See also:

• STOLE (Lat. stela and orarium, Fr. etole, It. stola, Sp. estola, Ger. Stela)

STOLE (See also:

• LAT

Lat. stela and orarium, Fr. etole, It. stola, Sp. estola, Ger. Stela)  , a liturgical vestment of the See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church, See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar to the higher orders, i.e. deacons, priests and bishops . It is a See also:

• STRIP

strip of stuff, usually See also:

• SILK

silk, some 22 yards See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long by 4 inches broad; in the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle and at the ends, which are commonly broadened out, it is ornamented with a See also:

• CROSS

cross . Its See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour varies with the liturgical colour of the See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day, or of the See also:

• FUNCTION

function at which it is worn . There is very little See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence as to the See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form and See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of the See also:

• STOLE (Lat. stela and orarium, Fr. etole, It. stola, Sp. estola, Ger. Stela)

stole before the Carolingian See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age; but from the 9th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century onwards representations of the stole show that it varied in no essential particular from that of the See also:

• PRESENT

present day . In the 11th, 12th and 13th centuries it was remarkably long and narrow . From the 9th to the 13th century it was mostly provided with a See also:

• SEPARATE

separate piece by way of finish to the ends, and this in the 12th and 13th centuries was as a See also:

• RULE

rule See also:

• TRAPEZE, or TRAPESE

trapeze-shaped . In the See also:

• LATE

late middle ages the stole was usually of See also:

• UNIFORM

uniform breadth; but from the 16th century onwards the ends again began to be widened, until in the 18th century we have the hideous form with large See also:

• SHOVEL (O.E. scoff, from root of scufan, to shove, push, cf. Ger. Schaufel, also Schiippe, scoop)
• SHOVEL, SIR CLOUDESLEY [or CLOWDISLEY SHOVELL as he seems to have spelt the name himself] (c. 1650-1707)

shovel-shaped ends . Fringes, tassels, little bells and the like were used as decorations of the ends of stoles at least as See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early as the 9th century; but crosses in the middle and at the ends were rarely added during the middle ages . The usual material of See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval stoles was silk, and.the better ones were embroidered with silk, See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold See also:

• THREAD (0. Eng. praed, literally, that which is twisted, prawan, to twist, to throw, cf. " throwster," a silk-winder, Ger. drehen, to twist, turn, Du. draad, Ger. Draht, thread, wire)

thread, pearls, &c . The stole is worn immediately over the See also:

• ALB (Lat. alba, from albus, white)

alb; by deacons, See also:

• SCARF

scarf-See also:

• WISE, HENRY ALEXANDER (1806-1876)
• WISE, ISAAC MAYER (1819-1900)

wise over the See also:

• LEFT

left See also:

• SHOULDER (in O.E. sculder, cognate with Ger. Schulter, Dutch schouder, Swed. skuldra, &c; the root is unknown)

shoulder, across the See also:

• BREAST (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. the Ger. Brust, possibly connected with an O. Sax. brustian, to bud)

breast and back to the right See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side; by priests and bishops, dependent from the See also:

• NECK (O. Eng. hnecca; the word appears in many Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch ride, Ger. Nacken; in O. E. the common word was heals; cf. Ger. Hals)

neck, the two ends falling over the breast . In the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case of bishops, however, the stole always hangs straight down; while priests See also:

• WEAR

wear it crossed over the breast when vested in the alb . Essentially, the actual method of wearing the stole conforms to the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original practice .

During the middle ages there were, however, deviations of See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom: e.g. priests, even according to the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman use, did not wear the stole crossed over the alb, though this had been prescribed for See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain so early as 675 by the 4th See also:

• CANON

canon of the See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council of See also:

• BRAGA

Braga . In See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy, probably under See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence, and in See also:

• MILAN
• MILAN (Ital. Milano, Ger. Mailand, anc. Mediolanum, q.v.)

