KARL See also:

• FRIEDRICH, JOHANN (1836— )

FRIEDRICH VON See also:

• KARL FRIEDRICH VON STEINMETZ (1796-1877)

STEINMETZ (1796-1877)  , Prussian See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field-See also:

• MARSHAL (med. Lat. marescalcus, from O.H.Ger. marah, horse, and scalc, servant)

marshal, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• EISENACH

Eisenach on the 27th of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1796 and educated at the See also:

• CADET (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. capitettum, a diminutive of caput, head, through the Provencal form capdet)

cadet school of See also:

• STOLP, or STOLPE

Stolp in See also:

• POMERANIA (German, Pommern)

Pomerania from 1807 to 1811, in the midst of the misery and poverty caused by the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French occupation . At the outbreak of the See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War of Liberation he and his See also:

• ELDER (0. Eng. ellarn; Ger. Holunder; Fr. sureau)
• ELDER (Gr. 1rpev(3iTepos)

elder See also:

• BROTHER

brother made their way through the French posts to See also:

• BRESLAU (Polish Wraclaw)

Breslau, where, in spite of their poverty, they were at once appointed to the See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army, the elder as See also:

• ENSIGN (through the Fr. enseigne from the Latin plural insignia)

ensign on See also:

• PROBATION

probation, the younger to the substantive See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank of second See also:

• LIEUTENANT

lieutenant . After a vain See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to obtain a See also:

• TRANSFER (from Lat. transferre, to bear across, carry over)

transfer to the See also:

• BLUCHER, GEBHARD LEBERECHT VON (1742—1819)

Blucher Hussars, for which See also:

• REGIMENT (from Late Latin regimentum, rule, regere, to rule, govern, direct)

regiment he had conceived an intense boyish admiration when it was quartered at Stolp, he was ordered to See also:

• REPORT (O.Fr. report or raport, modern rapport, from O.Fr. reporter, mod. rap porter, Lat. reportare, to bring back, in poetical use only, of bringing back an account, news, &c.)

report himself to See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York, who treated him and the other See also:

• OFFICERS

officers sent from Breslau with coldness, until See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young See also:

• STEINMETZ, KARL FRIEDRICH VON (1796-1877)

Steinmetz asked " when he was to return to the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king who had sent him ?" The See also:

• BROTHERS, RICHARD (1757-1824)

brothers took See also:

• PART

part in the hardest fighting of the See also:

• CAMPAIGN

campaign of 1813, the elder being killed at See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig and the younger being more than once wounded . The See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short See also:

• HALT

halt on the See also:

• RHINE (Lat. Rhenus, Ger. Rhein, Fr. Rhin, Dutch Rhyn, or Rijn)

Rhine he utilized in improving his military and general See also:

• EDUCATION

education . In the battles in See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France he won the second class of the See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

Iron See also:

• CROSS

Cross . After the See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace he entered See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris but once, fearing to infringe upon the ten ducats that he saved monthly from his pay to send to his See also:

• MOTHER

mother . For the same See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason he held aloof from the pleasures of his more fortunate comrades . His avoidance of youthful excesses enabled him to overcome his earlier See also:

• BAD, BCD

bad See also:

• HEALTH

health and to acquire a See also:

• PHYSICAL

physical vigour which he kept to the end of his See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long career as a soldier . His See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character as well as his physique was strengthened by his Spartan way of See also:

• LIFE

life, but his See also:

• TEMPER (from Lat. temperare, to mingle or compound in due proportion, to qualify, rule, regulate, to be moderate, formed from tempos, time, fit or due season)

temper was naturally embittered by the circumstances which imposed this self-See also:

• RESTRAINT (from " to restrain," Lat. restringere, to hold back, prevent)

restraint . His poverty and want of See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence were the more obvious as he was, shortly after the See also:

• WARS

wars, assigned to the 2nd See also:

• FOOT

Foot See also:

• GUARDS, AND HOUSEHOLD TROOPS

Guards, stationed in See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin . He rigorously devoted himself to study and to the routine duties of his profession . From 182o to 1824 he studied with distinction at the General War See also:

• ACADEMY, GREEK
• ACADEMY, ROYAL

Academy, and was at the end of the course appointed to the topographical See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section of the general See also:

• STAFF (O. Eng. staef, cf. Du. staf, Ger. Stab, &c.; Icel. stafr meant also a written letter, and O. Eng. stafas, the letters of the alphabet; " stave," one of the thin pieces of wood of which a cask is made, is a doublet)

staff .

