STAFFORDSHIRE  , a midland See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county of See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, bounded N.E. by See also:

• DERBYSHIRE

Derbyshire, E. by that county and See also:

• LEICESTERSHIRE

Leicestershire, S.E. by See also:

• WARWICKSHIRE

Warwickshire, S. by See also:

• WORCESTERSHIRE

Worcestershire, S.W. by See also:

• SHROPSHIRE (SALOP)

Shropshire and N.W. by See also:

• CHESHIRE

Cheshire . The See also:

• AREA

area is 1171.2 sq. m . The county includes the valley of the See also:

• TRENT
• TRENT (Lat. Tridentum; Ital. Trento; Ger. relent)
• TRENT, COUNCIL OF

Trent from its source to the point at which it becomes navigable, See also:

• BURTON, JOHN HILL (1809–1881)
• BURTON, ROBERT (1577-1640)
• BURTON, SIR FREDERICK WILLIAM (1816–f goo)
• BURTON, SIR RICHARD FRANCIS (1821-1890)
• BURTON, WILLIAM EVANS (1804-1860)

Burton-upon-Trent . It rises in the extreme See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north of the county, and follows a southerly course, turning eastward and finally north-eastward through the centre of the county . Its tributaries on the See also:

• LEFT

left See also:

• BANK

bank follow a course roughly parallel with it; the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief are the Blythe and the See also:

• DOVE
• DOVE (Dutch duyve, Dan. due, Ice. dufa, Ger. Taube)

Dove, which receives the Churnet from the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west, and forms the county boundary with Derbyshire . The See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country between Trent, Churnet and Dove is undulating and beautiful; the hills rise to some 1800 ft. on the Derbyshire border in See also:

• AXE (0. Eng. aex; a word common, in different forms, in the Teutonic languages, and akin to the Greek 41v17; the New English Dictionary prefers the spelling " ax ")

Axe Edge near See also:

• BUXTON
• BUXTON, JEDEDIAH (1707–1772)
• BUXTON, SIR THOMAS POWELL (1786-1845)

Buxton, and continue by See also:

• MOW

Mow Cop or See also:

• CONGLETON
• CONGLETON, HENRY BROOKE PARNELL, 1ST BARON (1776-1842)

Congleton Edge along the Cheshire border to the See also:

• COAL

coal-bearing hills above the See also:

• POTTERIES, THE

Potteries See also:

• DISTRICT

district . Dovedale, the name applied to a portion of the upper valley of the Dove (q.v.), attracts many visitors on See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of its beauty, and is in favour with anglers for its See also:

• TROUT (Salmo trutta)

trout-fishing . See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South of the Trent, about the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of the county, an elevated area is known as See also:

• CANNOCK

Cannock See also:

• CHASE
• CHASE, SALMON PORTLAND (1808-1873)
• CHASE, SAMUEL (1741–1811)
• CHASE, WILLIAM MERRITT (1849– )

Chase, formerly a royal preserve, now a wealthy coalfield, and the high ground, generally exceeding 500 ft., continues south to surround the See also:

• GREAT

great manufacturing district of south Staffordshire (the See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

Black Country), and to See also:

• MERGE

merge into the Clent and Lickey Hills of Worcestershire . A small area in the north-west drains to the See also:

• WEAVER, JAMES BAIRD (1833- )

Weaver, and so to the See also:

• MERSEY

Mersey, and from the west and south-west the See also:

• SEVERN
• SEVERN, JOSEPH (1793-1879)

Severn receives some small feeders and itself touches the county in the extreme south-west . The only considerable See also:

• SHEET

sheet of See also:

• WATER

water is Aqualate See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

Mere, in the grounds of the See also:

• MANSION (through O. Fr. mansion, mod. maison, from Lat. mansio, dwelling-place, stage on a journey; manere, to remain)

mansion of that name near See also:

• NEWPORT

Newport in Shropshire . See also:

• GEOLOGY (from Gr. yp7, the earth, and Abyor, science)

Geology.—The Pennine folding gently plicates the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern of two Carboniferous tracts interrupting the Midland Triassic See also:

• PLATEAU (a French term, older platel, for a flat piece of wood, metal, &c., from plat, flat)
• PLATEAU, JOSEPH ANTOINE FERDINAND (1801-1883)

plateau in Staffordshire, but affects the unconformable Trias less . It isolates the Pottery and smaller coalfields mainly in synclines, but elevates the western margin of the former anticlinally .

