See also:

• SPOLETO (anc. Spoletium)

SPOLETO (anc. Spoletium)  , a See also:

• TOWN

town and archiepiscopal see of the See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of See also:

• PERUGIA (anc. Perusia)

Perugia, See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy, 18 m . N.N.E. of See also:

• TERNI (anc. Interamna Nahars)

Terni, and 88 m . N. by E. of See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome by See also:

• RAIL

rail . Pop . (1901), 9631 (town); 24,648 (See also:

• COMMUNE (Med. Lat. communia, Lat. communis, common)
• COMMUNE, MEDIEVAL

commune) . It is situated on a See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

hill, so that the lowest See also:

• PART

part is about 1000, the highest 1485, ft. above See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea-level, at the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south end of the open valley of the Topino, a tributary of the See also:

• TIBER (anc. Tiberis; Ital. Tevere)

Tiber, which it joins near See also:

• ASSISI (anc. Asisium)

Assisi . The See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal See also:

• INDUSTRIES

industries are the collection and preparation of truffles and preserved foods, also tanning and the manufacture of earthenware . See also:

• SPOLETO (anc. Spoletium)

Spoleto is also the centre of an agricultural See also:

• DISTRICT

district, and contains a See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government experimental See also:

• OLIVE (Olea europaea)

olive oil factory . There are few towns of Italy which possess so many See also:

• ROMAN

Roman remains in See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good preservation under the See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval buildings, and few medieval towns with so picturesque an See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance . There are considerable remains of perhaps pre-Roman polygonal walls—in one See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place a piece of this walling has See also:

• MASONRY

masonry of rectangular blocks superposed, with an inscription of two of the Roman municipal magistrates (quattuorviri) . There are also a few traces of an inner See also:

• ENCEINTE (Lat. in, within, cinctus, girdled; to be distinguished from the word meaning " pregnant," from in, not, and cinctus, i.e. with girdle loosened)

enceinte of the Roman See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period . There are remains of a Roman See also:

• THEATRE (BEarpov, " a place for seeing," from OeacOae)

theatre, over 370 ft. in See also:

• DIAMETER (from the Cr. &a, through, µErpov, measure)

diameter, and an See also:

• AMPHITHEATRE (Gr. 441, around, and O&arpov, a place for spectators)

amphitheatre 390 by 205 ft .

A Roman See also:

• BRIDGE

bridge of three See also:

• ARCHES, COURT OF

arches, 8o ft.-See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long and 26 ft. high, exists at the See also:

• LOWER

lower (See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north) entrance to the town, under the See also:

• MODERN

modern road to See also:

• FOLIGNO (anc. Fulginiae, q.v.)

Foligno, in the former See also:

• BED
• BED (a common Teutonic word, cf. German Bett, probably connected with the Indo-European root bhodh, seen in the Lat. fodere, to dig; so " a dug-out place " for safe resting, or in the same sense as a garden " bed ")

bed of a torrent. which has now changed its course . A Mithraeum was found outside this See also:

• GATE

gate in 1878 . The See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock above the town was included within the polygonal walls: but See also:

• TOTILA (d. 552)

Totila fortified, not this rock, but the amphitheatre, which remained the citadel until 1364, when See also:

• CARDINAL (Lat. cardinalis)

Cardinal See also:

• ALBORNOZ, GIL ALVAREZ DE

Albornoz destroyed it and erected the See also:

• PRESENT

present Rocca, which was enlarged by See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

Pope See also:

• NICHOLAS
• NICHOLAS (1841– )
• NICHOLAS (or NICLAES), HENRY (or HENDRIK) (c. 1501-C. 158o)
• NICHOLAS, SIR EDWARD (1593-1669)
• NICHOLAS, ST

Nicholas V.; it is now a See also:

• PRISON (derived through the Fr. from the Lat. prehensio, seizure)

prison . The Porta della Fuga (the name alludes to the repulse of See also:

• HANNIBAL
• HANNIBAL (" mercy " or " favour of Baal ")

Hannibal) occupies the site of a Roman gate, but is itself medieval: while the medieval enceinte encloses a somewhat wider See also:

• AREA

area than the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient . The Piazza del Mercato represents the Roman See also:

• FORUM (Lat. from foris, " out of doors ")

forum; See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close by is a triumphal See also:

• ARCH
• ARCH, JOSEPH (1826– )

arch of See also:

• DRUSUS, MARCUS LIVIUS
• DRUSUS, NERO1 CLAUDIUS (38–9 B.C.)