Milan (where the custom still survives) the diaconal stole was put on over the See also:

• DALMATIC (Lat. dalmatica, tunica dalmatica)

dalmatic . Similarly in Spain and See also:

• GAUL
• GAUL, GILBERT WILLIAM (1855— )

Gaul, anterior to the Carolingian age, the stole was worn by deacons over the See also:

• ALBA

alba or See also:

• OUTER

outer See also:

• TUNIC (0. Eng. tunice, tunical, taken, before the Norman con-quest, directly from Lat. tunica, of which the origin is unknown)

tunic . According to the Roman use the stole is now only worn at See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass, in administering the sacraments and sacramentalia., when touching the See also:

• HOST

Host, &c., but not e.g. at See also:

• SOLEMN (Lat. sollemnis, sollemnis, less correctly solennis, yearly, annual; from sollus = totus, whole, entire, Gr. Mos., and annus, year)

solemn offices or in processions . In the middle ages, however, it was the custom to wear it at nearly all liturgical functions . In the 9th and loth century it was even made obligatory, by the decrees of the synods of See also:

• MAINZ (Fr. Mayence)

Mainz (813) and Tribur (895), on priests throughout the See also:

• FRANK, JAKOB (1726-1791)

Frank See also:

• EMPIRE

Empire to wear it at all times, especially when travelling . Else-where it was the custom to wear it always, at least for a See also:

• YEAR

year after ordination . The custom of giving the stole to priests and deacons at their ordination is of See also:

• GREAT

great antiquity . So far as Spain is concerned there is evidence for it in the decrees of the 4th council of See also:

• TOLEDO
• TOLEDO, COUNCILS OF (Concilia toletana)

Toledo (633), and for See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome that of the 8th century Ordo of See also:

• MABILLON, JOHN (1632-1707)

Mabillon . The present practice—according to which the See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop See also:

• LAYS

lays the stole over the left shoulder of the See also:

• DEACON (Gr. S&& ovos, minister, servant)

deacon, and crosses it over the breast of the See also:

• PRIEST (Ger. Priester, Fr. pretre)

priest—is already found in the pontificals of the loth century . There is no evidence to show when the stole was first used in the Western Church . In Gaul and Spain we already find it in the 6th century; our first evidence for its use in Rome is of the 8th century, which is however, of course, no See also:

• PROOF (in M. Eng. preove, proeve, preve, &°c., from O. Fr . prueve, proeve, &c., mod. preuve, Late. Lat. proba, probate, to prove, to test the goodness of anything, probus, good)

proof that it was not in use earlier .

The See also:

• MOSAIC (corresponding to Lat. opus musivum, from Gr. µovoeiov, an artificial grotto often decorated with mosaics; the word is only found in the sense of mosaic in late Greek, which generally uses k oXI yrlµa)

mosaic in the See also:

• APSE
• APSE (Gr. alkir, a fastening, especially the felloe of a wheel; Lat. absis)

apse of S . Vitale at See also:

• RAVENNA
• RAVENNA, EXARCHATE OF

Ravenna, which has been taken to prove the existence of the stole in the first See also:

• HALF

half of the 6th century, has no value as evidence,, as the See also:

• LOWER

lower See also:

• PART

part of the figure of Bishop Ecclesius (see See also:

• VESTMENTS

VESTMENTS, fig . 2) was renewed in the 12th century . It is noteworthy that at Rome, until the loth century, the stole was worn by the lower orders of the See also:

• CLERGY (M.E. clergie, O. Fr. clergie, from Low Lat. form clericia [Skean, by assimilation with O. Fr. clergie, Fr. clerge,from Low Lat. clericatus)
• CLERGY, BENEFIT OF

clergy also . In the Eastern Church the stole (Gr. wpaptov, the diaconal stole, isrtrpaail)aov, the priestly stole; Slay. orar and epitrachil; See also:

• ARM (a common Teutonic word; the Indo-European root is ar, to join or fit; cf. the Lat. armus, shoulder, and the plural word arma, weapons, Gr. apphs, joint, and the reduplicated apapilKSV, to join)

Arm. urar; Syr. uroro; See also:

• NEST

Nest. urara; Copt. orarion and patrashil) makes its See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance very early . The stole of the deacons is mentioned so early as the 4th and 5th centuries, the first instance being in the 22nd canon of the council of See also:

• LAODICEA
• LAODICEA, SYNOD OF

Laodicea, where it is mentioned specifically as the insignia of a deacon . Of a priestly stole we hear for the first See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time in the Theoria mystica (8th century) . In the Maronite, Syrian, and Nestorian Churches subdeacons also wear the stole, and among the See also:

• MARONITES (Arab. Mawarina)

Maronites the lectors as well . There is very little evidence as to the character of the stole in the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient Church of the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East . The stole of priests and bishops, decorated with crosses, was worn originally in all See also:

• RITES

rites as in the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West, i.e. See also:

• HANGING

hanging in two loose bands over the breast; at the present day, according to the Greek rite, the two bands arefirmly sewn together, while in the Armenian, Syrian and Coptic rites they have even been amalgamated into a single broad strip with an opening at the See also:

• TOP (cf. Dan. top, Ger. Topf, also meaning pot)

top for the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head . Its ancient form has. been retained only by the See also:

• NESTORIANS

Nestorians, who wear it crossed over the breast . The diaconal stole was and continues to be worn usually hanging over the left shoulder, the ends falling straight down before and behind .