A prolongation See also:

• ARCHES, COURT OF

arches the South Staffordshire Coal See also:

• MEASURES

Measures, with See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

minor saddles disclosing See also:

• SILURIAN

Silurian inliers, intermediate formations being absent there . Faults depressing the Trias See also:

• BOUND, or BOUNDARY (from O. Fr. bonde, Med. Lat. bodena or butina, a frontier line)

bound the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern coalfield on both sides, the northern Carboniferous westward . At See also:

• WALSALL

Walsall Upper See also:

• LLANDOVERY (Llan-ym-ddyffri)

Llandovery See also:

• SANDSTONE

Sandstone with Stricklandinia See also:

• LENS
• LENS (from Lat. lens, lentil, on account of the similarity of the form of a lens to that of a lentil seed)

lens and See also:

• BARR

Barr (Woolhope) See also:

• LIMESTONE

Limestone (Illaenus barriensis) underlie See also:

• WENLOCK

Wenlock Shales, succeeded, as at See also:

• WREN (O. Eng. wrcknna, Mid. Eng. wrenne; Icel. rindill)
• WREN, SIR CHRISTOPHER (1632-1723)

Wren's See also:

• NEST

Nest and See also:

• DUDLEY
• DUDLEY, BARONS AND EARLS OF
• DUDLEY, EDMUND (c. 1462—1510)
• DUDLEY, SIR ROBERT (1573—1649)
• DUDLEY, THOMAS (1576-1653)

Dudley, by Wenlock Limestone in two beds, honeycombed with old See also:

• LIME
• LIME (O. Eng. lim, Lat. limes, mud, from linere, to smear)

lime-workings and famous for See also:

• TRILOBITES

trilobites . At See also:

• SEDGLEY

Sedgley there follow See also:

• LOWER

Lower See also:

• LUDLOW
• LUDLOW, EDMUND (c. 1617-1692)

Ludlow Shales, Sedgley (Aymestry) Limestone (Pentamerus knighti) and some Upper Ludlow Shale . Carboniferous Limestone, with gently-sloping hills and deep valleys, enters the northern region on the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east . It contains brachiopods and See also:

• CORALS (KoRAis), ADAMANTIOS [in French, DIAMANT CORAY] (1748–1833)

corals of the Dibunophyllum See also:

• ZONE (Gr. 'WV77, a girdle, from 'wvvLvay to gird)

zone, with See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead and See also:

• COPPER (symbol Cu, atomic weight 63.1, H=1, or 63.6, O = 16)

copper, once worked at Ecton . Marine Pendleside (Yoredale) Shales, with thin limestones and higher sandstones, ascend around a central syncline and the northern margins of the coalfields into the Millstone Grit, whose four grits in massive escarpments, only the " First " and " Third " persisting westward, alternate with shales . The Pottery Coalfield, the centre of pottery manufacture, though See also:

• LOCAL

local See also:

• CLAYS, PAUL JEAN (1819-1900)

clays now furnish only coarse See also:

• WARE

ware and the " saggars " in which pottery is baked, includes 8000 ft. of Coal Measures, chiefly shales, clays and sandstones, diminishing south-See also:

• WARD
• WARD, ADOLPHUS WILLIAM (1837- )
• WARD, ARTEMUS
• WARD, EDWARD MATTHEW (1816-1879)
• WARD, ELIZABETH STUART PHELPS (1844-1911)
• WARD, JAMES (1769--1859)
• WARD, JAMES (1843– )
• WARD, JOHN QUINCY ADAMS (1830-1910)
• WARD, LESTER FRANK (1841– )
• WARD, MARY AUGUSTA [MRS HUMPHRY WARD]
• WARD, WILLIAM (1766-1826)
• WARD, WILLIAM GEORGE (1812-1882)

ward . The Lower and Middle Measures (5000 ft.) contain the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal coals, about See also:

• FORTY

forty, with comparatively barren strata (l000 ft.) preceding the Winpenny, Bullhurst, Cockshead, Bambury, Ten-See also:

• FOOT

foot, and higher coals associated with " clayband " ironstones . The neighbouring See also:

• CHEADLE

Cheadle Coalfield comprises the lower 2000 ft., with the Crabtree, Woodhead and Dilhorne coals; two other little coal-See also:

• FIELDS, JAMES THOMAS (1817-1881)

fields comprise only the lowest strata . The South Staffordshire coalfield has 500–1000 ft. of See also:

• EQUIVALENT

equivalent measures, with the Bottom, Fireclay, New Mine, See also:

• HEATHEN

Heathen, the composite Tenyard and other coals, besides ironstones to which the Black Country originally owed its hardware See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry . See also:

• PLANTS

Plants (Lepidodendron, Neuropteris heterophylla), fresh-water shells (Carbonicola acute, C. robusta) and fishes are characteristic fossils; but the roof of the North See also:

• STAFFORD
• STAFFORD, EARLS AND MARQUESSES OF

Stafford-See also:

• SHIRE

shire Crabtree Coal (Lower Measures) and several higher bands yield marine goniatites, &c .