Drusus and Germanicus, and a See also:

• TEMPLE
• TEMPLE, FREDERICK (1821-1902)
• TEMPLE, RICHARD
• TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART
• TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, BART

temple (?) into which is built the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church of S . Ansano . A Roman See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house in the upper part of the town, with See also:

• MOSAIC (corresponding to Lat. opus musivum, from Gr. µovoeiov, an artificial grotto often decorated with mosaics; the word is only found in the sense of mosaic in late Greek, which generally uses k oXI yrlµa)

mosaic pavements, probably belonged to Vespasia Polla, the See also:

• MOTHER

mother of the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor See also:

• VESPASIAN

Vespasian . The Palazzo Municipale, close by, contains the archives and picture See also:

• GALLERY (through Ital. galleria, from Med. Lat. galeria, of which the origin is unknown)

gallery . The See also:

• CATHEDRAL

cathedral of S . Maria Assunta, much modernized in 1644, occupies the site of a church of the Lombard See also:

• DUKES
• DUKES, LEOPOLD (1810-1891)

dukes erected about 602 . The present church was consecrated in 1198; the See also:

• FACADE

facade belongs to the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of the 12th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century . Over the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main entrance is a large mosaic of See also:

• CHRIST (Gr. X pLQTOS, Anointed)
• CHRIST, WILHELM VON (1831-1906)

Christ enthroned, with the Virgin and St See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John, by the artist Solsernus (1207) .

The See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

Early See also:

• RENAISSANCE, THE

Renaissance See also:

• VESTIBULE (from Lat. vestibulum)

vestibule (after 1491) is See also:

• FINE

fine . In the See also:

• CHOIR (0. Fr. cuer from Lat. chorus; pronounced quire, and until the end of the 17th century so spelt, the spelling being altered to agree with the Fr. chceur)

choir and on the See also:

• HALF

half See also:

• DOME (Lat domus, house; Ital. duomo, cathedral)

dome of the See also:

• APSE
• APSE (Gr. alkir, a fastening, especially the felloe of a wheel; Lat. absis)

apse, are the finest frescoes of Fra Filippo See also:

• LIPPI

Lippi (scenes from the See also:

• LIFE

life of the Virgin) completed after his See also:

• DEATH

death by Fra See also:

• DIAMANTE, FRA
• DIAMANTE, JUAN BAUTISTA (164o ?-1684 ?)

Diamante: his See also:

• TOMB (Gr. Tuµ/3a, Tuµ(3os, probably allied to Lat. tumulus, literally a swelling, tumere, to swell)

tomb, erected by Lorenzo de' See also:

• MEDICI
• MEDICI, GIACOMO (1817-1882)

Medici, with the See also:

• EPITAPH (Gr. it oa¢cos, sc. X/yos, from bri, upon, and ra¢os, a tomb)

epitaph by See also:

• POLITIAN (1454–1494)

Politian, is on the See also:

• LEFT

left of the choir . The fine stalls and panelling in the See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter choir date from 1548-1554 . In and near the Piazza del Duomo are the unfinished Palazzo della Signoria, of the early 14th century, which contains the archaeological museum, the small Renaissance church of the See also:

• MANNA

Manna d'Oro (1527), the facade of the Romanesque See also:

• BASILICA

basilica of S . Eufemia (in the See also:

• ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

archbishop's See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace) and the fine Early Renaissance Palazzo Arroni with its See also:

• GRAFFITO

graffito See also:

• FRIEZE

frieze . The church of S . Pietro, outside the town on the road to Rome (wrongly supposed to have been the cathedral before 1067), wasfounded in A.D . 419 by See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

Bishop See also:

• ACHILLES
• ACHILLES (Gr. 'AxtXXeus)

Achilles . Its facade is remarkable for its richly sculptured decorations of See also:

• GROTESQUE

grotesque figures and beasts, which are of two different See also:

• DATES

dates, about 'coo and about 1200 . S . Domenico is a fine example of later See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian See also:

• GOTHIC

Gothic with bands of different coloured stones . Both the church and its See also:

• CRYPT (Lat. crypta, from the Gr. Kp&arrew, to hide)

crypt contain 14th-century frescoes .

