See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

WILLIAM See also:

• SPOTTISWOODE (SPOTTISwooD, SPOTISWOOD Or SPOTSWOOD), JOHN (1565-1639)
• WILLIAM SPOTTISWOODE (1825-1883)

SPOTTISWOODE (1825-1883)  , See also:

• ENGLISH

English mathematician and physicist, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born in See also:

• LONDON

London on the 11th of See also:

• JANUARY

January 1825 . His See also:

• FATHER

father, See also:

• ANDREW (Gr. 'AvBp4as, manly)
• ANDREW, JOHN ALBION (1818-1867)

Andrew See also:

• SPOTTISWOODE (SPOTTISwooD, SPOTISWOOD Or SPOTSWOOD), JOHN (1565-1639)
• SPOTTISWOODE, WILLIAM (1825-1883)

Spottiswoode, who was descended from an See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient Scottish See also:

• FAMILY

family, represented See also:

• COLCHESTER
• COLCHESTER, CHARLES ABBOT, 1ST BARON (1757-1829)

Colchester in See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament for some years, and in 1831 became junior partner in the See also:

• FIRM

firm of See also:

• EYRE, EDWARD JOHN (1815-1901)
• EYRE, SIR JAMES (1734-1799)

Eyre & Spottiswoode, printers . See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William was educated at Laleham, See also:

• ETON

Eton, See also:

• HARROW

Harrow and Balliol See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

College, See also:

• OXFORD
• OXFORD, EARLS OF
• OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
• OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
• OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
• OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
• OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST

Oxford . His See also:

• BENT
• BENT (E1. BENI)
• BENT, JAMES THEODORE (1852–1897)

bent for See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science showed itself while he was still a schoolboy, and indeed his removal from Eton to Harrow is said to have been occasioned by an accidental See also:

• EXPLOSION

explosion which occurred whilst he was performing an experiment for his own amusement . At Harrow he obtained in 1842 a See also:

• LYON, MARY MASON (1797-1849)
• LYON, NATHANIEL (1818-1861)

Lyon scholarship, and at Oxford in 1845 a first-class in See also:

• MATHEMATICS (Gr. /saBnµar1Kil, Sc. vOcvn or E7rlQTt'µn; from p iN.La, "learning" or "science ")

mathematics, in 1846 the junior and in 1847 the See also:

• SENIOR, NASSAU WILLIAM (1790-1864)

senior university mathematical scholarship . In 1846 he See also:

• LEFT

left Oxford to take his father's See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place in the business, in which he was engaged until his See also:

• DEATH

death . In 1847 he issued five See also:

• PAMPHLETS

pamphlets entitled Meditationes analyticae . This was his first publication of See also:

• ORIGINAL

original mathematical See also:

• WORK

work; and from this See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time scarcely a See also:

• YEAR

year passed in which he did not give to the See also:

• WORLD

world further mathematical researches . In 1856 Spottiswoode travelled in eastern See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia, and in 186o in Croatia and See also:

• HUNGARY
• HUNGARY (Hungarian Magyarorszdg)

Hungary; of the former expedition he has left an interesting See also:

• RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record entitled A Tarantasse See also:

• JOURNEY (through O. Fr. jornee or journee, mod. Fr. journee, from med. Lat. diurnata, Lat. diurnus, of or belonging to dies, day)

Journey through Eastern Russia in the Autumn of 1856 (London, 1857) . In 187o he was elected See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president of the London Mathematical Society . In 1871 he began to turn his See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention to experimental physics, his earlier researches bearing upon the polarization of See also:

• LIGHT

light and his later work upon the See also:

• ELECTRICAL
• ELECTRICAL (or ELECTROSTATIC) MACHINE

electrical See also:

• DISCHARGE (adapted from the O. Fr. discharge, modern decharge, from a med. Lat. discargare, to unload, dis- and earn care, to load, cf. " charge ")

discharge in rarefied gases . He wrote a popular See also:

• TREATISE

treatise upon the former subject for the " Nature " See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

Series (1874) .

In 1878 he was elected president of the See also:

• BRITISH

British Association, and in the same year president of the Royal Society, of which he had been a See also:

• FELLOW

fellow since 1853 . He died in London of typhoid See also:

• FEVER (Lat. febris, connected with fervere, to burn)

fever on the 27th of See also:

• JUNE

June 1883, and was buried in See also:

• WESTMINSTER
• WESTMINSTER, MARQUESSES AND DUKES OF
• WESTMINSTER, STATUTES OF
• WESTMINSTER, SYNODS OF

Westminster See also:

• ABBEY (Lat. abbatia; from Syr. abba, father)
• ABBEY, EDWIN AUSTIN (1852– )

Abbey . As a mathematician he occupied himself with many branches of his favourite science, more especially with higher See also:

• ALGEBRA (from the Arab. al-jebr wa'l-mugabala, transposition and removal [of terms of an equation], the name of a treatise by Mahommed ben Musa al-Khwarizmi)

algebra, including the theory of determinants, with the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general calculus of symbols, and with the application of See also:

• ANALYSIS (Gr. avci and Meta, to break up into parts)

analysis to See also:

• GEOMETRY

geometry and See also:

• MECHANICS

mechanics . The following brief See also:

• REVIEW (Fr. revue, from revoir, to see again, Lat. re and videre)

review of his mathematical work is quoted from the obituary See also:

• NOTICE

notice which appeared in the Proceedings of the Royal Society (xxxviii . 34) : " The interesting series of communications on the contact of curves and surfaces which are contained in the Philosophical Transactions of 1862 and subsequent years would alone See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account for the high See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank he obtained as a mathematician .... The mastery which he had obtained over the mathematical symbols was so See also:

• COMPLETE

complete that he never shrank from the use of expressions, however complicated—See also:

• NAY, or NEY

nay, the more complicated they were the more he seemed to revel in them—provided they did not See also:

• SIN
• SIN (O. Eng. syn: a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zonde, Ger. Siinde)

sin against the ruling spirit of all his work—symmetry . To a mind imbued with the love of mathematical symmetry the study of determinants had naturally every attraction . In 1851 Mr Spottiswoode published in the See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of a pamphlet an account of some elementary theorems on the subject . This having fallen out of See also:

• PRINT

print, permission was sought by the editor of Crelle to reproduce it in the pages of that See also:

• JOURNAL
• JOURNAL (through Fr. from late Lat. diurnalis, daily)

journal . Mr Spottiswoode granted the See also:

• REQUEST, LETTERS OF

request and undertook to revise his work . The subject had, however, been so extensively See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed in the See also:

• INTERIM

interim that it proved necessary not merely to revise it but entirely to rewrite the work, which became a memoir of 116 pages . To this, the first elementary treatise on determinants, much of the rapid development of the subject is due .

The effect of the study on Mr Spottiswoode's own methods was most pronounced; there is scarcely a See also:

• PAGE
• PAGE, THOMAS NELSON (1853- )
• PAGE, WILLIAM (1811-1885)

page of his mathematical writings that does not bristle with determinants." His papers, numbering over 100, were published principally in the Philosophical Transactions, Proceedings of the Royal Society, Quarterly Journal of Mathematics, Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society and Crelle, and one or two in the Comptes rendus of the See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris See also:

• ACADEMY, GREEK
• ACADEMY, ROYAL

Academy; a See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

list of them, arranged according to the several See also:

• JOURNALS

journals in which they originally appeared, with See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short notes upon the less See also:

• FAMILIAR (through the Fr. familier, from Lat. familiaris, of or belonging to the familia, family)

familiar See also:

• MEMOIRS

memoirs, is given in Nature, See also:

• XXVII

xxvii . 599 .