See also:

• STAIR (0. Eng. stagger, step, from stigan, to climb, cf. Ger. steigen; the root is also seen in " stile " and " stirrup ")
• STAIR, JAMES DALRYMPLE

STAIR (0. Eng. stagger, step, from stigan, to climb, cf. Ger. steigen; the See also:

• ROOT (late O.E. rot, adopted from Scand., cf. Norw. and Swed. rot, Dan. rod; the true O.E. word was wyrt, plant, represented in Ger. Wurz or Wurzel; the ultimate root is the same in both words, and is seen in Lat. radix)
• ROOT, ELIHU (1845– )

root is also seen in " See also:

• STILE

stile " and " See also:

• STIRRUP (O. Eng. slirap, stigrap, M. Eng. stirop,styrope,&c.,i.e. a mounting or climbing-rope; O. Eng. stigan, to mount, climb, and rap, rope, cf. Du. stijbeugel, literally mounting bow or loop, Ger. Steigbugel)

stirrup ")  , in See also:

• ARCHITECTURE (Lat. architectura, from the Gr. ap)(LTEKrwv, a master-builder)

architecture, the See also:

• TERM

term (Fr. escalier) given to a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of steps rising one above the other, either in one straight See also:

• LINE

line or with returns, or See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round a See also:

• NEWEL (O. Fr. nouel or noel, modern noyau, properly a kernel, from Lat. nux, nut; other foreign equivalents are Ital. albero, Ger. Spindel)

newel, or open well-hole, either square, rectangular, circular or elliptical . A series of continuous steps is called a " See also:

• FLIGHT

flight." The See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary See also:

• STAIRCASE

staircase of two flights with landing between is known as a " pair "; " two pair back " therefore would be the See also:

• ROOM

room at the back on the second See also:

• FLOOR (from O. Eng. flor, a word common to many Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch vloer, and Ger. Flur, a field, in the feminine, and a floor, masculine)

floor; in houses where the space occupied by the staircase is very limited there is no landing, but the stairs See also:

• WIND
• WIND (a common Teut. word, cognate with Skt. vats, Lat. ventus, cf. " weather," to be of course distinguished from to " wind," to coil or twist, O.Eng. windan, cf. "wander," "wend," &c.)

wind round the corner See also:

• POST

post or newel, and are known as " winders." The steps of a See also:

• STAIR (0. Eng. stagger, step, from stigan, to climb, cf. Ger. steigen; the root is also seen in " stile " and " stirrup ")
• STAIR, JAMES DALRYMPLE

stair consist of " tread " and "riser," the respective dimensions of which vary according to the importance of the staircase and the space which has been given to it; in See also:

• EXTERNAL

external flights or stairs, such as those at See also:

• PERSEPOLIS

Persepolis, the tread is so wide and the riser so small in height as to allow of a See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

horse ascending, and generally in See also:

• GARDEN (from O. Fr. garden, mod. Fr. jardin; this, like our words " garth," a paddock attached to a building, and " yard," comes from a Teutonic word for an enclosure which appears in Gothic as gards and O. H. Ger. gart, cf. Dutch gaarde and Ger. .garten)

garden terraces there is the same slight rise . For the stairs of a See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace or municipal See also:

• BUILDING

building, 14 in. tread and 5 in. riser would be required, but as a See also:

• RULE

rule 12 in. tread and 6 in. riser is adopted . In the See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone staircase in the palace at See also:

• CNOSSUS

Cnossus in See also:

• CRETE (Gr. Kp;rrrr; Turk. Kirid, Ital. Candia)

Crete, the treads were 18 in. and the risers 51 in . In ordinary houses 9 in. or to in. is generally given for the tread, and 62 in. to 7 in. for the riser . In the stairs leading to lofts, and in yachts or steamers, the ascent is much steeper, having sometimes to in. rise and 5 in. tread . The series of stairs provided to ascend from one floor to another when enclosed with walls is known as a staircase (q.v.) . Unenclosed flights of steps placed in front of a building are known by the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French term See also:

• PERRON (a French word meaning properly a "large stone," Ital. Petrone, from Lat. Petra, Fr. pierre, stone)
• PERRON, PIERRE CUILLIER (1755-1834)

Perron (q.v.), usually applied to a structure like the horseshoe staircase of the palace at See also:

• FONTAINEBLEAU

Fontainebleau, the stairs of which are carried on a support See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent of the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main See also:

• WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
• WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

wall of the palace . From this point of view the See also:

• GREAT

great return flight of steps at Persepolis might be looked upon as a staircase, because on one See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side the steps are all embedded in the main wall of the See also:

• PLATFORM (Fr. plateforme, i.e. ground plan)

platform . Belonging to the same type are the great flights of steps which led to the successive stages of the Ziggurats or See also:

• ASSYRIAN

Assyrian See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage towers; those in front of the See also:

• PROPYLAEA (Ilp6sruXov, 1pol- mala)

Propylaea, leading to the See also:

• ACROPOLIS (Gr. aKpos, top, a6)Xts, city)

Acropolis at See also:

• ATHENS
• ATHENS ['AN vat, Athenae, modem colloquial Greek `Ath va]

Athens; the stairs leading to the Propylaea (150 ft. in width) at See also:

• BAALBEK
• BAALBEK (anc. Heliopolis)

Baalbek; others in See also:

• PALMYRA

Palmyra; and generally all the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman temples . In See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval times should be included the great flights of steps which stood in front of the cathedrals of See also:

• EUROPE

Europe, some of which, as those at Le See also:

• PUY

Puy in See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, Ste Gudule at See also:

• BRUSSELS (Fr. Bruxelles, Flem. Brussel)

Brussels, the See also:

• CATHEDRAL

cathedral at See also:

• ERFURT

Erfurt in See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany, S . Miniato at See also:

• FLORENCE
• FLORENCE (Ital. Firenze, Lat. Florentia)

Florence in See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy, and others, still exist, not having yet been buried by the See also:

• GRADUAL (Med. Lat. gradualis, of or belonging to steps or degrees; gradus, step)

gradual raising of the ground-level in great towns; also the immense flights of steps in See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome, leading up to the Trinita del See also:

• MONTE

Monte and the Capitol, and those found in all towns built on hills, when an architectural See also:

• COMPOSITION
• COMPOSITION (Lat. compositio, from componere, to put together)

composition has guided their See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan .

In See also:

• EGYPTIAN

Egyptian architecture inclined planes took the See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place of stairs, as in the sloping corridors of the Great See also:

• PYRAMID

Pyramid, the descent leading to the See also:

• TEMPLE
• TEMPLE, FREDERICK (1821-1902)
• TEMPLE, RICHARD
• TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART
• TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, BART

temple of the See also:

• SPHINX (Gr. Q¢lyyea', to draw tight, squeeze)

Sphinx, and the approaches to the two temples of See also:

• DEIR, or DEIR

Deir el-Bahri, one of them the See also:

• OLDEST

oldest temple found . Inclined planes were also provided in front of some of the See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek temples, where the steps of the See also:

• STYLOBATE (Gr. rrf Xos, a column, and 00. ns, a base)

stylobate were of great height; similar contrivances were adopted by the Mahommedans in See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt to ascend the See also:

• MINARET (from the Arabic mandrat ; manar or miner is Arabic for a lighthouse, a tower on which liar, fire, is lit)

minaret of See also:

• IBN

Ibn Tulan and el Hakim; in the great circular See also:

• TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

tower at See also:

• AMBOISE
• AMBOISE, GEORGES

Amboise, and in the fallen campanile of St See also:

• MARK
• MARK, CARL (1858– )
• MARK, GOSPEL OF ST
• MARK, ST

Mark's, See also:

• VENICE
• VENICE (continued)
• VENICE (Venezia)

Venice . (R . P .