Shales, pottery-clays and " black-See also:

• BAND

band " ironstones with thin Spirorbis-limestones, See also:

• ENTOMOSTRACA

Entomostraca and Anthracomya phillipsi (Blackband See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

Series), succeed in the Pottery Coalfield . Then follow red See also:

• BRICK (derived according to some etymologists from the Teutonic bricke, a disk or plate; but more authoritatively, through the French brique, originally a " broken piece," applied especially to bread, and so to clay, from the Teutonic brikan, to break)

brick-clays with ashy grits (See also:

• ETRURIA

Etruria Marls) ; See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white sandstones with Pecopteris arborescens (See also:

• NEWCASTLE
• NEWCASTLE, DUKES OF

Newcastle-under-Lyme Series) ; red sandstones and clays with Spirorbis-limestones (Keele Series); paralleled in South Staffordshire respectively by Red Coal Measure Clays, See also:

• HALESOWEN

Halesowen Sandstone, and beds like the Keele Series . Around this the Triassic sequence ascends out-wards through See also:

• BUNTER

Bunter (Pebble-Beds between Mottled Sandstones), See also:

• KEUPER

Keuper Sandstone and Waterstones into Keuper See also:

• MARL (from O. Fr. marle, Late Lat. margila, dim. of marga; cf. Du. and Ger. Mergel)

Marl, which, containing See also:

• GYPSUM

gypsum and brine-springs, covers the central plateau, the sandstones emerging marginally and axially . The Pebble-Beds rise in Cannock Chase, and fringe the northern coalfields . See also:

• RHAETIC (Fr. Rhetien or Rhcetien; Ger. Rhdt or Rhktisch; It. Retico)

Rhaetic outliers on Needwood See also:

• FOREST

Forest contain Axinus cloacinus . The See also:

• ROWLEY, WILLIAM (c. 1585-c. 1642)

Rowley and other doleritic sills and dikes invade the southern, one See also:

• DIKE, or DYKE (Old Eng. dic, a word which appears in various forms in many Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch dijk, German Teich, Danish dige, and in French, derived from Teutonic, digue; it is the same word as " ditch " and is ultimately connected with the ro

dike the Pottery Coalfield and the Trias . Glacial See also:

• DRIFT (from "drive ")

drift partly conceals the rocks . Irish See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

Sea See also:

• ICE (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Eis)

ice, entering on the west, left See also:

• BOULDER
• BOULDER (short for " boulder-stone," of uncertain origin; cf. Swed. bullersten, a large stone which causes a noise of rippling water in a stream, from bullra, to make a loud noise)

boulder-See also:

• CLAY (from O. Eng. claeg, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Klei)
• CLAY, CASSIUS MARCELLUS (1810-1903)
• CLAY, CHARLES (1801–1893)
• CLAY, FREDERIC (1838–1889)
• CLAY, HENRY (1777–1852)

clay with stratified sands, and mingled with local material, See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

Lake District and Scotch erratics, and shells swept from the sea-See also:

• BED
• BED (a common Teutonic word, cf. German Bett, probably connected with the Indo-European root bhodh, seen in the Lat. fodere, to dig; so " a dug-out place " for safe resting, or in the same sense as a garden " bed ")

bed . It threw down a gravelly See also:

• MORAINE

moraine before the marginal hills of the Pottery Coalfield, and concentrated countless boulders between See also:

• RUGELEY

Rugeley and Enville . Barred northward by this ice, the Arenig See also:

• GLACIER
• GLACIER (adopted from the French; from glace, ice, Lat. glacies)

glacier carried Welsh erratics across South Stafford-shire to See also:

• BIRMINGHAM

Birmingham . North Sea ice with Cretaceous and See also:

• JURASSIC

Jurassic debris reached east Staffordshire . See also:

• AGRICULTURE
• AGRICULTURE (from Lat. ages, field, and colere, to cultivate)
• AGRICULTURE, BOARD OF

Agriculture.—Nearly four-fifths of the See also:

• TOTAL

total area of the county is under cultivation, and of this more than two-thirds is in permanent pasture, See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle being largely kept, and especially cows for the See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply of See also:

• MILK (0. Eng. meoluc; from a common Indo-European root, cf. Lat. mulgere, Gr. ?t dXyetv)

milk to the towns .

Like most of the midland counties, Stafford-shire is well wooded . The acreage under See also:

• CORN (a common Teutonic word; cf. Lat. granum, seed, grain)
• CORN (fromm Lat. corms, horn)

corn crops is steadily diminishing, and See also:

• WHEAT
• WHEAT (Triticum)

wheat, which formerly was the principal corn See also:

• CROP (a word common. in various forms, such as Germ. Kropf, to many Teutonic languages for a swelling, excrescence, round head or top of anything; it appears also in Romanic languages derived from Teutonic, in Fr. as troupe, whence the English " crupper "

crop, is now superseded in this respect by oats, which occupies over one-See also:

• HALF

half of the corn acreage, little more being under wheat than under See also:

