SPOONBILL  . The

bird now so called was formerly known in England as the Shovelard or Shovelar, while that which used to bear the name of Spoonbill, often amplified into Spoon-billed Duck, is the Shoveler (q.v.) of modern days—the exchange of names having been effected as already stated (loc. cit.) about 200 years ago, when the subject of the present notice—the Platalea leucorodia of Linnaeus as.well as of recent writers—was doubtless far better known than now, since it evidently was, from ancient documents, the constant concomitant of Herons, and with them the law attempted to protect it.' J . E . Harting (Zoologist, 1886, pp . 81 seq.) has cited a case from the " Year-Book " of 14 Hen . VIII . (1523), wherein the then bishop of London (Cuthbert Tunstall) maintained an action of trespass against the tenant of a close at Fulham for taking Herons and " Shovelars " that made their nests on the trees therein growing, and has also printed (Zoologist, 1877, pp . 425 seq.) an old document showing that "Shovelars " bred in certain woods in west Sussex in 1570 . Nearly one hundred years later (c . 1662) Sir Thomas Browne, in his " Account of Birds found in . Norfolk " (Works, ed . Wilkin, iv .

315, 316), stated of the " Platea or Shovelard " that it formerly " built in the Hernerie at Claxton and Reedham, now at Trimley in

Suffolk." This last is the latest known proof of the breeding of the species in England; but more recent evidence to that effect may be hoped for from other sources . That the Spoonbill was in the fullest sense of the word a " native " of England is thus incontestably shown; but for many years past it has only been a more or less regular visitant, though not seldom in considerable numbers, which would doubt-less, if allowed, once more make their home there; but its conspicuous appearance renders it an easy mark for the greedy gunner and the contemptible collector . What may have been the case formerly is not known, except that, according to P . Belon, it nested in his time (1555) in the borders of Brittany and Poitou; but as regards north-western Europe it seems of late years to have bred only in Holland, and there it has been deprived by drainage of its favourite resorts, one after the other, so that it must shortly become merely a stranger, except in Spain or the basin of the Danube and other parts of south-eastern Europe . The Spoonbill ranges over the greater part of middle and southern Asia,2 and breeds abundantly in India, as well as on some of the islands in the Red Sea, and seems to be resident throughout Northern Africa . In Southern Africa its place is taken by an allied species with red legs, P. cristata or tenuirostris, 1 Nothing shows better the futility of the old statutes for the protection of birds than the fact that in 1534 the taking of the eggs of Herons, Spoonbills (Shovelars), Cranes, Bitterns and Bustards was visited by a heavy penalty, while there was none for destroying the parent birds in the breeding season . All of the species just named, except the Heron, have passed away, while there is strong reason to think that some at least might have survived had the principle of the Levitical law (Dent. xxii . 6) been followed . 2 Ornithologists have been in doubt as to the recognition of two species from Japan described by Temminck and Schlegel under the names of P. major and P. miner . It has been suggested that the former is only the young of P. leucorodia, and the latter the young of the Australian P. regia . which also goes to Madagascar . Australia has two other species, P. regia or melanorhynchus, with black bill and feet, and P. flavipes, in which those parts are yellow .

The very beautiful and wholly different P. ajaja is the Roseate Spoonbill of

America, and is the only one found on that continent, the tropical or juxta-tropical parts of which it inhabits . The rich pink, deepening in some parts into crimson, of nearly all its plumage, together with the yellowish green of its bare head and its lake-coloured legs, sufficiently marks this bird; but all the other species are almost wholly clothed in pure white, though the English has, when adult, a fine buff pectoral band, and the spoon-shaped expanse of its bill is yellow, contrasting with the black of the compressed and basal portion . Its legs are also black . In the breeding season, a pendent tuft of white plumes further ornaments the head of both sexes, but is longest in the male . The young of the year have the primary quills dark-coloured . The Spoonbills form a natural group, Plataleinae, allied to the Ibididae, and somewhat more distantly to the Storks (see STORK) . They breed in societies, not only of their own kind, but in company with Herons, either on trees or in reed-beds, making large nests in which are commonly laid four eggs—white, speckled, streaked or blotched, but never very closely, with light red . Such breeding stations have been several times described, as for instance by P . L . Sclater and W . A . Forbes (Ibis, 1877, p .

412), and H . Seebohm (Zoologist, 188o, p . 457), while a view of another has been given by H . Schlegel (Vog . Nederland, taf. xvii.) . (A .