in which the four angles of the tower are covered with a stone roof which penetrates the central, octagonal spire . In the best examples the spire comes down on the tower with dripping See also:

• EAVES (not a plural form as is sometimes supposed, but singular; O. Eng. efes, in Mid. High Ger. obse, Gothic ubizwa, a porch; connected with " over ")

eaves, and is carried on a See also:

• CORBEL (Lat. corbellus, a diminutive of corvus, a raven, on account of the beak-like appearance; Ital. mensola, Fr. corbeau, cul-de-lampe, Ger. Kragstein)

corbel table, of which the finest See also:

• SOLUTION (from Lat. solvere, to loosen, dissolve)

solution is St See also:

• MARY
• MARY (1457-1482)
• MARY (1496-1533)
• MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS

Mary's at See also:

• STAMFORD
• STAMFORD, HENRY GREY

Stamford . The angles of the octagonal spire have a projecting moulding which is stopped by a See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head just above the corbel table, and at the See also:

• TOP (cf. Dan. top, Ger. Topf, also meaning pot)

top of the broach is a small See also:

• NICHE (through Fr. niche from Ital. nicchia, nicchio, shell; possibly from Lat. mitulus, a sea-mussel; cf. " napkin " from mappa)

niche with a figure in it; the spire lights are in three stages alternately in the front and dia- gonal faces . At St Mary, Kelton, and St See also:

• NICHOLAS
• NICHOLAS (1841– )
• NICHOLAS (or NICLAES), HENRY (or HENDRIK) (c. 1501-C. 158o)
• NICHOLAS, SIR EDWARD (1593-1669)
• NICHOLAS, ST

Nicholas, Walcot, are similar designs . Seen, however, on the See also:

• DIAGONAL (Gr. &a, through, ywvia, a corner)

diagonal, the void space at the angles of these broach-spires is noticeable, so that an octagonal See also:

• PINNACLE (from Lat. pinnaculum, a little feather, pinna; the Gr. rrspirylov, diminutive of irsipuE, wing, is also used in this sense)

pinnacle was erected, of which the earliest example is that of the cathedral at Oxford, where the broach was of very low See also:

• PITCH
• PITCH, MUSICAL

pitch .

Of later date St Mary's, See also:

• WOLLASTON, WILLIAM (1659--1724)
• WOLLASTON, WILLIAM HYDE (1766-1828)

Wollaston, All See also:

• SAINTS, BATTLE OF THE

Saints, See also:

• LEIGHTON, FREDERICK LEIGHTON, BARON (183o–1896)
• LEIGHTON, ROBERT (161x—1684)

Leighton See also:

• BUZZARD

Buzzard, and St Mary's, See also:

• WITNEY

Witney, are See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good examples . As a See also:

• RULE

rule the broach penetrates the octagonal spire about one- See also:

• SIXTH

sixth or one-seventh up its height, but there is one instance in St Nicholas, Cotsmere, in Rutlandshire, where it rises nearly See also:

• HALF

half the way up the octagonal spire . When the See also:

• PARAPET (Ital. parapetto, Fr. parapet, from para, imperative of Ital. porare, to cover, defend, and petto, breast, Lat. pectus; the German word is Brustwehr)

parapet or See also:

• BATTLE

battle- ment (the latter being purely decorative) took the See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place of the dripping eaves, the broach disappeared, and octagonal turrets occupy the corners, as in St See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

Peter's at Kettering and Gundle, See also:

• NORTHAMPTONSHIRE

Northamptonshire, and in All Saints, Stamford, See also:

• LINCOLNSHIRE

Lincolnshire . The next See also:

• COMBINATION (Lat. combinare, to combine)

combination perhaps followed from this; in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to connect the angle tower or pinnacle with the spire, a flying See also:

• BUTTRESS (from the O. Fr. bouteret, that which bears a thrust, from bouter, to push, cf. Eng. " butt " and " abutment ")

buttress was thrown across, thus filling the See also:

• GAP

gap between them; of this St See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James's, at See also:

• LOUTH

Louth, in Lincolnshire, may be taken as a fine type; it belongs to the Perpendicular See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period and is further enriched with crockets up each angle of the spire; the same is found in St Mary's, See also:

• WHITTLESEA (or WHITTLESEY), WILLIAM (d. 1374)

Whittlesea, See also:

• CAMBRIDGESHIRE

Cambridgeshire . At St See also:

• MICHAEL
• MICHAEL (1596-1645)
• MICHAEL (Hebrew Sn,q, " Who is like God? ")

Michael's, See also:

• COVENTRY, SIR JOHN (d. 1682)
• COVENTRY, SIR WILLIAM (c. 1628-1686)
• COVENTRY, THOMAS COVENTRY, 1ST BARON (2578–1640)

Coventry, the See also:

• LOWER

lower See also:

• PART

part of the octagonal spire is made vertical with a battlemented cresting See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round it . In St See also:

• PATRICK, SIMON (1626–1707)
• PATRICK, ST

Patrick's, Partington, See also:

• YORKSHIRE

Yorkshire, the lower part of the spire, which otherwise is See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain, is enclosed with an open See also:

• GALLERY (through Ital. galleria, from Med. Lat. galeria, of which the origin is unknown)

gallery like the cresting of a crown . Sometimes the upper See also:

• STOREY (equivalents are Fr. etage, Ital. piano, Ger. Stock)

storey of the tower is made octagonal, and is set back so as to allow of a passage round with parapet or See also:

• BATTLEMENT (probably from a lost Fr. form bastillement, cf. mod. Fr. bataille, from Med. Lat. bastilia, towers, which is derived from Ital. bastire, to build, cf. Fr. bdti, ; the English word was, however, early connected with " battle ")

battlement, as at St Mary's, Bloxham, St Peter and St See also:

• PAUL
• PAUL (PAULUS)

Paul, See also:

• SETON (Family)

Seton, and St Mary, Castlegate, See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York . The most important groupings are those which surmount the towers of the English cathedrals; at See also:

• LICHFIELD

Lichfield square turrets of large See also:

• SIZE

size with richly crocketed pinnacles; at See also:

• PETERBOROUGH

Peterborough, a peculiar but not happy arrangement where a lofty spire to a point), the architectural See also:

• TERM

term (Fr. fleiche, Ital. guglia, Ger. covers over the buttress between angle See also:

• TURRET (from O. Fr. tourette, diminutive of tour, tower, mod. Fr. tourelle)

turret and spire; and at See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North African X. getulus represents the sub-genus Atlantaxerus . The more typical See also:

• SPECIES

species are characterized by the coarse spiny See also:

• HAIR (a word common to Teutonic languages)

hair, the small size, or even See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence of the ears, and the long, nearly straight, claws . The See also:

• SKULL

skull is narrower and longer than in typical squirrels, and there are distinctive features in the cheek-See also:

• TEETH (O.E. Eel); plural of tooth, O.E. top)

teeth; but the more aberrant types come much closer to squirrels . Typical spiny squirrels differ from true squirrels in being completely terrestrial in their habits, and live either in clefts or holes of rocks, or in burrows which they dig themselves .