See also:

• STAFFA (Norse for staff, column, or pillar island)

STAFFA (Norse for See also:

• STAFF (O. Eng. staef, cf. Du. staf, Ger. Stab, &c.; Icel. stafr meant also a written letter, and O. Eng. stafas, the letters of the alphabet; " stave," one of the thin pieces of wood of which a cask is made, is a doublet)

staff, See also:

• COLUMN (Lat. columna)

column, or See also:

• PILLAR (0. Fr. piler, Mod. pilier, Late Lat. pilare, from pila, column)

pillar See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island)  , an See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island of the Inner See also:

• HEBRIDES, THE, or WESTERN ISLES

Hebrides, See also:

• ARGYLLSHIRE

Argyllshire, See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland, 54 M . W. of See also:

• OBAN

Oban by steamer, about 7 M. from the nearest point of See also:

• MULL

Mull, and 6 m . N. by E. of See also:

• IONA

Iona . It lies almost due See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north and See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south, is ; m. See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long by about a m. wide, is 11 m. in circumference, has an See also:

• AREA

area of 71 acres, and its highest point is 135 ft. above See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea-level . In the north-See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east it shelves to a See also:

• SHORE

shore, but otherwise the See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast is rugged and much indented, numerous caves having been carved out by See also:

• RAIN (O.E. regn; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Regen, Swed. and Dan. regn; it has been connected with Lat. rigare, to wet, Gr. 13pixeav)

rain, stream and ocean . There is enough grass on the See also:

• SURFACE

surface to feed a few See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle, and the island contains a See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring, but it is uninhabited . During the tourist See also:

• SEASON (0. Fr. seson, seison, mod. saison, Lat. satio, sowing time, the spring, from serere, to sow; in Late Lat. the word is found with its present meaning, the spring being considered as particularly the season of the year)

season it is visited every See also:

• WEEK (from A.S. wicu, Germanic *wikon, probably=change, turn)

week-See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day by steamer from Oban . The island is of volcanic origin, a fragment of an See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient stream of See also:

• LAVA

lava . In See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section the isle is seen to possess a threefold See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character: there is first a See also:

• BASEMENT

basement of tufa, from which rise, secondly, colonnades of See also:

• BASALT

basalt in pillars forming the faces and walls of the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal caves, and these in turn are overlaid, thirdly, by a See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass of amorphous basalt . Only the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief caves have been named . On the south-east coast is the Clam-See also:

• SHELL
• SHELL (O. Eng. scell, scyll, cf. Du. sceel, shell, Goth. skalja, tile; the word means originally a thin flake,. cf. Swed. skalja, to peel off; it is allied to " scale " and " skill," from a root meaning to cleave, divide, separate)

shell or Scallop See also:

• CAVE (Lat. cavea, from caves, hollow)
• CAVE, EDWARD (1691–1754)
• CAVE, WILLIAM (1637–1713)

Cave . It is 30 ft. high, about 18 ft. wide at the entrance, and some 13o ft. long, and on one See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of it the ridges of basalt stand out like the ribs of a See also:

• SHIP

ship .

Near this cave is the See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock of Buachaille (" The Herdsman," from a supposed likeness to a shepherd's cap), a See also:

• PILE

pile of columns, fully seen only at See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low See also:

• WATER

water . On the south-See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west shore are the See also:

• BOAT (0. Eng. bdt; the true etymological connexion with Dutch and Ger. boot, Fr. bateau, Ital. battello presents great difficulties; Celtic forms are from O. Eng.)