Only the See also:

• COPTS

Copts and Armenians wear it scarf-wise . Originally the diaconal stole would seem to have been a narrow strip of folded See also:

• LINEN

linen, and it appears in the pictures of the 9th century as a narrow See also:

• BAND

band ornamented with crosses . Later, it was often the See also:

• HABIT (through the French from Lat. habitus, from habere, to have, hold, or, in a reflective sense, to be in a certain condition; in many of the English senses the French use habitude, not habit)

habit to embroider on Greek diaconal stoles the words AFIOE AFIOL AFIOE . The question of the origin of the stole admits of no conclusive See also:

• ANSWER (derived from and, against, and the same root as swear)

answer . It is certainly not derived from the See also:

• ANTIQUE (Lat. antiquus, old)

antique stola, called tunica, as was formerly always held, nor yet from the See also:

• PRAYER (from Lat. precari, entreat; Ital. pregaria, Fr. priere)
• PRAYER, BOOK OF COMMON

prayer blanket (tallith) of the See also:

• JEWS
• JEWS (Heb. Y8hudi, man of Judah; Gr. 'Iovbaiot; Lat. Judaei)

Jews . More careful investigation, moreover, throws very considerable doubt on the possibility of the derivation of the priest's stole from the ancient neck-See also:

• CLOTH

cloth (orarium) and of the diaconal stole from a napkin used in the See also:

• LITURGY (Low Lat. liturgia; Gr. X€Zros, public, and Epyov, work; )Aetrovpy6s, a public servant)

liturgy . A more See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason-able theory seems to be that which suggests that, in the East, the stole was originally introduced as that which it was when it first appears in the 22nd canon of Laodicea, viz. a See also:

• SPECIAL

special liturgical See also:

• MARK
• MARK, CARL (1858– )
• MARK, GOSPEL OF ST
• MARK, ST

mark of distinction for deacons, which in course of time was extended to all the higher orders . In all See also:

• PROBABILITY (Lat. probabilis, probable or credible)

probability it was introduced straight from the East into Spain and Gaul . Rome also probably imported it from the same See also:

• QUARTER (through Fr. from Lat. quartarius, fourth part)

quarter, but weakened its significance by making it a cloth sanctified by being laid on the Confessio ot St See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

Peter, the bestowal of which at ordination was intended to See also:

• EXPRESS (through the French from the past participle of the Lat. exprimere, to press out, by transference used of representing objects in painting or sculpture, or of thoughts, &c. in words)

express the fact that See also:

• ELEVATION

elevation to clerical See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office in the Roman Church was a See also:

• GRACE (Fr. grace, Lat. gratia, from grates, beloved, pleasing; formed from the root cra-, Gr. xav-, cf. xaipw, x6p,ua, Xapts)
• GRACE, WILLIAM GILBERT (1848– )

grace bestowed de benedictione S . Petri and that the ordinands were undertaking with their See also:

• CONSECRATION (Lat. consecrallo, from con and sacrare, " to make sacred ")

consecration the See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty of serving St Peter, i.e. the Roman Church . Wherever the See also:

• REFORMATION
• REFORMATION, THE

Reformation was introduced the stole was done away with, even when See also:

• CHASUBLE

chasuble, alb and See also:

• COPE
• COPE (M.E. cape, cope, from Med. Lat. capa, cappa)
• COPE, EDWARD DRINKER (1840-1897)
• COPE, EDWARD MEREDITH (1818-1873)

cope were retained; the reason being that it was the See also:

• ENSIGN (through the Fr. enseigne from the Latin plural insignia)

ensign of the See also:

• MAJOR
• MAJOR (Lat. for " greater ")
• MAJOR (or MAIR), JOHN (1470-1550)

major orders, which in the Catholic sense were rejected by the Reformers.' (J .