See also:

• SPIRES (Ger. Speyer or Speier)

SPIRES (Ger. Speyer or Speier)  , a See also:

• TOWN

town and episcopal see of See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany, See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital of the Bavarian See also:

• PALATINATE (Ger. Pfalz)

palatinate, situated on the See also:

• LEFT

left See also:

• BANK

bank of the See also:

• RHINE (Lat. Rhenus, Ger. Rhein, Fr. Rhin, Dutch Rhyn, or Rijn)

Rhine, at the mouth of the Speyerbach, 16 m . S. of See also:

• MANNHEIM

Mannheim by See also:

• RAIL

rail . Pop . (1905), 21,823 . The See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal streets are broad but irregular, and the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance of the town little corresponds to its high antiquity, owing to the fact that it was burned by the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French in 1689 . The only important See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• BUILDING

building that survived the flames is the See also:

• CATHEDRAL

cathedral, a very large and imposing See also:

• BASILICA

basilica of red See also:

• SANDSTONE

sandstone, and one of the noblest examples of Romanesque See also:

• ARCHITECTURE (Lat. architectura, from the Gr. ap)(LTEKrwv, a master-builder)

architecture now extant . Beyond the general See also:

• INTEREST

interest attaching to it as one of the old Romanesque churches of the Rhineland, See also:

• SPIRES (Ger. Speyer or Speier)

Spires Cathedral has a See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar importance in the See also:

• HISTORY

history of architecture as probably the earliest Romanesque basilica in which the See also:

• NAVE

nave as well as the See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side arcades was vaulted from the first (see ARCHITECTURE: Romanesque in Germany) . Built in 1o3o—ro61 by See also:

• CONRAD (d. 955)
• CONRAD, JOSEPH (1856– )
• CONRAD, or KONRAD (M. H. Ger. Kuonrdl, i.e. " keen in counsel," Lat. Conradus, It. Corrado, cf. the A.S. Ccenred)

Conrad II. and his successor, this See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church has had a chequered history, its disasters culminating in 1689, when the soldiers of See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis XIV. burned it to the See also:

• BARE

bare walls, and scattered the ashes of the eight See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German emperors who had been interred in the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king's See also:

• CHOIR (0. Fr. cuer from Lat. chorus; pronounced quire, and until the end of the 17th century so spelt, the spelling being altered to agree with the Fr. chceur)

choir . Restored in 1972—1784 and provided with a See also:

• VESTIBULE (from Lat. vestibulum)

vestibule and See also:

• FACADE

facade, it was again desecrated by the French in 1794; but in 1846—1853 it was once more thoroughly restored and adorned in the interior with gorgeous frescoes at the expense of the king of See also:

• BAVARIA (Ger. Bayern)

Bavaria . The large cathedral bowl (Domnapf) in front of the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west facade formerly marked the boundary between the episcopal and municipal territories . Each new See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop on his See also:

• ELECTION
• ELECTION (from Lat. eligere, to pick out)

election had to fill the bowl with See also:

• WINE (Lat. vinum, Gr. oivos)

wine, while the burghers emptied it to his See also:

• HEALTH

health . The See also:

• HEATHEN

heathen See also:

• TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

tower to the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east of the church, on See also:

• FOUNDATIONS

foundations supposed to be See also:

• ROMAN

Roman, was probably See also:

• PART

part of the town-See also:

• WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
• WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

wall built in ro8o by Bishop Rudger .

Of the Retscher, or imperial See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace, so called because built after the See also:

• MODEL (0. Fr. modelle, mod. modele; It. modello, pattern, mould; from Lat. modus, measure, standard)

model of the Hradschin at See also:

• PRAGUE (Ger. Prag; Bohemian Praha)

Prague, only a mouldering fragment of wall remains . It was in this palace that the famous See also:

• DIET

Diet of Spires met in 1529, at which the Reformers first received the name of Protestants . The Altportel (See also:

• ATTA, TITUS QUINCTIUS

atta Aorta), a See also:

• FINE

fine old gateway of 1246, is a relic of the See also:

• FREE

free imperial See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city . Among the See also:

• MODERN

modern buildings are several churches and See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools, a museum and picture See also:

• GALLERY (through Ital. galleria, from Med. Lat. galeria, of which the origin is unknown)

gallery, &c . Spires, although rebuilt in 1697, has never recovered from the injuries inflicted by the French in 1689 . Its See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade is in-significant, although it still has a free See also:

• HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

harbour on the Rhine . Its manufactures include See also:

• CLOTH

cloth, See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper, See also:

• TOBACCO

tobacco and cigars, See also:

• SUGAR

sugar, sugar of See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead, See also:

• VINEGAR

vinegar, See also:

• BEER

beer and See also:

• LEATHER (a word which appears in all Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Leder, Dutch leer or leder, Swed. leder, and in such Celtic forms as Welsh llader)
• LEATHER, ARTIFICIAL

leather . Vines and tobacco are grown in the neighbourhood . Spires, known to the See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans as See also:

• AUGUSTA

Augusta Nemetum or Nemetae, and to the Gauls as Noviomagus, is one of the See also:

• OLDEST

oldest towns on the Rhine . The modern name appears first under the See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of Spira, about the 7th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century . Captured by See also:

• JULIUS

Julius See also:

• CAESAR, GAIUS JULIUS (102—44 B.c.)
• CAESAR, SIR JULIUS (1557-1558-1636)

Caesar in 47 B.C., it was repeatedly destroyed by the See also:

• BARBARIAN (Gr. fap/3apos)

barbarian hordes in the first few centuries of the See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian era . The town had become an episcopal seat in the 4th century; but heathenism supervened, and the See also:

• PRESENT

present bishopric See also:

• DATES

dates from 61o .

In 830 Spira became part of the Frankish See also:

• EMPIRE

Empire, the emperors having a " palatium " here; and it was especially favoured by the Salie imperial See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house . The contentions between the bishops and the citizens were as obstinate and severe as in any other city of Germany . The situation of the town opposite the mouths of several roads through the Rhine valley See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early fostered its trade; in 1294 it See also:

• ROSE
• ROSE (Rosa)
• ROSE, GEORGE (1744-1818)
• ROSE, HUGH JAMES (1795—1838)
• ROSE, WILLIAM STEWART (1775-1843)

rose to be a free imperial city, although it owned no territory beyond its walls and had a See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population of less than 30,000 . It enjoyed See also:

• GREAT

great renown as the seat of the imperial supreme See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court from 1527 till 1689; it was fifth among the free cities of the Rhine, and had a See also:

• VOTE

vote in the Upper Rhenish Diet . Numerous imperial diets assembled here . From 18o1 till 1814 it was the capital of a See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department of See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France; but it was restored to Bavaria in the latter See also:

• YEAR

year . By the See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

Peace of Spires in 1544 the Habsburgs renounced their claims to the See also:

• CROWN

crown of See also:

• SARDINIA (Gr. 'IXs'o"uva, from a fancied resemblance to a footprint in its shape, Ital. Sardegna)

Sardinia .