See also:

• STOMACH (Gr. vrbsaxos from arbga, a mouth)

STOMACH (Gr. vrbsaxos from arbga, a mouth)  , the bag-like See also:

• DIGESTIVE

digestive See also:

• ORGAN

organ which in See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man is situated in the upper See also:

• LEFT

left See also:

• PART

part of the See also:

• ABDOMEN (a Latin word, either from abdere, to hide, or from a form adipomen, from adeps, fat)

abdomen . See, for anatomical details, ALIMENTARY See also:

• CANAL
• CANAL (from Lat. canalis, " channel " and " kennel " being doublets of the word)

CANAL . For the diseases of the See also:

• STOMACH (Gr. vrbsaxos from arbga, a mouth)

stomach in See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general see DIGESTIVE See also:

• ORGANS

ORGANS; and for See also:

• SPECIAL

special forms See also:

• GASTRITIS (Gr. yarn*, stomach)

GASTRITIS, GASTRIC See also:

• ULCER

ULCER, See also:

• DYSPEPSIA (from the Gr. prefix Sur-, hard, ill, and 'irirreiv, to digest)

DYSPEPSIA, &C.; also ABDOMEN (Abdominal See also:

• SURGERY
• SURGERY (Fr. chirurgie, from Gr. Xetpoupyfa, i.e. hand-work)

Surgery) . See also:

• CANCER (" THE CRAB ")
• CANCER, LUIS (d. 1549)
• CANCER, or CARCINOMA (from Lat. cancer, Gr. KapKivwga, an eating ulcer)

Cancer of the Stomach is a See also:

• COMMON

common disease . It occurs for the most part in persons at or after See also:

• MIDDLE

middle See also:

• LIFE

life, and in both sexes equally . Its favourite situation is the outlet (pyloric cancer), where a hard, fibrous growth forms a contracting See also:

• RING (O.E. hring; a word common to Teutonic languages; and probably cognate with the Lat. circus, Gr. KtpKOS or KpLKOS, Skt'. chakra, wheel, circle, cf. also " harangue "); in art, a band of circular shape of varying sizes, made of any material and used f

ring of the scirrhous variety . But when cancer attacks the inlet of the stomach, the See also:

• TUMOUR (Lat. tumor, a swelling)

tumour is of the scaly epitheliomatous variety . It often begins in the tissues of the end of the gullet, spreading downwards to the stomach . Chronic gastric ulcer is not unfrequently the starting point of cancer . The symptoms of cancer of the stomach are See also:

• APT

apt to be indefinite (for many See also:

• WEEKS, EDWIN LORD (1849-1903)

weeks or months) . There may be See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long-See also:

• STANDING

standing complaints of " indigestion," which is sometimes made better, sometimes worse, by taking See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

food . Then comes a feeling of discomfort which can be often localized, the individual pointing with his See also:

• FINGER

finger to a. spot somewhere behind the end of the breastbone .

Difficulty and See also:

• PAIN (from Lat. poena, Gr. robin, penalty, that which must be paid: O. Fr. peine)
• PAIN, BARRY (1867– )

pain in swallowing may be complained of when the cancer is beginning to See also:

• BLOCK
• BLOCK (from the Fr. bloc, and possibly connected with an Old Ger. Block, obstruction, cf. " baulk ")
• BLOCK, MAURICE (1816–19or)

block the inlet, but if it is situated at the pylorus the discomfort comes on an See also:

• HOUR

hour or two after a See also:

• MEAL

meal—at the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time that the partially digested food is trying to make its way into the small See also:

• INTESTINE (Lat. intestinus, internal, usually in neuter plural intestina. from intus, within)

intestine . Much of the food remains in the stomach and, undergoing See also:

• FERMENTATION

fermentation, causes the See also:

• EVOLUTION

evolution of See also:

• GAS

gas which distends the stomach and gives rise to unavoidable belching . Later on vomiting occurs . The vomiting may take See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place every two or three days, enormous quantities of undigested food mixed with frothy, yeast-like mucous being thrown up . And whilst the stomach is slowly filling up again after one of these uncontrollable emptyings, sudden and violent movements of the individual may cause the fluid to give rise to audible " splashings." But even at this See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage the disease may be unrecognizable, though the symptoms are extremely suggestive . But later the vomited See also:

• MATTER

matter is blackened by See also:

• BLOOD

blood which has escaped into the stomach from the ulcerated growth . The patient then rapidly loses flesh and strength, and a hard lump may be See also:

• FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt in the upper part of the abdomen . A characteristic feature of cancer is the carrying of the See also:

• EPITHELIAL, ENDOTHELIAL

epithelial cells (which are the essential See also:

• ELEMENT (Lat. elementum)

element of the growth) to the nearest lymphatic glands, and in cancer of the stomach the secondary implication of the glands may cause the formation of large masses between the stomach and the See also:

• LIVER (O. Eng. lifer; cf. cognate forms, Dutch lever, Ger. Leber, Swed. lefver, &c.; the O. H. Ger. forms are libara, lipora, &c.; the Teut. word has been connected with Gr. i'prap and Lat. jecur)

liver, which may See also:

• PRESS (through Fr. presse from Lat. pressare, frequentative of premere, to crush, squeeze, press)

press upon the large See also:

• VEINS

veins and give rise to See also:

• DROPSY (contracted from the old word hydropisy, derived from the Gr. 154w¢; i Swp, water, and appearance)

dropsy . Secondary deposits are apt to See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form also in the liver and they may cause the See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance of a bulging below the ribs on the right See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side . Another characteristic of cancer is that it spreads far and wide, See also:

• DRAWING

drawing other tissues to itself by contracting fibrous bands . These are sometimes erroneously spoken of as the " roots " of cancer, and in the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case of cancer of the stomach they may See also:

• FIX, THEODORE (180o-1846)

fix it to the See also:

• PANCREAS (Gr. rag, all; 1cpks, flesh)

pancreas, the liver, the bowels or the spine . The invasion of the lymphatic glands and the spreading of the growth into neighbouring organs, render the successful operative treatment of gastric cancer hazardous and disappointing .

By the time that a tumour has made itself recognisable the See also:

• PROBABILITY (Lat. probabilis, probable or credible)

probability is that it is too See also:

• LATE

late for the See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to be made for its removal . But in many cases the patient prefers that the abdomen should be opened for exploration for a possible operation than that he should hopelessly give himself over to the disease . And sometimes the surgeon is enabled by operation to give See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• RELIEF

relief, though the removal of the growth itself is impracticable . When the growth is at the cardiac end of the stomach, blocking the gullet and causing slow See also:

• STARVATION

starvation, the abdomen may advisedly be opened, and, the stomach having been fixed to the See also:

• SURFACE

surface-See also:

• WOUND (O. Eng. wund,connected with a Teutonic verb, meaning to strive, fight, suffer, seen in O. Eng. winnan, whence Eng. " win ")

wound, a permanent opening may be arranged for the introduction of an adequate amount of food . This operation is called gastrostomy and may be the means of giving many weeks of comfort to the unhappy patient—provided that its performance is not too long postponed . In the case of pyloric obstruction a permanent opening may be established between the stomach and a neighbouring piece of intestine, so that the food may find its way along the alimentary canal greatly to the relief of the symptoms of gastric See also:

• DILATATION (from Lat. dis-, distributive, and lotus, wide)

dilatation . This is called " See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short-circuiting." In some See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early cases of pyloric cancer resection of the disease may be performed, the upper end of the intestine being afterwards joined to the middle of the stomach by a See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind of short-circuiting operation . In certain rare cases the whole of the stomach has been removed, the bowel being brought up and spliced to the end of the gullet . In the case of gastric dilatation from pyloric obstruction great relief may be afforded by washing out the viscus by means of a long See also:

• RUBBER, INDIARUBBER

rubber See also:

• TUBE (Lat. tuba)

tube, a See also:

• FUNNEL (through an O. Fr. founil, found in Breton, from Lat. infundibulum, that through which anything is poured, from fundere, to pour)

funnel, and a See also:

• JUG

jug of hot See also:

• WATER

water, as originally suggested by Adolf Kussmaul . Pyloroplasty.—See also:

• SIMPLE

Simple fibrous narrowing of the gateway of the stomach or of the intestine is dealt with by dividing it longitudinally and then suturing the edges of the wound transversely . This ingenious operation widens the track at the expense of an unimportant fraction of its length . In cases of great dilatation of the stomach with no obstruction to the outlet the slack of the walls may be gathered up by pleating and so permanently secured by suturing .

Loreta's operation for dilatation of the outlet of the stomach is now rarely performed . (E .