Boat Cave and Mackinnon's or the Cormorants' Cave . Fingal's Cave is, how-ever, the most famous of all . It was discovered in 1772 by See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• JOSEPH
• JOSEPH, COMTE DE (1785-1870)
• JOSEPH, FATHER (FRANCOIS LECLERC DU TREMBLAY) (1577-1638)

Joseph See also:

• BANKS, GEORGE LINNAEUS (1821-1881)
• BANKS, NATHANIEL PRENTISS (1816–1894)
• BANKS, SIR JOSEPH
• BANKS, THOMAS (1735-1805)

Banks, who visited See also:

• STAFFA (Norse for staff, column, or pillar island)

Staffa on his expedition to See also:

• ICELAND (Dan. Island)

Iceland . The grotto, situated in the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern See also:

• FACE (from Lat. fades, derived either from facere, to make, or from a root fa-, meaning " appear "; cf. Gr. cbatvstv)

face of the isle, is 227 ft. long, 42 ft. wide, 66 ft. high and 25 ft. deep at ebb . On its western side the pillars are 36 ft. high, on its east 18 ft. high . From its mouth to its extremity a See also:

• PAVEMENT (Lat. pavimentu;n, a floor beaten or rammed hard, from pavire, to beat)

pavement of broken pillars runs up one side . The cave is the haunt of See also:

• SEALS

seals and sea birds . In suitable atmospheric conditions its beauty is unique . The See also:

• PLAY

play of See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour is exquisite, the basalt combining every tint of warm red, See also:

• BROWN
• BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
• BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
• BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
• BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
• BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
• BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
• BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
• BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
• BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
• BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
• BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
• BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
• BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
• BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
• BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
• BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
• BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
• BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
• BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
• BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
• BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
• BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)

brown and See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich maroon; sea-weeds and See also:

• LICHENS

lichens paint the cave See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

green and See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold; while the See also:

• LIME
• LIME (O. Eng. lim, Lat. limes, mud, from linere, to smear)

lime that has filtered through has crusted the pillars here and there a pure See also:

• SNOW (in O. Eng. sndw; a common Indo-European word; cf. in Teutonic languages, Ger. Schnee, Du. sneeuw; in Slavonic snieg', Lith. snegas; Gr. vi4a, Lat. nix, nivis, whence the Romanic forms, Ital. neve, Fr. neige, &c.; Ir. and Gael. sneachd; the original

snow-See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white . From the sombre roof of smooth rock or broken pillars hang yellow, See also:

• CRIMSON

crimson and white See also:

• STALACTITES (Gr. (rraXaicros, from vraXaQVecv, to drip)

stalactites . The See also:

• FLOOR (from O. Eng. flor, a word common to many Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch vloer, and Ger. Flur, a field, in the feminine, and a floor, masculine)

floor of the cave is the green sea, out of which the columns rise on either side with a regularity so perfect as to suggest the See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand of See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man rather than the See also:

• WORK

work of Nature .

The murmur of the sea won for the cave a Gaelic name meaning " the Cave of See also:

• MUSIC

Music." At times of See also:

• STORM (in O. Eng..storm, and so in Du. and Low Ger.; in O. H. Ger. and mod. Ger. Sturm; the root is probably that seen in " stir," to rouse, move, disturb, cf. Ger. storen)
• STORM, THEODOR WOLDSEN (1817-1888)

storm the compressed See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air, as it rushes out, produces a See also:

• SOUND
• SOUND, THE (Danish Oresund)

sound as of See also:

• THUNDER

thunder . When the sea is very smooth visitors may be rowed directly into the cave, but the more usual landing-See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place is near the Clam-shell Cave, where the columns have been worn down until they See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form a See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind of See also:

• TERRACE (Fr. terrace, terrasse, from It. terraccia, terrazzo, Lat. terra, earth)

terrace See also:

• RUNNING

running all the way to Fingal's Cave . The Wishing See also:

• CHAIR (in. Mid. Eng. chcere, through O. Fr. chaire or chaiere, from Lat. cathedra, later caledra, Gr. xaOi3pa, seat, cf. "cathedral"; the modern Fr. form chaise, a chair, has been adopted in English with a particular meaning as a form of carriage; chaire

Chair is formed out of a See also:

• COLUMN (Lat. columna)

column that has broken See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short . From the See also:

• CAUSEWAY

Causeway a See also:

• LADDER, (0. Eng. hlaeder; of Teutonic origin, cf. Dutch leer, Ger. Leiter; the ultimate origin is in the root seen in " lean," Or. KNiµat)

ladder affords See also:

• ACCESS (Lat. accessus)

access to the See also:

• SUMMIT

summit of Staffa . See also:

• STAFFORD
• STAFFORD, EARLS AND MARQUESSES OF

STAFFORD (See also:

• FAMILY

FAMILY) . This famous See also:

• ENGLISH

English See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house was founded in See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England by See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert, a younger See also:

• BROTHER

brother of Ralf de Tosny (Toeni), of a See also:

• NOBLE, SIR ANDREW (1832- )

noble See also:

• NORMAN
• NORMAN, SIR HENRY WYLIE (1826-1904)

Norman house, who was See also:

• STANDARD
• STANDARD, BATTLE OF THE

standard-See also:

• BEARER

bearer of the duchy . Robert received, like his See also:

• ELDER (0. Eng. ellarn; Ger. Holunder; Fr. sureau)
• ELDER (Gr. 1rpev(3iTepos)

elder brother, at the See also:

• CONQUEST

Conquest a See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• FIEF

fief which extended into seven counties and became known as Robert de Stafford from his See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence at Stafford See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

Castle . The military service due from the fief was no less than sixty knights, as is proved by his See also:

• GRANDSON (Ger. Grandsee)

grandson Robert's return in 1166 . With this Robert's son the male See also:

• LINE

line became See also:

• EXTINCT

extinct, and his See also:

• SISTER

sister's See also:

• HUSBAND

husband, See also:

• HERVEY, JAMES (1714–1758)

Hervey Bagot, one of his knightly tenants, succeeded to the fief in her right (1194) : their descendant See also:

• EDMUND
• EDMUND, or EADMUND (c. 980-1016)
• EDMUND, SAINT [EDMUND RICE] (d. 1240)

Edmund de Stafford (that surname having been assumed) was summoned as a See also:

• BARON
• BARON (1835-1895)
• BARON, MICHEL (1653—1729)

baron in 1299 . His son, See also:

• RALPH (d. 1122)

Ralph, a See also:

• WARRIOR

warrior like his See also:

• FATHER

father, attained fame in the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French See also:

• WARS

wars . He conducted the brilliant See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence of See also:

• AIGUILLON, EMMANUEL ARMAND DE WIGNEROD DU PLESSIS DE RICHELIEU
• AIGUILLON, MARIE MADELEINE DE WIGNEROD DU PONT DE COURLAY, DUCHESSE

Aiguillon against the See also:

• HOST

host of See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, fought at See also:

• CRECY (Cressy)

Crecy and in the See also:

• SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege of See also:

• CALAIS

Calais, Chosen a See also:

• KNIGHT, CHARLES (1791-1873)
• KNIGHT, DANIEL RIDGWAY (1845– )
• KNIGHT, JOHN BUXTON (1843–1908)

Knight of the Garter at the See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation of the See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order, he was further created See also:

• EARL

earl of Stafford in 1351 . His son See also:

• HUGH
• HUGH, ST

Hugh, who succeeded as and earl in 1372, served in the French wars .