• BARLEY (Hordeum sativum)

barley . Turnips are grown on about half the acreage under See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

green crops . Manufactures.—The manufactures of Staffordshire are varied and important . Out of the three great coalfields in the north, south and centre (Cannock Chase), the two first have wholly distinct dependent See also:

• INDUSTRIES

industries . The southern See also:

• INDUSTRIAL

industrial district is commonly known as the Black Country (q.v.) ; it is the principal seat in England of See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron and See also:

• STEEL, FLORA ANNIE (1847– )

steel manufacture in all its branches . It covers an area, between Birmingham and See also:

• WOLVERHAMPTON
• WOLVERHAMPTON, HENRY HARTLEY FOWLER

Wolverhampton, resembling one great See also:

• TOWN

town, and includes such famous centres as Walsall, See also:

• WEDNESBURY

Wednesbury, Dudley (in Staffordshire) and West Bromwich . The northern industrial district is called the Potteries (q.v.) . Cheadle, east of the Potteries, is the centre of a smaller coalfield . Burtonupon-Trent is famous for its breweries . Chemical See also:

• WORKS

works are found in the Black Country, brick and See also:

• TILE (0. Eng. tigel, Fr. tuile, connected with Lat. tegula)

tile works in the Black Country and at See also:

• TUNSTALL
• TUNSTALL (or TONSTALL), CUTHBERT (1474-1559)

Tunstall, glassworks at See also:

• TUTBURY

Tutbury ; there are also a considerable textile industry, as at Newcastle-under-Lyme, See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper-See also:

• MILLS, JOHN (d. 1736)
• MILLS, ROGER QUARLES (1832– )

mills in that town and at See also:

• TAMWORTH

Tamworth, and manufactures of boots and shoes at Stafford and See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

Stone . Communications.—The See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main See also:

• LINE

line of the See also:

• LONDON

London & North-Western railway runs from south-east to north-west by Tamworth, See also:

• LICHFIELD

Lichfield (Trent Valley), Rugeley and Stafford .

This See also:

• COMPANY

company and the Great Western serve the towns of the Black Country by many branches from Birmingham, and jointly See also:

• WORK

work the Stafford-See also:

• SHREWSBURY
• SHREWSBURY, CHARLES TALBOT, DUKE OF (166o-1718)
• SHREWSBURY, DUKE
• SHREWSBURY, EARLS OF
• SHREWSBURY, ELIZABETH TALBOT, COUNTESS OF (1518–16o8)
• SHREWSBURY, JOHN TALBOT, 1ST EARL OF (d. 1453)

Shrewsbury line . The London & North-Western has branches from Trent Valley to Burton-upon-Trent, and from Rugeley through the Cannock Chase coalfields . The North Staffordshire railway runs from Stafford and from Burton-upon-Trent northward through the Potteries, with a line from See also:

• UTTOXETER

Uttoxeter through See also:

• LEEK

Leek to See also:

• MACCLESFIELD
• MACCLESFIELD, CHARLES GERARD, 1ST EARL OF (c. 1618-1694)

Macclesfield . The Manifold Valley See also:

• LIGHT

light railway serves See also:

• PART

part of the Dovedale district . The west-and-north line of the Midland railway (See also:

• BRISTOL
• BRISTOL, EARLS AND MARQUESSES OF
• BRISTOL, GEORGE DIGBY, 2ND EARL OF1 (1612-1677)
• BRISTOL, JOHN DIGBY, 1ST EARL OF 6 (1580-1653)

Bristol-See also:

• DERBY
• DERBY, EARLS OF

Derby) crosses the south-eastern part of the county from Birmingham by See also:

• TAM, JACOB BEN MEIR (1100-1171)

Tam-See also:

• WORTH
• WORTH, CHARLES FREDERICK (1825-1895)

worth and Burton, with a See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch to Wolverhampton . The Great Northern, with a branch from its main line at See also:

• GRANTHAM
• GRANTHAM, THOMAS ROBINSON

Grantham, serves Uttoxeter, Burton and Stafford . A considerable amount of coal-transport takes See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place along canals, the Black Country especially being served by numerous branches . The principal canals are—the See also:

• GRAND

Grand See also:

• TRUNK (Fr. tronc, Lat. truncus, cut off, maimed)

Trunk, which follows the Trent over the greater part of hf , ..4.a .mWABd h.mAW Ordn....8w.y.l~ y.rmbdve .f .4 . Coc V.IW .1 NJ!.6o4mnq OM .. its course within the county, the See also:

• COVENTRY, SIR JOHN (d. 1682)
• COVENTRY, SIR WILLIAM (c. 1628-1686)
• COVENTRY, THOMAS COVENTRY, 1ST BARON (2578–1640)

Coventry, Birmingham and Fazeley, Daw End and Essington canals, connecting the Grand Trunk with Warwickshire, the Black Country and Cannock Chase; the See also:

• LIVERPOOL
• LIVERPOOL, EARLS
• LIVERPOOL, EARLS OF

Liverpool and Birmingham junction; the Staffordshire and Worcestershire, See also:

• RUNNING

running from the Severn at See also:

• STOURPORT

Stourport by Wolverhampton and See also:

• PENKRIDGE

Penkridge to the Grand Junction near Stafford, and the Caldon See also:

• CANAL
• CANAL (from Lat. canalis, " channel " and " kennel " being doublets of the word)

canal running eastward from the Potteries into the Churnet Valley . See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

Population and See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

Administration.—The area of the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient county is 749,602 acres, with a population in 1891 of 1,083,424; and in 1901 of 1,234,506 . The area of the administrative county is 744,984 acres .

