HEINRICH VON See also:

• HEINRICH VON STEPHAN (1831-1897)

STEPHAN (1831-1897)  , See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German statesman, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• STOLP, or STOLPE

Stolp, in See also:

• POMERANIA (German, Pommern)

Pomerania, on the 7th of See also:

• JANUARY

January 1831 . From his earliest years he showed that See also:

• TALENT (Lat. talentum, adaptation of Gr. TaXavrov, balance, ! Recollections of a First Visit to the Alps (1841); Vacation Rambles weight, from root raX-, to lift, as in rXi vac, to bear, 1-aXas, and Thoughts, comprising recollections of three Continental

talent for See also:

• LANGUAGES

languages to which he owed so much of his success in See also:

• LIFE

life,' and before he went to school had acquired a considerable knowledge of See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian, See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish and See also:

• ENGLISH

English . He was educated at the See also:

• GRAMMAR (from Lat. grammatica, sc. ars; Gr. ypaµ)

grammar school of his native See also:

• TOWN

town, and at the See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of sixteen entered the service of the Prussian See also:

• POST

post See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office . His promotion was rapid; he was transferred to See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East See also:

• PRUSSIA
• PRUSSIA (Ger. Preussen; Lat. Borussia)

Prussia, and thence to See also:

• COLOGNE (Ger. Koln, or officially, since 1900, Coln)

Cologne . Here he added to his See also:

• SALARY

salary by See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing dramatic See also:

• CRITICISM
• CRITICISM (from the Gr. KpiTrlS, a judge, Kpivew, to decide, to give an authoritative opinion)

criticism, and here he obtained his first acquaintance with the See also:

• SYSTEM

system, or rather lack of system, which with its complication of charges made all See also:

• INTERNATIONAL, THE

international postal See also:

• CORRESPONDENCE
• CORRESPONDENCE (from med. scholastic Lat. correspondentia, corrcspondere, compounded of Lat. cum, with, and respond ere, to answer; cf. Fr. correspondance)

correspondence so expensive and uncertain—a system which he was in later years to revolutionize . After passing the See also:

• EXAMINATIONS

examinations which' admitted him to the higher branches of the service he was trans» ferred to See also:

• FRANKFORT

Frankfort-on-the-See also:

• ODER (Lat. Viadua; Slavonic, Vjodr)

Oder, and in 1856 to See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin . Many different stories are told of the manner in which his exceptionalknowledge of See also:

• EUROPEAN

European languages was brought to the know-ledge of the postmaster-See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general, who at once saw that capacity and attainments of the See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind could best be used at headquarters . During the next few years he was entrusted with very important duties; he was chosen as Prussian representative when a postal treaty was arranged with See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain and See also:

• PORTUGAL

Portugal . In 1864 he was given the task of reorganizing the postal service in the conquered duchies of See also:

• SCHLESWIG (Dan. Slesvig)

Schleswig and See also:

• HOLSTEIN
• HOLSTEIN, FRIEDRICH VON (1837–1909)

Holstein, and in 1866 it See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell to his See also:

• LOT
• LOT (Lat. Oltis)

lot to extend the Prussian system to the newly annexed provinces; he had to take over and replace the system by which for three See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred years the See also:

• FAMILY

family of Thurn and Taxis had conducted the postal service of central See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany . He also found See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time to write See also:

• WORKS

works on the See also:

• HISTORY

history of postal matters, viz. a History of the Prussian Post Office (1859), and articles on the means of communication in See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient and See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval times, which appeared in See also:

• RAUMER, FRIEDRICH LUDWIG GEORG VON (1781–1873)

Raumer's Historisches Taschenbuch (1868) . He was one of the invited guests at the opening of the See also:

• SUEZ

Suez See also:

• CANAL
• CANAL (from Lat. canalis, " channel " and " kennel " being doublets of the word)

Canal, and in 1872 published a See also:

• WORK

work on See also:

• MODERN

modern See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt . In 187o, at the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early age of See also:

• THIRTY

thirty-nine, See also:

• STEPHAN, HEINRICH VON (1831-1897)

Stephan was made postmaster-general of the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North German See also:

• CONFEDERATION (Fr. confederation, Lat. confoederatio, from foedus, a league, foederare, to form a league)

confederation, and in the next See also:

• YEAR

year of the newly founded See also:

• EMPIRE

empire; in 1878, at the general reorganization of the imperial See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration (see See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article GERMANY) the post office was made a See also:

• SEPARATE

separate See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department, and his See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title was altered to that of secretary of See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state .