From 1376 he became prominent in politics, probably through his See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage to a daughter of the earl of See also:

• WARWICK
• WARWICK, EARLS OF
• WARWICK, RICHARD BEAUCHAMP, EARL OF (1382—1439)
• WARWICK, RICHARD NEVILLE, EARL OF (1428—1471)
• WARWICK, SIR PHILIP (1609-1683)
• WARWICK, SIR ROBERT RICH, 2ND EARL OF (1587–1658)

Warwick, being one of the four lords on the See also:

• COMMITTEE (from commute, an Anglo-Fr. past participle of commettre, Lat. committere, to entrust; the modern Fr. equivalent comite is derived from the Eng.)

committee in the See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

Good See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

Parliament, and also serving on the committee that controlled See also:

• RICHARD
• RICHARD (d. 1184)
• RICHARD, FRANCOIS MARIE BENJAMIN (18,9-1908)
• RICHARD, HENRY (1812-1888)
• RICHARD, ST

Richard II., 1378-1380 . He was friendly, however, with that See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king, and was with him on his Scottish expedition in 1385 . He died next See also:

• YEAR

year on See also:

• PILGRIMAGE (Fr. pelerinage, Lat. peregrinatio)

pilgrimage at See also:

• RHODES
• RHODES, CECIL JOHN (1853-1902)
• RHODES, JAMES FORD

Rhodes . The marriage of his son, See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas, the 3rd earl, in 1392 to the daughter and eventual heiress of Thomas, See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

• BUCKINGHAM
• BUCKINGHAM, EARLS, MARQUESSES AND DUKES OF
• BUCKINGHAM, FIRST DUKE
• BUCKINGHAM, GEORGE VILLIERS, 1ST DUKE 0E1
• BUCKINGHAM, GEORGE VILLIERS, 2ND DUKE 0E1 (1628-1687)
• BUCKINGHAM, HENRY STAFFORD, 2ND DUKE OF3 (1454-1483)
• BUCKINGHAM, JAMES SILK (1786-1855)

Buckingham (son of See also:

• EDWARD

Edward III.), by a coheiress of the great house of See also:

• BOHUN

Bohun, proved a decisive turning-point in the See also:

• HISTORY

history of the Staffords; for, although he died childless, this great See also:

• LADY (0. Eng. hlaefdige, Mid. Eng. ldfdi, lavedi; the first part of the word is hldf, loaf, bread, as in the corresponding hldford, lord; the second part is usually taken to be from the root dig-, to knead, seen also in " dough "; the sense development fr

lady, styled " countess of Stafford, Buckingham, See also:

• HEREFORD

Hereford and See also:

• NORTHAMPTON
• NORTHAMPTON, ASSIZE OF
• NORTHAMPTON, EARLS AND MARQUESSES OF

Northampton " in her will, married in 1398 his brother Edmund, the 5th earl, who obtained, in addition to her great possessions, her ancestors' See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office of See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

lord high See also:

• CONSTABLE (0. Fr. connestable, Fr. connetable, Med. Lat. comestabilis, conestabilis, constabularius, from the Lat. comes stabuli, count of the stable)
• CONSTABLE, ARCHIBALD (1774-1827)
• CONSTABLE, HENRY (1562-1613)
• CONSTABLE, JOHN (1776-1837)
• CONSTABLE, SIR MARMADUKE (c. 1455-1518)

constable in 1403, but was slain the same year at See also:

• SHREWSBURY
• SHREWSBURY, CHARLES TALBOT, DUKE OF (166o-1718)
• SHREWSBURY, DUKE
• SHREWSBURY, EARLS OF
• SHREWSBURY, ELIZABETH TALBOT, COUNTESS OF (1518–16o8)
• SHREWSBURY, JOHN TALBOT, 1ST EARL OF (d. 1453)

Shrewsbury, commanding the See also:

• VAN

van of the king's host . Their son, See also:

• HUMPHREY (or HUMFREY), LAWRENCE (1527?-1590)

Humphrey (1402-1460), the first Stafford duke of Bucking-See also:

• HAM

ham, was placed by his descent and his possessions in the front See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank of the English See also:

• NOBILITY

nobility . The Staffords See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell from their See also:

• PINNACLE (from Lat. pinnaculum, a little feather, pinna; the Gr. rrspirylov, diminutive of irsipuE, wing, is also used in this sense)

pinnacle of greatness, which had aroused the See also:

• JEALOUSY (adapted from Fr. jalousie, formed from jaloux, jealous, Low Lat. zelosus, Gr. j'i os, ardour, zeal, from the root seen in '&u', to boil, ferment; cf. " yeast ")

jealousy of the See also:

• CROWN

Crown, by the See also:

• ATTAINDER (from the O. Fr. ataindre, ateindre, to attain, i.e. to strike, accuse, condemn; Lat. attingere, tangere, to touch; the meaning has been greatly affected by the confusion with Fr. taindre, teindre, to taint, stain, Lat. tingere, to dye)

attainder of See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry the and duke in 1483, but were completely restored for the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time, on the See also:

• TRIUMPH (triumphus)

triumph of Henry VII. in 1486, when Edward, the 3rd duke (1478-1521), regained the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title and estates . Under Henry VIII. his great position, fortified by his relationship to the Percys, Howards and Nevilles, made him a natural See also:

• LEADER, BENJAMIN WILLIAMS (1831– )

leader of the old nobility, while his recovery of the ancestral office of lord high constable in 1509 increased his See also:

• PRESTIGE

prestige . He had not sufficient force of character to take an active See also:

• PART

part in politics, but the king's easily roused suspicions were excited by private accusations in 1521, and, after a nominal trial by his peers, he was beheaded on the 17th of May 1521, a subsequent See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act (1523) confirming his attainder . His See also:

• FATE

fate, even under such a king, made a great sensation, exciting sympathy at See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home, and moving the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles V. to say that a See also:

• BUTCHER

butcher's See also:

• DOG

dog (See also:

• WOLSEY, THOMAS (c. 1475–1530)

Wolsey) had pulled down the noblest See also:

• BUCK
• BUCK, CARL DARLING (1866– )
• BUCK, DUDLEY (1839-1909)

buck in England . It is noteworthy that the and and 3rd See also:

• DUKES
• DUKES, LEOPOLD (1810-1891)

dukes were both beheaded, while the 1st duke fell in the Wars of the See also:

• ROSES, WARS OF THE

Roses . Henry (1501-1563), the son of the last duke, was granted by the Crown some of his father's manors for his support, and, espousing the See also:

• PROTESTANT

Protestant cause (though married to a daughter of See also:

• MARGARET
• MARGARET (1283–1290)
• MARGARET (1353-1412)
• MARGARET (1489–1541)
• MARGARET, ST (c. 1045–1093)
• MARGARET, ST (SANCTA MARGARITA)

Margaret, countess of See also:

• SALISBURY
• SALISBURY, EARLS OF
• SALISBURY, ROBERT ARTHUR TALBOT GASCOYNECECIL, 3RD MARQUESS OF (1830-1903)
• SALISBURY, ROBERT CECIL, 1ST EARL OF (c. 1565-1612)
• SALISBURY, THOMAS DE MONTACUTE, 4TH EARL OF (1388-1428)
• SALISBURY, WILLIAM LONGSWORD (or LONGESPEE), EARL OF (d. 1226)

Salisbury and sister of See also:

• CARDINAL (Lat. cardinalis)

Cardinal See also:

• POLE (FAMILY)
• POLE, REGINALD (1500-1558)
• POLE, RICHARD DE LA (d. 1525)
• POLE, WILLIAM (1814—1900)

Pole), was restored in See also:

• BLOOD

blood on Edward VI.'s See also:

• ACCESSION (from Lat. accedere, to go to, to approach)

accession and declared Lord Stafford, as a new creation, by act of parliament . His second surviving son, Thomas, eventually assumed the royal arms, on the ground of his lofty descent, sailed from See also:

• DIEPPE

Dieppe with two See also:

• SHIPS

ships in See also:

• APRIL

April 1557, landed at See also:

• SCARBOROUGH

Scarborough, seized the castle, and proclaimed himself See also:

• PROTECTOR

protector .

