STEFAN See also:

• STEFAN STAMBOLOV (1854-1895)

STAMBOLOV (1854-1895)  , Bulgarian statesman, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born on the 31st of See also:

• JANUARY

January 1854 at See also:

• TRNOVO, or TIRNOVO

Trnovo, the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient Bulgarian See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital; where his See also:

• FATHER

father kept a small See also:

• INN

inn . Under See also:

• TURKISH

Turkish See also:

• RULE

rule it was impossible to obtain a liberal See also:

• EDUCATION

education in See also:

• BULGARIA
• BULGARIA, EASTERN

Bulgaria, and See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young See also:

• STAMBOLOV, STEFAN (1854-1895)

Stambolov, after attending the communal school in his native See also:

• TOWN

town. was apprenticed to a tailor . During the politico-religious agitation which preceded the See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment of the Bulgarian exarchate in 187o, a number of Bulgarian youths were sent to See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia to be educated at the expense of the Imperial See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government; among them was Stambolov, who was entered at the See also:

• SEMINARY (Lat. seminarium, from semen, seed)

seminary of See also:

• ODESSA

Odessa in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to prepare for the priesthood . His wayward and See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent nature, however, rebelled against the discipline of school See also:

• LIFE

life; he was expelled from the seminary on the ground of his association with Nihilists, and, making his way to See also:

• RUMANIA
• RUMANIA, or ROUMANIA [Romdnia]

Rumania, he entered into See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close relations with the Bulgarian revolutionary committees at See also:

• BUCHAREST (Bucuresci)

Bucharest, See also:

• GIURGEVO (Giurgiu)

Giurgevo and Galati . In 1875, though only twenty years of STAMBOLOV See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age, he led an insurrectionary See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement at Nova Zagora in Bulgaria, and in the following See also:

• YEAR

year organized another rising at Orekhovitza . In the autumn of 1876 he took See also:

• PART

part as a volunteer in the Servian See also:

• CAMPAIGN

campaign against See also:

• TURKEY

Turkey, and subsequently joined the Bulgarian irregular contingent with the See also:

• RUSSIAN

Russian See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army in the See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war of 1877-78 . After the See also:

• SIGNATURE (through Fr. from Lat. signature, signare, to sign, signum, mark, token, sign)

signature of the See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin Treaty in 1878 Stambolov settled at Trnovo, where he set up as a lawyer, and was soon elected See also:

• DEPUTY (through the Fr. from a Late Lat. use of deputare, to cut off, allot; putare having the original sense of to trim, prune)

deputy for his native town in the Sobranye . His force of See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character, his undoubted patriotism, his brilliant eloquence, and his disinclination to accept See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office—a rare characteristic in a Bulgarian politician—combined to render him one of the most influential men in Bulgaria . The overthrow of the Zankoff See also:

• MINISTRY

ministry in 1884 was largely due to his See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence, and in that year he was nominated to the See also:

• PRESIDENCY

presidency of the Sobranye . He held this important office for the next two years, a See also:

• CRITICAL (in alphabetical order of authors)

critical See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period in the See also:

• NATIONAL

national See also:

• HISTORY

history . The revolution of See also:

• PHILIPPOPOLIS (Bulgarian, Plovdiv; Turkish, Felibe)

Philippopolis, which brought about the See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

union of Bulgaria with eastern See also:

• RUMELIA, or ROUMELIA (Turkish Rumili, " the land of the Romans," i.e. the East Roman or Byzantine empire)

Rumelia, took See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place on the 18th of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1885, and it was largely owing to Stambolov's See also:

• ADVICE (Fr. avis, from Lat. ad, to, and visum, viewed)

advice that See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

Prince See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander decided to identify himself with the movement . The war with See also:

• SERVIA

Servia followed, and Stambolov, notwithstanding his See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official position, served as an See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary soldier in the Bulgarian army .

After the See also:

• ABDUCTION (Lat. abductio, abducere, to lead away)

abduction of Prince Alexander by a See also:

• BAND

band of military conspirators (Aug . 21, 1886) Stambolov, who was then at Trnovo, acted with characteristic promptitude and courage . In his capacity as See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president of the Sobranye he established a loyal government at Trnovo, issued a manifesto to the nation, nominated his See also:

• BROTHER

brother-in-See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law, See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

General Mutkurov, See also:

• COMMANDER

commander-inchief of the army, and invited the prince to return to Bulgaria . The consequence of these See also:

• MEASURES

measures was the downfall of the provisional government set up by the Russophil party at See also:

• SOFIA (Bulgarian Sredetz, the middle town, a name now little used)

Sofia . On the See also:

• ABDICATION (Lat. abdicatio, disowning, renouncing, from ab, from, and dicare, to declare, to proclaim as not belonging to one)

abdication of Prince Alexander (See also:

• SEPT

Sept . 8) Stambolov became See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of a See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council of regency, with Mutkurov and Karavelov as his colleagues; the latter, however, soon made way for Jivkov, a friend and See also:

• FELLOW

fellow townsman of the first See also:

• REGENT (from Lat. regere, to rule)

regent . Invested with supreme See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power at this perilous juncture, Stambolov displayed all the qualities of an able diplomatist and an energetic ruler . He succeeded in frustrating the See also:

• MISSION

mission of General Kaulbars, whom the See also:

• TSAR, or CZAR

Tsar despatched as See also:

• SPECIAL

special See also:

• COMMISSIONER

commissioner to Bulgaria; in suppressing a rising organized by Nabokov, a Russian officer, at See also:

• BURGAS (sometimes written Burghaz, Bourgas or Burgas, and, in the middle ages, Pyrgos)

Burgas; in quelling military revolts at Silistra and See also:

• RUSTCHUK (Bulg. Russe); the capital of the department of Rustchuk, Bulgaria, on the right bank of the Danube, where it receives the E. Lem. Pop. (r906) 33

Rustchuk; in holding elections for the See also:

• GRAND

Grand Sobranye, despite the See also:

• INTERDICT (Lat. interdictum, from interdicere, to forbid by decree, lit., interpose by speech)

interdict of Russia, and in securing eventually the See also:

• ELECTION
• ELECTION (from Lat. eligere, to pick out)

election of Prince See also:

• FERDINAND
• FERDINAND (1577-1650)
• FERDINAND (COLOGNE)
• FERDINAND (Span. Fernando or Hernando; Ital. Ferdinando or Ferrante; in O. H. Ger. Herinand, i.e. " brave in the host," from O. H. G. Heri, "army," A. S. here, Mod. Ger. Heer, and the Goth. nan]jan, " to dare ")
• FERDINAND, MAXIMILIAN KARL LEOPOLD MARIA

Ferdinand of See also:

• COBURG

Coburg to the vacant See also:

• THRONE

throne (See also:

• JULY

July 7, 1887) . Under the newly-elected ruler he became See also:

• PRIME, PRIMER AND PRIMING

prime See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister and minister of the interior, and continued in office for nearly seven years (see BULGARIA) . The aim of his See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign policy was to obtain the recognition of Prince Ferdinand, and to win the support of the Triple See also:

• ALLIANCE

Alliance and See also:

• GREAT

Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain against Russian interference in Bulgaria . In his dealings with Turkey, the suzerain power, he displayed considerable acuteness; he gained the confidence of the See also:

• SULTAN (an Arabic word meaning " victorious " or " a ruler," sultat, dominion)

Sultan, whom he flattered and occasionally menaced; and aided by the ambassadors of the friendly See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers, he succeeded in obtaining on two occasions important concessions for the Bulgarian episcopate in See also:

• MACEDONIA

Macedonia (see MACEDONIA), while securing the tacit See also:

• SANCTION (Lat. sanctia, from sancire, to decree or ordain)

sanction of the See also:

• PORTE, THE SUBLIME (Arab. babi-'ali, the high gate, through the French translation la sublime porte)

Porte for the technically illegal situation in the principality . With the assistance of See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• AUSTRIA, UPPER (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

Austria-See also:

• HUNGARY
• HUNGARY (Hungarian Magyarorszdg)

Hungary and Great Britain he negotiated large foreign loans which enabled him to develop the military strength of Bulgaria .

Under Prince Ferdinand he pursued the same despotic methods of government which had characterized his See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration during the regency; See also:

• MAJOR
• MAJOR (Lat. for " greater ")
• MAJOR (or MAIR), JOHN (1470-1550)

Major Panitza, who had organized a revolutionary See also:

• CONSPIRACY (from Lat. conspirare, literally to breathe together, to agree, combine, and especially to form a secret plot)

conspiracy, was tried by See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court-See also:

• MARTIAL (MARCUS VALERIUS MARTIALIS)

martial and shot at Sofia in 1890; four of his See also:

• POLITICAL

political opponents were hanged at Sofia in the following year, and Karavelov was sentenced to five years' imprisonment . His tyrannical disposition was increased by the assassination of his colleague, Beltchev, in 1891, and of Dr Vlkovitch, the Bulgarian representative at See also:

• CONSTANTINOPLE
• CONSTANTINOPLE, COUNCILS OF

Constantinople, in 1892, and eventually proved intolerable to Prince Ferdinand, who compelled him to resign in May 1894 . He was now exposed to the vengeance of his enemies, and subi cted 'n various indignities and persecutions; he was refused permission to leave the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country, and his See also:

• PROPERTY

property was confiscated . On the 15th of July 1895 he was attacked and barbarously mutilated by a band of Macedonian assassins in the streets of Sofia, and succumbed to his injuries three days later . His funeral, which was attended by the representatives of the powers at Sofia, was interrupted by disgraceful riots, and an effort was made to perpetrate an See also:

• OUTRAGE (through O. Fr. ultrage, oltrage, oultrage, from Lat. ultra, beyond, exceeding, cf. Ital. oltraggio; the meaning has been influenced by connexion with " rage," anger)

outrage on his remains . No See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt was made to See also:

• ARREST (Fr. arrester, arreeter, to stop or stay)

arrest his murderers; two persons were, however, arraigned for the See also:

• CRIME (Lat. crimen, accusation)

crime in 1896, and subjected to almost nominal penalties . U . D .