The tripleapsed crypt of S . Gregorio probably dates from the 9th century: the upper church was consecrated in 1196 and the Romanesque See also:

• WORK

work covered with See also:

• STUCCO (Ital. stucco, adapted from O.H.G. stucchi, crust, piece, patch, Ger. Stuck, piece, allied to stock)

stucco in the restoration of 1597 . S . See also:

• NICOLE, PIERRE (1625–1695)

Nicole is a beautiful example of Pointed Gothic . The basilica of S . Salvatore (il Crocefisso) at the See also:

• CEMETERY (Gr. Korrsnri7pwv, from Hoiµav, to sleep)

cemetery belongs to the 4th century A.D . The fine sculptures of the facade, with its beautiful windows, as also the octagonal dome, all belong to this period; Meliorantius, the sculptor of the portal of the cathedral (after 1155), took his See also:

• INSPIRATION (Lat. inspirare, breathe upon or into)

inspiration hence . S . Ponziano, not far off, belongs to the 13th century, but its interior has been re-stored: the crypt contains frescoes of the 15th century . The See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city is still supplied with See also:

• WATER

water by an See also:

• AQUEDUCT (Lat. aqua, water, and ducere, to lead; Gr. apaymryeiov, apayeeywov, vlrovopos)

aqueduct, to which be-longs the huge bridge called the See also:

• PONTE (Ital. for " bridge ")

Ponte delle Torri, See also:

• CROSSING

crossing the See also:

• RAVINE

ravine which divides the town from the See also:

• MONTE

Monte Luco (2723 ft.) . The bridge is 253 ft. high and 755 ft. long and has ten arches: the ground See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan is Roman; the See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone piers are in the main later (the work is often attributed to Theodelapius, the third Lombard See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke, in 604), while the pointed See also:

• BRICK (derived according to some etymologists from the Teutonic bricke, a disk or plate; but more authoritatively, through the French brique, originally a " broken piece," applied especially to bread, and so to clay, from the Teutonic brikan, to break)

brick arches belong to a restoration of the 14th (?) century . The Monte Luco, which commands a splendid view, has several hermitages upon it .

The first mention of Spoletium in See also:

• HISTORY

history is the See also:

• NOTICE

notice of the See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation of a See also:

• COLONY (Lat. colonia, from colonus, a cultivator)

colony there in 241 B.C . (Liv . Epit. xx.; Vell . Pat. i . 14), and it was still according to See also:

• CICERO

Cicero (See also:

• PRO

Pro Balb . 21)—" colonia See also:

• LATINA, VIA

latina in primis firma et illustris "—a Latin colony in 95 B.C . After the See also:

• BATTLE

battle of Trasimenus (217 B.C.) Spoletium was attacked by Hannibal, who was repulsed by the inhabitants (Liv. xxii . 9) . During the Second Punic See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War the city was a useful ally to Rome . It suffered greatly during the See also:

• CIVIL

civil See also:

• WARS

wars of See also:

• MARIUS, GAIUS (r55–86 B.c.)

Marius and See also:

• SULLA, LUCIUS CORNELIUS (138–78 B.C.)

Sulla . The latter, after his victory over See also:

• CRASSUS (literally " dense," " thick," " fat ")

Crassus, confiscated the territory of Spoletium (82 B.C.) . From this See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time forth it was a See also:

• MUNICIPIUM (Lat. munus, a duty or privilege, capere, to take)

municipium .