He was captured and executed for high See also:

• TREASON (Fr. trahison, Lat. traditio)

treason . His father's new See also:

• BARONY

barony, in 1637, passed to a See also:

• CADET (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. capitettum, a diminutive of caput, head, through the Provencal form capdet)

cadet in humble circumstances, who was called on, as a pauper, to surrender it to the king, which he 'did (illegally, it is now held) in 1639 . The king thereupon bestowed it on See also:

• MARY
• MARY (1457-1482)
• MARY (1496-1533)
• MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS

Mary Stafford (the See also:

• HEIR (Lat. heres, from a root meaning to grasp, seen in heres or erus, master of a house, Gr. xeip, hand, Sans. hat ana, hand)

heir See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general of the line) and her husband, See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William See also:

• HOWARD (FAMILY)
• HOWARD, CATHERINE (d. 1542)
• HOWARD, JOHN (1726-1790)
• HOWARD, LORD WILLIAM (1563–1640)
• HOWARD, OLIVER OTIS (1830-19o9)
• HOWARD, SIR ROBERT (1626–1698)

Howard, in whose descendants it is now vested . See also:

• ROGER (d. 1139)
• ROGER (d. 1181)

Roger, who had surrendered the title, died in 164o, the last heir male, apparently, of the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main line of this historic house . Of the junior lines the most important was that known as Stafford of See also:

• HOOKE, ROBERT (1635–1703)

Hooke (Co . See also:

• DORSET, EARLS, MARQUESSES AND DUKES OF

Dorset), which had branched off from the See also:

• PARENT, SIMON NAPOLEON (1855– )

parent See also:

• STEM (O. Eng. staefn, stemn, cf. Du. stain, Ger. Stamm, &c., probably related to " staff ")

stem at a very See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early date . Sir See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John Stafford of this line married his kinswoman, a daughter of the 1st earl of Stafford . From their younger son, Ralf, descended the Staffords of See also:

• GRAFTON
• GRAFTON, DUKES OF
• GRAFTON, RICHARD (d. 1572)

Grafton and other families; the elder, who fought in the French wars, was grandfather of John (Stafford), See also:

• ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

archbishop of Canter-See also:

• BURY
• BURY, JOHN BAGNELL (1861- )

bury . This See also:

• PRELATE (Lat. praelatus, set above, from praefero, prefer)

prelate came to the front under Henry VI., becoming treasurer (1422), See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop of See also:

• BATH
• BATH, THOMAS THYNNE
• BATH, WILLIAM

Bath and See also:

• WELLS
• WELLS, CHARLES JEREMIAH (1798?–1879)
• WELLS, DAVID AMES (1828—1898)
• WELLS, HERBERT GEORGE (1866— )
• WELLS, SIR THOMAS SPENCER, 1ST BART

Wells (1425), and lord See also:

• CHANCELLOR (M. Eng. and Anglo-Fr. canceler, chanceler, Fr. chancelier, Lat. cancellarius)

chancellor (1432—1450) . Archbishop from 1443 to his See also:

• DEATH

death in 1452, he steered an even course between parties as a moderate man and useful See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official . His elder brother obtained Hooke by marriage, and See also:

• LEFT

left two sons, of whom the younger was grandfather of Humphrey Stafford, who succeeded to Hooke, fought for Edward IV. at See also:

• TOWTON

Towton, and was summoned as Lord Stafford of Southwick in See also:

• JULY

July 1461, and was advanced to the earldom of See also:

• DEVON, EARLS OF

Devon on the 7th of May 1469, after the See also:

• EXECUTION (from Lat. ex-sequor, exsecutus, follow or carry out)

execution of the See also:

• COURTENAY
• COURTENAY, RICHARD (d. 1415)
• COURTENAY, WILLIAM (c. 1342—1396)

Courtenay earl, which he is said to have intrigued for . Failing to support the earl of See also:

• PEMBROKE
• PEMBROKE (Penfro)
• PEMBROKE, EARLS OF

Pembroke against the rebels a few months later, he was responsible for their victory, for which he was arrested, and beheaded (Aug .