General von See also:

• MUFFLING, FRIEDRICH KARL FERDINAND, FREIHERR

Muffling reported of him that he was arrogant and that he resented " encouragement" —which he probably regarded as patronage—but that his ability would enable him to out-distance his comrades . Steinmetz was too poor to See also:

• MOUNT, WILLIAM SIDNEY (1807-1868)

mount himself on the small See also:

• ALLOWANCE (from "allow,' derived through 0. Fr. alouer from the two Lat. origins adlaudare, to praise, and allocare, to assign a place; so that the English word combined the general idea of "assigning with approval")

allowance granted to general staff officers, and had to remain with his regiment in consequence . But shortly after this his See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage to his See also:

• COUSIN (Fr. cousin, Ital. cugino, Late Lat. cosinus, perhaps a popular and familiar abbreviation of consobrinus, which has the same sense in classical Latin)
• COUSIN, JEAN (1500-1590)
• COUSIN, VICTOR (1792–1867)

cousin Julie, the daughter of Lieutenant-General K . F . F. von Steinmetz (1768-1837), not only tempered his fierce and resentful See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of mind, but in a measure improved his material prospects, for his See also:

• FATHER

father-in-See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law was generous to the young couple, and his See also:

• APPOINTMENT, POWER OF

appointment as See also:

• CAPTAIN (derived from Lat. ca put, head, through the Low Lat. capitanus)

captain at the Guard See also:

• LANDWEHR

Landwehr See also:

• DEPOT (from the Fr. depot, Lat. depositum, laid down; the French accent marks are usually dispensed with in English)

depot at See also:

• POTSDAM

Potsdam, near where the general lived, brought them into daily contact . His See also:

• BRIGADE (Fr. and Ger. brigade, Ital. brigata, Span. brigada; the English use of the word dates from the early 17th century)

brigade See also:

• COMMANDER

commander too, General von Roder, was an excellent soldier, and Steinmetz often spoke in later days of the thorough training he received at his hands . After this from about 1830 his regimental See also:

• WORK

work and his promotion went on without incident for several years in various garrisons, until in 1839 he became See also:

• MAJOR
• MAJOR (Lat. for " greater ")
• MAJOR (or MAIR), JOHN (1470-1550)

major and See also:

• BATTALION

battalion commander . In this position he had many See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official See also:

• DIFFERENCES, CALCULUS OF (Theory of Finite Differences)

differences with his immediate superiors, for he urged a strenuous war training for the troops, in See also:

• SEASON (0. Fr. seson, seison, mod. saison, Lat. satio, sowing time, the spring, from serere, to sow; in Late Lat. the word is found with its present meaning, the spring being considered as particularly the season of the year)

season and out of season, too vigorously for his more conservative comrades, but off See also:

• PARADE (Fr. parade, an adaptation from Ital. parada; cf. Span. parada, from Lat. parade, to prepare, equip, furnish)

parade his relations with all, thanks chiefly to the social gifts of his wife, were of the most pleasant character . In 1848 he was in command of a guard battalion during the disturbances in Berlin, but was not engaged, and soon found more active employment in the Danish War . At See also:

• SCHLESWIG (Dan. Slesvig)

Schleswig he so distinguished himself that See also:

• WRANGEL, FRIEDRICH HEINRICH ERNST, COUNT VON (1784–1877)
• WRANGEL, KARL GUSTAV VON (1613-1676)

Wrangel, the commander-in-See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief, told him that he had " decided the See also:

• BATTLE

battle." He distinguished himself again at See also:

• DUPPEL

Duppel, and See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

Prince See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William himself decorated him with the See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order pour le me rile on parade . For his campaign See also:

• JOURNALS

journals and letters see supplement to Milittir Wochenblatt for 1878 . On returning he was entrusted with the difficult command of the troops at See also:

• BRANDENBURG

Brandenburg during the sitting of a democratic popular See also:

• CONVENTION (Lat. conventio, an assembly or agreement, from convenire, to come together)
• CONVENTION, THE NATIONAL

convention at that See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place, and after this with the See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control of some troops that were known to be affected by the prevalent spirit of revolution .

At the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of the See also:

• OLMUTZ (Czech; Olomouc or Holomauc)

Olmutz-Bronnzell incident of 185o he was employed as military'See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor of See also:

• CASSEL
• CASSEL, or KASSEL

Cassel, and in 1851, becoming See also:

• COLONEL (derived either from Lat. column, Fr. colonne, column, or Lat. corona, a crown)

colonel commandant of the cadet school of Berlin, he at once set about the See also:

• REFORMATION
• REFORMATION, THE

reformation of the prevailing See also:

• SYSTEM

system of instruction, the defects of which he had openly condemned as See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early as 1820 . Though more than fifty years of See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age, he now learned Latin and See also:

• ENGLISH

English in order to be a more competent instructor . In 1854, after See also:

• FORTY

forty-one years of active service, he was promoted major-general . At See also:

• MAGDEBURG

Magdeburg, as at Berlin, his reforming zeal made him many enemies, and in See also:

• OCTOBER

October of this See also:

• YEAR

year he sustained a loss which almost unhinged his mind in the See also:

• DEATH

death of his youngest and only surviving See also:

• CHILD
• CHILD, FRANCIS JAMES (1825-1896)
• CHILD, L
• CHILD, LYDIA MARIA (1802-1880)
• CHILD, SIR FRANCIS (1642-1713)
• CHILD, SIR JOHN (d. 1690)
• CHILD, SIR JOSIAH (163o - 1699)

child, a girl of twenty-six . From Magdeburg he was removed to the command of a guard brigade at Berlin (1857), and thence almost immediately to a divisional command in the I . See also:

• CORPS (pronounced as in French, from which it is taken, being a late spelling of tors, from Lat. corpus, a body; cf. " corpse ")

Corps . Early in 1858 he was promoted lieutenant-general, and for the five years that he held this command he devoted himself particularly to acquiring knowledge of the See also:

• CAVALRY (Fr. cavalerie, Ger. Kavallerie or Reiterei, derived ultimately from late Lat. caballus, horse)

cavalry See also:

• ARM (a common Teutonic word; the Indo-European root is ar, to join or fit; cf. the Lat. armus, shoulder, and the plural word arma, weapons, Gr. apphs, joint, and the reduplicated apapilKSV, to join)

arm . About 1863, learning that von Bonin, his See also:

• SENIOR, NASSAU WILLIAM (1790-1864)

senior by date, but his junior in age and length of service, was about to be appointed to command the I . Corps, he meditated retirement, but the authorities at the same time as they appointed Bonin made Steinmetz commander of the II . Corps, and shortly afterwards, when the See also:

• CROWN

crown prince of See also:

• PRUSSIA
• PRUSSIA (Ger. Preussen; Lat. Borussia)

Prussia took over this See also:

• POST

post, commander of the V . Corps at See also:

• POSEN
• POSEN (Polish Poznan)

Posen . Shortly after this his wife died .