His See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers of organization were at once shown in the arrangement of the admirable Feld Post, which during the See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war with See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France maintained communication with the See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army in the See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field . In eight months 89,000,000 letters, 2,500,000 post-See also:

• CARDS, PLAYING

cards, and £10,000,000 in See also:

• MONEY

money passed through the department, and it was his boast that letters were delivered to and collected from the soldiers with almost unfailing regularity, sometimes even on the field of See also:

• BATTLE

battle . In this way he began what was the great work of his life, that of making the post office in the tallest sense of the word popular, and henceforth he was unremittingly occupied in devising and adopting new contrivances for the convenience and use of the See also:

• PEOPLE

people . The introduction of post-cards was his first innovation . In this he had been anticipated by See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• AUSTRIA, UPPER (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

Austria, but the See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea was his own, and had been. adopted by the Austrians in consequence of a See also:

• SUGGESTION

suggestion made by him at a postal See also:

• CONFERENCE

conference in 1865 . The development of the See also:

• PARCEL (Fr. parcelle, Ital. particella, Lat. particela, diminutive of pars, part)

parcel post and of the system of money orders was his next work, and in this he was so successful that in 1883 the German post office dealt with 79,000,000 parcels, while in all the other countries of the See also:

• WORLD

world together only 52,000,000 went through the post . While in this and other ways he extended the use of the post office at See also:

• BORNE, KARL LUDWIG (1786–1837)

borne, he gained a wider celebrity in being the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• PROMOTER

promoter of the International Postal See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

Union . He presided at the first conference, which met at See also:

• BERN (Fr. Berne)

Bern in 1874 . The alacrity of . Stephan's intelligence and his See also:

• ENTHUSIASM

enthusiasm for the institution over which he presided were shown by the readiness with which, he applied or took over all new inventions which might be of public service, such as telegraphs, telephones and pneumatic tubes . His See also:

• PRIDE, THOMAS (d. 1658)

pride in the post office showed itself in the immediate See also:

• INTEREST

interest which he took in the See also:

• DESIGN (Fr. desiin, drawing; Lat. designare, to mark out)

design and See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan of the new offices which were erected in all parts of Germany; it was always his ambition that the post office in each town should be the most conspicuous and the handsomest of public buildings; even at the See also:

• SACRIFICE (from Lat. sacrificium; sacer, holy, and facere, to make)

sacrifice of See also:

• ECONOMY

economy . He warmly sup-ported See also:

• BISMARCK
• BISMARCK, OTTO EDUARD LEOPOLD VON, PRINCE

Bismarck in his policy of extending and promoting See also:

• NATIONAL

national See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry and See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade, and arranged the subsidies by which a See also:

• DIRECT

direct postal service was established between Germany and See also:

• CHINA

China and See also:

• AUSTRALIA

Australia .

His national feeling alsq showed itself in the support which he gave to the See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement for purifying the German See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language of foreign words—but he did not always succeed in avoiding the exaggeration verging on the ridiculous into which this movement so easily degenerates, While he stood aloof from See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary party politics, he was a frequent See also:

• SPEAKER

speaker in the Reichstag on the affairs of his own department, and was a' member of the Bundesrat . Though never on terms of intimate friendship with Bismarck, his mastery in his own department won for him the appreciation of the See also:

• CHANCELLOR (M. Eng. and Anglo-Fr. canceler, chanceler, Fr. chancelier, Lat. cancellarius)

chancellor, and he was allowed more See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence than See also:

• MOAT

moat of the officials . By the See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power of working out broad and general principles in detail and idealizing the routine work of administration he may fairly be placed among the great administrators by whom (far more than by statesmen and politicians) the Prussian state has been built up, and he was singularly fortunate in that his life fell at a time when by perfecting the administration of the newly founded imperial post he took no small See also:

• PART

part in strengthening the national idea and binding together the German nation . In 1897 See also:

• BLOOD

blood-poisoning, arising from a See also:

• WOUND (O. Eng. wund,connected with a Teutonic verb, meaning to strive, fight, suffer, seen in O. Eng. winnan, whence Eng. " win ")

wound in the See also:

• FOOT

foot, made amputation of the See also:

• LEG
• LEG (a word of Scandinavian origin, from the Old Norwegian leggr, cf. Swed. lagg, Dan. laeg; the O. Eng. word was sceanca, shank)

leg necessary, and he died from the effects of the operation, on the 8th of See also:

• APRIL

April 1897 . See E . Knickeberg, H. v . Stephan (Berlin, 1897) . (J . W .