Staffordshire contains five hundreds, each having two divisions . The municipal boroughs are: in the southern industrial district, See also:

• SMETHWICK

Smethwick (pop . 54,539), Walsall (86,430), Wednesbury (26,554), West Bromwich (65,175), Wolverhampton (94,187); in the northern industrial district, Newcastle-under-Lyme (19,914), and the several formerly See also:

• SEPARATE

separate boroughs amalgamated under the rr Potteries Federation " See also:

• SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)

Scheme (1908) under the name of Stoke-on-Trent (q.v.); elsewhere, Burton-upon-Trent (50,386), Lich-See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field (7902), Stafford (20,895), Tamworth (7271) . Burton, See also:

• HANLEY

Hanley, Smethwick, Walsall, West Bromwich and Wolverhampton are county boroughs; Lichfield is a See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city, and Stafford is the county town . The See also:

• URBAN
• URBAN (Urbanus)

urban districts are—in the southern industrial district, Amblecote (3218), See also:

• BILSTON

Bilston (24,034), See also:

• BRIERLEY, BENJAMIN (1825–1896)

Brierley See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

Hill (12,042), Coseley (22,219), Darlaston (15,395), See also:

• HANDSWORTH

Handsworth (52,921), See also:

• HEATH
• HEATH, BENJAMIN (1704-1766)
• HEATH, WILLIAM (1737—1814)

Heath Town or Wednesfield Heath (9441), See also:

• PERRY
• PERRY (from Fr. Moire, from poire, a pear)
• PERRY, MATTHEW CALBRAITH (1794–1858)
• PERRY, OLIVER HAZARD (1785-1819)

Perry See also:

• BAR
• BAR (0. Fr. barre, Late Lat. barra, origin unknown)
• BAR, CONFEDERATION OF
• BAR, FRANCOIS DE (1538-1606)
• BAR, THE

Bar (2348), See also:

• QUARRY

Quarry Bank (6912), Rowley Regis (34,670), Sedgley (15,951), See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

Short Heath (3531), Tettenhall (5337), See also:

• TIPTON

Tipton (30,543), Wednesfield (4883), Willenhall (18,515); in the northern industrial district, See also:

• AUDLEY, or AUDELEY, SIR JAMES (c. 1316-1386)
• AUDLEY, THOMAS AUDLEY, BARON (c. 1488-1544)

Audley (13,683), Biddulph (6247), See also:

• FENTON
• FENTON, EDWARD (d. 1603)
• FENTON, ELIJAH (1683-1730)
• FENTON, LAVINIA (1708-1760)
• FENTON, SIR GEOFFREY (c. 1539-1608)

Fenton (22,742), Kidsgrove (4552), Smallthorne (6263), Tunstall (19,492), Wolstanton (24,995); elsewhere, See also:

• BROWNHILLS

Brownhills (15,252), Cannock (23,974), Leek (15,484), Rugeley (4447), Stone (568o), Uttoxeter (5133) . Among other towns may be mentioned Abbots See also:

• BROMLEY
• BROMLEY, SIR THOMAS (1530-1587)

Bromley (1318), Brewood (2535), Cheadle (5186) and See also:

• ECCLESHALL

Eccleshall (3799) . The county is in the See also:

• OXFORD
• OXFORD, EARLS OF
• OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
• OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
• OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
• OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
• OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST

Oxford See also:

• CIRCUIT (Lat. circuitus, from circum, round, and ire, to go)

circuit, and assizes are held at Stafford . It has one See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court of See also:

• QUARTER (through Fr. from Lat. quartarius, fourth part)

quarter sessions, and is divided into 23 See also:

• PETTY, SIR WILLIAM (1623-1687)

petty sessional divisions . The boroughs of Hanley, Lichfield, Newcastle-under-Lyme, Walsall, West Bromwich and Wolverhampton have separate commissions of the See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace and courts of quarter sessions, and those of See also:

• BURSLEM

Burslem, Burton, See also:

• LONGTON

Longton, Stafford, Stoke-upon-Trent, Smethwick, Tamworth and Wednesbury have separate commissions of the peace only . The total number of See also:

• CIVIL

civil parishes is 277 . The county is almost wholly in the See also:

• DIOCESE (formed on Fr. diocese, in place of the Eng. form diocess—current until the 19th century—from Lat. dioecesis, med. Lat. variant diocesis, from Gr. Swucio•tc, " house-keeping," " administration," &miceas, " to keep house," " to govern ")

diocese of Lichfield, but has small parts in those of See also:

• WORCESTER
• WORCESTER, EARLS AND MARQUESSES OF
• WORCESTER, JOHN TIPTOFT, EARL OF (1427—1470)
• WORCESTER, WILLIAM (c. 1415-c. 1482)

Worcester, See also:

• HEREFORD

Hereford, See also:

• SOUTHWELL
• SOUTHWELL, ROBERT (c. 1561-1595)

Southwell and See also:

• CHESTER
• CHESTER, EARLS OF

Chester; it contains 348 ecclesiastical parishes or districts, wholly or in part . Staffordshire is divided into seven See also:

• PARLIAMENTARY

parliamentary divisions each returning one member—Burton, Hands-worth, Kingswinford, Leek, Lichfield, North-West and West .

The parliamentary See also:

• BOROUGH (A.S. nominative burh, dative byrig, which produces some of the place-names ending in bury, a sheltered or fortified place, the camp of refuge of a tribe, the stronghold of a chieftain; cf. Ger. Burg, Fr. bor, bore, bourg)
• BOROUGH [BURROUGH, BURROWE, BORROWS], STEVEN (1525–1584)

borough of Wolverhampton returns a member for each of three divisions, and the boroughs of Hanley, Newcastle-under-Lyme, Stafford, Stoke-upon-Trent, Walsall, Wednesbury and West Bromwich each return one member . See also:

• HISTORY

History.—The district which is now Stafford- shire was invaded in the 6th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century by a tribe of Angles who settled about Tamworth, after- wards famous as a See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence of the Mercian See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings, and later made their way beyond Can- nock Chase, through the passages afforded by the Sow valley in the north and Watling See also:

• STREET
• STREET, GEORGE EDMUND (1824-1881)

Street in the south . The district was frequently overrun by the Danes, who in 910 were defeated at Tettenhall, and again at Wednesfield, and it was after See also:

• EDWARD

Edward the See also:

• ELDER (0. Eng. ellarn; Ger. Holunder; Fr. sureau)
• ELDER (Gr. 1rpev(3iTepos)

Elder had finally expelled the Northmen from See also:

• MERCIA

Mercia that the See also:

• LAND

land of the south Mercians was formed into a shire around the fortified See also:

• BURGH [BOURKE, BURKE]
• BURGH, HUBERT DE (d. 1243)

burgh which he had made in 914 at Stafford . The county is first mentioned by name in the Anglo-Saxon See also:

• CHRONICLE (from Gr. Xpovos, time)

Chronicle in 1or6 when it was harried by Canute . The resistance which Staffordshire opposed to the Conqueror was punished by ruthless harrying and See also:

• CONFISCATION (from Lat. confiscare, to consign to the fiscus, or imperial treasury)

confiscation, and the Domesday Survey supplies See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence of the depopulated and impovejished See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition of the county, which at this See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period contained but 64 mills, whereas See also:

• DORSET, EARLS, MARQUESSES AND DUKES OF

Dorset, a smaller county, contained 272 . No Englishman was allowed to retain estates of any importance after the See also:

• CONQUEST

Conquest, and the chief See also:

• LAY

lay See also:

• PRO

pro- prietors at the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of the survey were See also:

• EARL

Earl See also:

• ROGER (d. 1139)
• ROGER (d. 1181)

Roger of Mont- gomery; Earl See also:

• HUGH
• HUGH, ST

Hugh of Chester; See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry de See also:

• FERRERS
• FERRERS, LAURENCE SHIRLEY, 4TH EARL (1720-1760)

Ferrers, who held Burton and Tutbury castles; See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert de Stafford; See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William Fitz- Ansculf, afterwards created first See also:

• BARON
• BARON (1835-1895)
• BARON, MICHEL (1653—1729)

Baron Dudley; See also:

• RICHARD
• RICHARD (d. 1184)
• RICHARD, FRANCOIS MARIE BENJAMIN (18,9-1908)
• RICHARD, HENRY (1812-1888)
• RICHARD, ST

Richard Forester; Rainald Bailgiol; See also:

• RALPH (d. 1122)

Ralph Fitz See also:

• HUBERT (HUCBERTUS, HUGBERTUS), ST (d. 727)

Hubert and See also:

• NIGEL (d. 1168)

Nigel de Stafford . The Ferrers and Staffords See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long continued to See also:

• PLAY

play a leading part in Staffordshire history, and Turstin, who held See also:

• DRAYTON, MICHAEL (1563-1631)