He was promoted general of See also:

• INFANTRY

infantry in 1864, and led the V . Corps to the war against See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• AUSTRIA, UPPER (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

Austria in 1866 . This was the See also:

• CHANCE (through the O. Fr. cheance, from the Late Lat. cadentia, things happening, from cadere, to fall out, happen; cf. " case ")

chance of his lifetime . His skilful and resolute leadership was displayed in his three battles, won on three successive days, of See also:

• NACHOD

Nachod, Skalitz and Schweinschadel (see SEVEN See also:

• WEEKS, EDWIN LORD (1849-1903)

WEEKS' WAR), and opened the way through the mountains in spite of the defeat of Steinmetz's See also:

• RIVAL

rival Bonin at See also:

• TRAUTENAU (Czech Trutnov)

Trautenau . In 1867, in his loneliness, the " See also:

• LION
• LION (Lat, leo, leonis; Gr. Mew)

Lion of Nachod," as he was popularly called, contracted a second marriage with Elise von Krosigk (who after his death married See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

Count See also:

• BRUHL
• BRUHL, HEINRICH, COUNT VON (1700-1763)

Bruhl) . He was now, for the first time in his life, a fairly wealthy See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man, having been awarded a See also:

• MONEY

money See also:

• GRANT (from A.-Fr. graunter, O. Fr. greanter for creanter, popular Lat. creantare, for credentare, to entrust, Lat. credere, to believe, trust)
• GRANT, ANNE (1755-1838)
• GRANT, CHARLES (1746-1823)
• GRANT, GEORGE MONRO (1835–1902)
• GRANT, JAMES (1822–1887)
• GRANT, JAMES AUGUSTUS (1827–1892)
• GRANT, ROBERT (1814-1892)
• GRANT, SIR ALEXANDER
• GRANT, SIR FRANCIS (1803-1878)
• GRANT, SIR JAMES HOPE (1808–1895)
• GRANT, SIR PATRICK (1804-1895)
• GRANT, U
• GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON (1822-1885)

grant for his brilliant services in 1866 . About this time he was elected a member of the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German See also:

• CONFEDERATION (Fr. confederation, Lat. confoederatio, from foedus, a league, foederare, to form a league)

Confederation See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament . At the outbreak of the war of 1870 Steinmetz was appointed to command one of the three armies assembled on the Rhine, the others being led by Prince See also:

• FREDERICK
• FREDERICK (Mod. Ger. Friedrich; Ital. Federigo; Fr. Frederic and Federic; M.H.G. Friderich; O.H.G. Fridurih, " king or lord of peace," from O.H.G. fridu, A.S. frith, " peace," and rfh " rich," " a ruler," for derivation of which see HENRY)

Frederick See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles and the crown prince . It was not long before serious differences arose between Steinmetz and Prince Frederick Charles . The former, embittered by a lifelong struggle against the influences of See also:

• WEALTH

wealth and position, and perhaps somewhat grist by his successes in 1866, considered an order to clear the roads for the prince's army as an attempt to See also:

• CROWD, CROUTH, CROWTH

crowd a humbler comrade out of the fighting See also:

• LINE

line, and various incidents added See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day by day to his growing resentment until at last on the field of See also:

• GRAVELOTTE

Gravelotte (see See also:

• METZ

METZ and FRANCO-GERMAN WAR for an See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of these quarrels) he lost his temper and wasted his troops . After this there was no alternative but to relieve him of the command of the I . Army and to send him See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home as governor-general of the V. and VI .

Army Corps districts . In See also:

• APRIL

April 1871 he was retired at his own See also:

• REQUEST, LETTERS OF

request, but his See also:

• GREAT

great services were not forgotten when victory had softened animosites, and he was promoted general field-marshal, given a See also:

• PENSION (Lat. pensio, a payment, from pendere, to weigh, to pay)

pension of 2000 thalers and made a member of the upper chamber . In the spirit of See also:

• LOYALTY

loyalty which had guided his whole career as a soldier he made no attempt to justify his conduct in 1870 either against the criticisms of the general staff See also:

• HISTORY

history or against unofficial attacks . His life in retirement was quieta.nd happy, and he retained his bodily healtlf to the See also:

• STELLENBOSCH

STELLENBOSCH last . He died at Bad See also:

• LANDECK

Landeck on the 2nd of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1877, The 37th Fusiliers of the German army See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear his name as part of their regimental See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title . See supplement of Milit¢r Wochenblatt (1877 and 1878) .