Under the See also:

• EMPIRE

empire it again became a flourishing town, but is not often mentioned in history . It was situated on a See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch of the Via See also:

• FLAMINIA, VIA

Flaminia, which left the main road at Narnia and rejoined it at Forum Flaminii . An ancient road also ran hence to Nursia . See also:

• MARTIAL (MARCUS VALERIUS MARTIALIS)

Martial speaks of its See also:

• WINE (Lat. vinum, Gr. oivos)

wine . Aemilianus, who had been proclaimed emperor by his soldiers in See also:

• MOESIA (Gr. Muck and Mveia i)

Moesia, was slain by them here on his way to Rome (A.D . 253), after a reign of three or four months . Rescripts of See also:

• CONSTANTINE

Constantine (326) and See also:

• JULIAN (FLAVIUS CLAUDIUS JULIANUS) (331-363)

Julian (362) are dated from Spoleto . The foundation of the episcopal see dates from the 4th century . Owing to its elevated position it was an important stronghold during the Vandal and Gothic wars; its walls were dismantled by Totila (Procop . See also:

• BELL
• BELL, ALEXANDER MELVILLE (1819—1905)
• BELL, ANDREW (1753—1832)
• BELL, GEORGE JOSEPH (1770-1843)
• BELL, HENRY (1767-1830)
• BELL, HENRY GLASSFORD (1803-1874)
• BELL, JACOB (1810-1859)
• BELL, JOHN (1691-178o)
• BELL, JOHN (1763-1820)
• BELL, JOHN (1797-1869)
• BELL, ROBERT (1800-1867)
• BELL, SIR CHARLES (1774—1842)

Bell. got. iii . 12) . Under the See also:

• LOMBARDS, or LANGOBARDI

Lombards Spoleto became the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital of an in-dependent duchy (from 570), and its dukes ruled a considerable part of central Italy .

Together with other fiefs, it was bequeathed to Pope See also:

• GREGORY
• GREGORY (Gregorius)
• GREGORY (Grigorii) GRIGORIEVICH ORLOV, COUNT (1734-1783)
• GREGORY, EDWARD JOHN (1850-19o9)
• GREGORY, OLINTHUS GILBERT (1774—1841)
• GREGORY, ST (c. 213-C. 270)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NAZIANZUS (329–389)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NYSSA (c.331—c. 396)
• GREGORY, ST, OF TOURS (538-594)

Gregory VII. by the empress See also:

• MATILDA (1046-1115)
• MATILDA (1102-1164)

Matilda, but for some time struggled to maintain its See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence . In 1155 it was destroyed by See also:

• FREDERICK
• FREDERICK (Mod. Ger. Friedrich; Ital. Federigo; Fr. Frederic and Federic; M.H.G. Friderich; O.H.G. Fridurih, " king or lord of peace," from O.H.G. fridu, A.S. frith, " peace," and rfh " rich," " a ruler," for derivation of which see HENRY)

Frederick See also:

• BARBAROSSA ("Redbeard")

Barbarossa . In 1213 it was definitely occupied by Gregory IX . During the See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence of the papal See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court in See also:

• AVIGNON

Avignon it was a See also:

• PREY (0. Fr. preie, mod. proie, Lat. praeda, booty, from prae and the root hed—seen in prehendere, prendere, to grasp)

prey to the struggles between Guelphs and Ghibellines, until in 1354 Cardinal Albornoz brought it once more under the authority of the Church . In 1809 it became capital of the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department of See also:

• TRASIMENE, LAKE (Lat. Trasumeltus Lacus; Ital. Lago Trasimeno)

Trasimene . In 186o it was taken by the Italian troops after a gallant See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence . Giovanni Pontano, founder of the Accademia Pontaniana of See also:

• NAPLES
• NAPLES (Ital. Napoli, and Lat. Neapolis)
• NAPLES, KINGDOM OF

Naples, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born here . See A . Sansi, Degli Edifizi e dei frammenti storici dell' antichitd di Spoleto (Foligno, 1869), and other See also:

• WORKS

works; G . Angelini See also:

• ROTA, COURT OF

Rota, Spoleto e Dintorni (Spoleto, 1905) ; and various articles by G . Sordini, in Notizie degli Scavi . (T .