Drayton under William Fitz Ansculf, was the ancestor of the Bassets of Drayton . At the time of the survey Burton was the only monastery in Staffordshire, but See also:

• FOUNDATIONS

foundations of canons existed at Stafford, Wolverhampton, Tettenhall, Lichfield, Penkridge and Tamworth, while others at Hanbury, Stone, Strensall and Trentham had been either destroyed or absorbed before the Conquest . The five hundreds of Staffordshire have existed since the Domesday Survey, and the boundaries have remained practically unchanged . Edingale, however, was then included under Derbyshire, and Tirley under Shropshire, while Cheswardine, Chipnall and part of Bobbington, now in Shropshire, were assessed under Staffordshire . The hundreds of Offfow and Totmonslow had their names from sepulchral monuments of Saxon commanders . The shire court for Staffordshire was held at Stafford, and the assizes at Wolverhampton, Stafford and Lichfield, until by See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act of See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament of 1J58 the assizes and sessions were fixed at Stafford, where they are still held .

In the 13th century Staffordshire formed the archdeaconry of Stafford, including the deaneries of Stafford, Newcastle, See also:

• ALTON

Alton and Leek, Tamworth and Tutbury, Lapley and Creigull . In 1535 the deanery of Newcastle was combined with that of Stone, the deaneries remaining otherwise unaltered until 1866, when they were increased to twenty . The archdeaconry of Stoke-on-Trent was formed in 1878, and in 1896 the deaneries were brought to their See also:

• PRESENT

present number; the archdeaconry of Stafford comprising Handsworth, Himley, Lichfield, Penkridge, Rugeley, Stafford, Tamworth, Trysull, Tutbury, Walsall, Wednesbury, West Bromwich and Wolverhampton; the See also:

• ARCH
• ARCH, JOSEPH (1826– )

arch-deaconry of Stoke-on-Trent comprising Alstonfield, Cheadle, Eccleshall, Hanley, Leek, Newcastle-under-Lyme, Stoke-on-Trent, Trentham and Uttoxeter . In the See also:

• WARS

wars of the reign of Henry III. most of the great families of Staffordshire, including the Bassets and the Ferrers, supported See also:

• SIMON, ABRAHAM (1622-1692)
• SIMON, JULES FRANCOIS (1814–1896)
• SIMON, RICHARD (1638–1712)
• SIMON, SIR JOHN (1816–1904)
• SIMON, THOMAS (c. 1623-1665)

Simon de See also:

• MONTFORT
• MONTFORT, SIMON DE, EARL OF LEICESTER (d. 1265)

Montfort, and in 1263 See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

Prince Edward ravaged all the lands of Earl Robert Ferrers in this county and destroyed Tutbury See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

Castle . During the Wars of the See also:

• ROSES, WARS OF THE

Roses, Eccleshall was for a time the headquarters of See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

Queen See also:

• MARGARET
• MARGARET (1283–1290)
• MARGARET (1353-1412)
• MARGARET (1489–1541)
• MARGARET, ST (c. 1045–1093)
• MARGARET, ST (SANCTA MARGARITA)

Margaret, and in 1459 the Lancastrians were defeated at Blore Heath . In the Civil See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War of the 17th century Staffordshire supported the parliamentary cause and was placed under See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord See also:

• BROOKE, FRANCES (1724-1789)
• BROOKE, FULKE OREVILLE, 1ST BARON (1554-1628)
• BROOKE, HENRY (c. 1703-1783)
• BROOKE, SIR JAMES (1803-1868)
• BROOKE, STOPFORD AUGUSTUS (1832– )

Brooke . Tamworth, Lichfield and Stafford, however, were garrisoned for See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles, and Lichfield See also:

• CATHEDRAL

Cathedral withstood a See also:

• SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege in 1643, in which See also:

• YEAR

year the Royalists were victorious at See also:

• HOPTON, RALPH HOPTON, BARON (1598-1652)

Hopton Heath, but lost their See also:

• LEADER, BENJAMIN WILLIAMS (1831– )

leader, the earl of See also:

• NORTHAMPTON
• NORTHAMPTON, ASSIZE OF
• NORTHAMPTON, EARLS AND MARQUESSES OF

Northampton . In 1745 the See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

Young Pretender advanced as far as Leek in this county . A large proportion of Staffordshire in See also:

• NORMAN
• NORMAN, SIR HENRY WYLIE (1826-1904)

Norman times was See also:

• WASTE (O. Fr. wast, guast, gast, gaste; Lat. vastus, vast, desolate)

waste and uncultivated ground, but the moorlands of the north afforded excellent pasturage for See also:

• SHEEP
• SHEEP (from the Anglo-Saxon sceap, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; e.g. the German Schaf)

sheep, and in the 14th century Wolverhampton was a See also:

• STAPLE

staple town for See also:

• WOOL, WORSTED AND WOOLLEN MANUFACTURES

wool . In the 13th century mines of coal and iron are mentioned at Walsall, and ironstone was procured at Sedgley and Eccleshall . In the 15th century both coal and iron were extensively worked . Thus in the 17th century the north of the county yielded coal, lead, copper, See also:

• MARBLE (from Lat. marmor, Gr. pApµapos, shining stone)

marble and millstones, while the See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich meadows maintained great dairies; the woodlands of the south supplied See also:

• TIMBER

timber, See also:

• SALT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zout, Ger. Salz, Scand. salt; cognate with Gr. &Xs, Lat. sal)
• SALT, SIR TITUS, BART

salt, black marble and See also:

• ALABASTER
• ALABASTER, or ARBLASTIER, WILLIAM (1567-1640)

alabaster; the clothing See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade flourished about Tamworth, Burton, and Newcastle-under-Lyme; and See also:

• HEMP (in O. Eng. henep, cf. Dutch hennep, Ger. Hanf , cognate with Gr. Kavval3er, Lat. cannabis)

hemp and See also:

• FLAX

flax were grown all over the county .

The potteries are of remote origin, but were improved in the 17th century by two See also:

• BROTHERS, RICHARD (1757-1824)

brothers, the Elers, from See also:

• AMSTERDAM
• AMSTERDAM (NEw AMSTERDAM)

Amsterdam, who introduced the method of salt See also:

• GLAZING

glazing, and in the 18th century they were rendered famous by the achievements of See also:

• JOSIAH (Heb. yo' shiyydhu, perhaps " Yah [weh] supports ")

Josiah See also:

• WEDGWOOD, JOSIAH (1730-1795)

Wedgwood . Staffordshire was represented by two members in the parliament of 1290, and in 1295 the borough of Stafford also returned two members . Lichfield was represented by two members in 1304, and Newcastle-under-Lyme in 1355 . Tamworth returned two members in 1562 . Under the Reform Act of 1832 the county returned four members in four divisions, and the boroughs of Stoke-on-Trent and Wolverhampton were represented by two members each, and Walsall by one member . Under the act of 1868 the county returned six members in three divisions and Wednesbury returned one member . Antiquities.—See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

Early See also:

• BRITISH

British remains exist in various parts of the county; and a large number of barrows have been opened in which human bones, urns, fibulae, stone hammers, armlets,pins, pottery and other articles have been found . In the neighbourhood of Wetton, near Dovedale, on the site called Borough Holes, no fewer than twenty-three barrows were opened, and British ornaments have been found in Needwood Forest, the district between the lower Dove and the See also:

• ANGLE (from the Lat. angulus, a corner, a diminutive, of which the primitive form, angus, does not occur in Latin; cognate are the Lat. angere, to compress into a bend or to strangle, and the Gr. ayKOS, a bend; both connected with the Aryan root ank-, to

angle of the Trent to the south . Several See also:

• ROMAN

Roman camps also remain, as at See also:

• KNAVE (O.E. cnafa, cognate with Ger. Knabe, boy)

Knave's Castle on Watling Street, near Brownhills . The most noteworthy churches in the county are found in the large towns, and are described under their respective headings . Such are the beautiful cathedral of Lichfield, and the churches of Eccleshall, Leek, Penkridge St See also:

• MARY
• MARY (1457-1482)
• MARY (1496-1533)
• MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS

Mary's at Stafford, Tamworth, Tutbury, and St See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

Peter's at Wolverhampton . Checkley, 4 M. south of Cheadle, shows See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good Norman and Early See also:

• ENGLISH

English details, and there are carved stones of pre-Norman date in the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church-yard .

Armitage, south-east of Rugeley, has a church showing good Norman work . Brewood church, 4 M. south-west of Penkridge, is Early English . This See also:

• VILLAGE

village gives name to an ancient forest . Audley church, north-west of Newcastle-under-Lyme, is a good example of Early Decorated work . Remains of ecclesiastical foundations are generally slight, but those of the Cistercian See also:

• ABBEY (Lat. abbatia; from Syr. abba, father)
• ABBEY, EDWIN AUSTIN (1852– )

abbey of Croxden, north-west of Uttoxeter, are See also:

• FINE

fine Early English, and at Ranton, west of Stafford, the Perpendicular See also:

• TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

tower and other portions of an Augustinian See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation remain . Among See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval domestic remains may be mentioned the castles of Stafford, Tamworth and . Tutbury, with that of Chartley, north-east of Stafford, which See also:

• DATES

dates from the 13th century . Here is also a timbered See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

hall, in the See also:

• PARK (Fr. part; Ital. parco; Sp. Marque; O.Eng. pearroc; connected with Ger. pferch, fold, and pfarrei, district, translating med. Lat. parochia, parish)
• PARK, EDWARDS AMASA (1808–1900)
• PARK, MUNGO (1771-1806?)

park of which a breed of See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)