17) . With him ended the Staffords of Hooke . Sir Humphrey Stafford of Grafton (of their cadet line) was an active supporter of Richard III., and was executed for high treason by Henry VII. in 1485 . From him descended Sir Edward Stafford (whose See also:

• MOTHER

mother was a daughter of Henry, Lord Stafford), an Elizabethan diplomatist, who was appointed See also:

• RESIDENT

resident See also:

• AMBASSADOR (also EMBASSADOR, the form sometimes still used in America; from the Fr. ambassadeur, with which compare Ital. ambasciatore and Span. embajador, all variants of the Med. Lat. ambassiator, ambassiator, ambasator, &c., derived from Med. Lat. amba

ambassador to France in 1583, a See also:

• POST

post which he held with success to 1590, sitting afterwards in parliament for Stafford, and dying in 1605 . His brother William (1554—1612) was concerned in some obscure plots under See also:

• ELIZABETH
• ELIZABETH (1533-1603)
• ELIZABETH (1596-1662)
• ELIZABETH (1635–1650)
• ELIZABETH [ AMELIE EUGENIE ] (1837—1898)
• ELIZABETH [1lisabeth Philippine Marie Helene of France] (1764—1794)
• ELIZABETH [PAULINE ELIZABETH OTTILIE LOUISE] (1843– )
• ELIZABETH [PETROVNA] (1709-1762), EMPRESS
• ELIZABETH, SAINT (1207-1231)

Elizabeth . Another offshoot from the main line was that of the Staffords of See also:

• CLIFTON

Clifton (Co . Stafford), founded by Sir Richard, younger brother of the 1st earl of Stafford, who was closely associated with him in French warfare and negotiation, fought, like him, at Crecy, and acted as See also:

• SENESCHAL (the O. Fr. form, mod. senechal, of the Low Lat. senescalcus, a word of Teutonic origin, meaning " old or senior servant," Goth. sini- old; cf. Lat. senex and stalks, servant; Du Cange's derivation from seneste, flock, herd, must be rejected)

seneschal of See also:

• GASCONY (Wasconia)

Gascony (1361—1362) . Clifton came to him in marriage with a Camville heiress, and he was summoned as a baron in 1371 . His eldest surviving son, Edmund (1344—1419), a churchman, became bishop of See also:

• EXETER
• EXETER, EARL, MARQUESS AND DUKE OF

Exeter in 1395, and was lord chancellor from 1396 to 1399 . He lost the office on Henry IV.'s accession, but held it again from 1401 to 1403 . He then devoted himself to his See also:

• DIOCESE (formed on Fr. diocese, in place of the Eng. form diocess—current until the 19th century—from Lat. dioecesis, med. Lat. variant diocesis, from Gr. Swucio•tc, " house-keeping," " administration," &miceas, " to keep house," " to govern ")

diocese till his death in 1419 . His patronage of learning is commemorated by Exeter See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

College, See also:

• OXFORD
• OXFORD, EARLS OF
• OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
• OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
• OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
• OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
• OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST

Oxford .

The male line of the Staffords of Clifton ended about 1445 . Of younger sons of the main line who attained See also:

• PEERAGE
• PEERAGE (Fr. pairage, med. Lat. paragium; M.E. Pere, 0. Fr. per, peer, later pair; Lat. Paris, " equal ")

peerage rank Sir Hugh Stafford, R.G., a son of the 2nd earl, was summoned as a baron from 1411 to 1413 (probably in right of his wife, a See also:

• BOURCHIER, ARTHUR (1864- )
• BOURCHIER, THOMAS (c. 1404-1486)

Bourchier heiress), but died childless in 1420 . John, a son of the 1st duke of Buckingham, received the garter and an earldom of See also:

• WILTSHIRE [WILTS]

Wiltshire (1470), which became extinct with his son in 1499, but was revived in 1510 for Henry Stafford, K . G., a son of the 2nd duke, who, however, died childless in 1523 . The Staffords made illustrious marriages from the day of the 1st earl; a son of the 1st duke married the mother of Henry VII . The badge of the family was " the Stafford See also:

• KNOT
• KNOT (O.E. cnotta, from a Teutonic stem knutt; cf. " knit," and Ger. knoten)

knot," at one time as famous as " the ragged See also:

• STAFF (O. Eng. staef, cf. Du. staf, Ger. Stab, &c.; Icel. stafr meant also a written letter, and O. Eng. stafas, the letters of the alphabet; " stave," one of the thin pieces of wood of which a cask is made, is a doublet)

staff " of the earls of Warwick . See See also:

• DUGDALE, SIR WILLIAM (16o5-1686)

Dugdale, Baronage (1675), vol. i.; G . E . C(okayne), See also:

• COMPLETE

Complete Peerage; Wrottesley, History of the Family of Bagot (1908) and Crecy and Calais (1898) . The important Stafford See also:

• MSS

MSS. in Lord Bagot's See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession are calendared in the 4th See also:

• REPORT (O.Fr. report or raport, modern rapport, from O.Fr. reporter, mod. rap porter, Lat. reportare, to bring back, in poetical use only, of bringing back an account, news, &c.)

Report on See also:

• HISTORICAL

Historical MSS., and the See also:

• SALT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zout, Ger. Salz, Scand. salt; cognate with Gr. &Xs, Lat. sal)
• SALT, SIR TITUS, BART

Salt See also:

• ARCH
• ARCH, JOSEPH (1826– )

Arch . See also:

• SOC

Soc.'s collections for the history of See also:

• STAFFORDSHIRE

Staffordshire are valuable for early records . See also:

• HARCOURT
• HARCOURT, SIMON HARCOURT, 1ST VISCOUNT (c. 1661-1727)
• HARCOURT, SIR WILLIAM GEORGE GRANVILLE VENABLES VERNON (1827-1904)
• HARCOURT, WILLIAM VERNON (1789-1871)

Harcourt's His See also:

• GRACE (Fr. grace, Lat. gratia, from grates, beloved, pleasing; formed from the root cra-, Gr. xav-, cf. xaipw, x6p,ua, Xapts)
• GRACE, WILLIAM GILBERT (1848– )

Grace the Steward and the Trial of Peers (1907) should also be consulted .

The bishop of Exeter's See also:

• REGISTER

Register was edited by Hingeston-See also:

• RANDOLPH, EDMUND [JENNINGS] (1753–1813)
• RANDOLPH, JOHN (1773–1833)
• RANDOLPH, PEYTON (1721-1775)
• RANDOLPH, THOMAS (1523-1590)
• RANDOLPH, THOMAS (1605-1635)

Randolph in 1886 . Papers See also:

• RELATING

relating to the two Baronies of Stafford (1807), and See also:

• CAMPBELL, ALEXANDER (1788–1866)
• CAMPBELL, BEATRICE STELLA (Mrs PATRICK CAMPBELL) (1865– )
• CAMPBELL, GEORGE (1719–1796)
• CAMPBELL, JOHN
• CAMPBELL, JOHN (1708-1775)
• CAMPBELL, JOHN CAMPBELL, BARON (1779-1861)
• CAMPBELL, JOHN FRANCIS
• CAMPBELL, LEWIS (1830-1908)
• CAMPBELL, REGINALD JOHN (1867— )
• CAMPBELL, THOMAS (1777—1844)

Campbell's The Stafford Peerage (1818) are useful for the See also:

• PEDIGREE

pedigree, and there are collections for a history of the family in Add . MSS . (Brit . See also:

• MUS

Mus.) 14,409; 19,150 . (J . H .