See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is See also:

• COMMON

common to See also:

• TEUTONIC
• TEUTONIC (GERMANIC) LANGUAGES

Teutonic See also:

• LANGUAGES

languages, cf. Ger. See also:

• STEIN, CHARLOTTE VON (1742-1827)
• STEIN, HEINRICH FRIEDRICH KARL, BARON VOM

Stein, Du. See also:

• STEEN, JAN HAVICKSZ (1626-1.679)

steen, See also:

• DAN

Dan. and Swed. sten; the See also:

• ROOT (late O.E. rot, adopted from Scand., cf. Norw. and Swed. rot, Dan. rod; the true O.E. word was wyrt, plant, represented in Ger. Wurz or Wurzel; the ultimate root is the same in both words, and is seen in Lat. radix)
• ROOT, ELIHU (1845– )

root is also seen in Gr. See also:

• ARIA (Ital. for " air ")

aria, pebble)  , a detached piece or fragment of See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock . The word is thus applied to the small fragments scattered in the ground or on roads, to the See also:

• WATER

water-worn pebbles of the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea See also:

• SHORE

shore or See also:

• RIVER

river beds, and to the hewn, dressed or shaped rock used as a See also:

• BUILDING

building material, with which this See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article deals . A qualifying word generally accompanies " See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone " when the See also:

• TERM

term is applied to pieces of rock cut to a particular See also:

• SIZE

size and shape and used for a specific purpose, e.g . " See also:

• MILL
• MILL (O. Eng. mylen, later myln, or miln, adapted from the late Lat. molina, cf. Fr. moulin, from Lat. mola, a mill, molere, to grind; from the same root, mol, is derived " meal;" the word appears in other Teutonic languages, cf. Du. molen, Ger. muhle)
• MILL, JAMES (1773-1836)
• MILL, JOHN (c. 1645–1707)
• MILL, JOHN STUART (1806-1873)

mill-stone," " See also:

• HEARTH (a word which appears in various forms in several Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch haard, German Herd, in the sense of " floor ")

hearth-stone," " See also:

• GRAVE

grave-stone," &c . The term " See also:

• PRECIOUS (O. Fr. precios, mod. precieux, Lat. pretiosus, of high value or price, pretium)

precious stone " is used of those minerals which, from their beauty of See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour, &c., their rarity, and some-times their hardness, are valued for their suitability for ornaments (see GEMs) . The word is also often applied to many See also:

• OBJECTS

objects resembling a stone or pebble, such as the hard See also:

• KERNEL (O.E. cyrnel, a diminutive of " corn," seed, grain)

kernel of certain fruits, as of the See also:

• CHERRY

cherry, See also:

• PLUM

plum, See also:

• PEACH
• PEACH, CHARLES WILLIAM (1800-1886)

peach, &c., or the calculi or See also:

• CON

con- Also called See also:

• JANSSEN, JOHANNES (1829-1891)
• JANSSEN, or JANSEN (sometimes JOHNSON), CORNELIUS (1593-1664)
• JANSSEN, PIERRE JULES CESAR (1824–1907)

Janssen (See also:

• DIET

Diet . Nat . Biog.), See also:

• JANSEN, CORNELIUS (1585-1638)

Jansen and Janson . Possibly he was the See also:

• BROTHER

brother of the See also:

• GERARD (c. 1040-1120)
• GERARD (d. I1o8)
• GERARD, ETIENNE MAURICE, COUNT (1773–1852)
• GERARD, FRANCOIS, BARON (1770-1837)
• GERARD, JEAN IGNACE ISIDORE (1803-1847)
• GERARD, JOHN (1545-1612)
• GERARD, or GIRARD, AUDRAN

Gerard (Geraert) Jansen or See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John-son, of See also:

• SOUTHWARK

Southwark, who in 1616 executed the bust of See also:

• SHAKESPEARE, WILLIAM (1564-1616)

Shakespeare in See also:

• STRATFORD
• STRATFORD, JOHN DE (d. 1348)

Stratford See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church; but it is uncertain whether the latter was identical with, or the son of, the Dutch See also:

• TOMB (Gr. Tuµ/3a, Tuµ(3os, probably allied to Lat. tumulus, literally a swelling, tumere, to swell)

tomb-maker Gerard Jansen described in See also:

• SIR

Sir W . See also:

• DUGDALE, SIR WILLIAM (16o5-1686)

Dugdale's See also:

• DIARY

Diary as having, in 1593, lived for twenty-six years in See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England and as the See also:

• FATHER

father of five sons.cretions sometimes formed in the See also:

• GALL (a word common to many Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch gal, and Ger. Galle; the Indo-European root appears in Gr. xoXi,, and Lat. fel; possibly connected with " yellow," with reference to the colour of bile)
• GALL, FRANZ JOSEPH (1758-1828)

gall or urinary See also:

• BLADDER (from A.S. blaeddre, connected with bl¢wan, to blow, cf. Ger. blase)

bladder or the kidneys (see BLADDER DISEASES and See also:

• KIDNEY

KIDNEY DISEASES) . The " stone " has been a See also:

• COMMON

common measure of See also:

• WEIGHT

weight in See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north-western See also:

• EUROPE

Europe . In See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany the " See also:

• STEIN, CHARLOTTE VON (1742-1827)
• STEIN, HEINRICH FRIEDRICH KARL, BARON VOM

Stein" was of 20 to 22 lb .

In the See also:

• BRITISH

British See also:

• SYSTEM

system of weights the "legal" stone, or "See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

horse-See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man's " weight is of 14 lb See also:

• AVOIRDUPOIS

avoirdupois; in weighing See also:

• WOOL, WORSTED AND WOOLLEN MANUFACTURES

wool it was also of 14 lb, but is now usually 16 lb . The " customary " stone for See also:

• FISH (O. Eng. fist, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch visch, Ger. Fisch, Goth. fisks, cognate with the Lat. piscis)
• FISH, HAMILTON (1808-1893)

fish or See also:

• BUTCHER

butcher's See also:

• MEAT

meat is of 8 lb . Building-stone.—In selecting a stone for building purposes many important points have to be considered . The stone must be strong enough to See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear the load placed, upon it, it must be durable and See also:

• WEATHER (O. Eng. weder; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Du. weder, Dan. veir, Icel. ve8r, and Ger. Wetter and Gewitter, storm; the root is wa- to blow, from which is derived " wind ")

weather well in the See also:

• ATMOSPHERE (Gr. fir µ6r, vapour; orkaipa, a sphere)

atmosphere of the See also:

• DISTRICT

district, and its colour and See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance need to be studied . It must further be ascertained whether a sufficient See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply is available, and the See also:

• PRICE
• PRICE, BARTHOLOMEW (1818–1898)
• PRICE, BONAMY (1807-1888)
• PRICE, RICHARD (1723-1791)

price also must be taken into See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account; some difficulty is often experienced in obtaining a suitable stone at a moderate cost, and considerations of expense frequently have more to do with the choice of a stone than the architect would wish . Where there is See also:

• RISK

risk of See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire, as is often the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case in business and factory premises, it is necessary to select a stone able to stand the effect of a See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat without damage . Great experience of the strength of stones and, of their behaviour in different situations is desirable; but even when this knowledge is given and the greatest care is combined with it, some point may be overlooked . For example, the stone facing of the Houses of See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

Parliament at See also:

• WESTMINSTER
• WESTMINSTER, MARQUESSES AND DUKES OF
• WESTMINSTER, STATUTES OF
• WESTMINSTER, SYNODS OF

Westminster was chosen on the recommendation of a See also:

• COMMITTEE (from commute, an Anglo-Fr. past participle of commettre, Lat. committere, to entrust; the modern Fr. equivalent comite is derived from the Eng.)

committee composed of men of eminent scientific and technical skill; yet it has not weathered well because it is not constituted to resist the destroying effects of the See also:

• LONDON

London atmosphere . The See also:

• PRIME, PRIMER AND PRIMING

prime See also:

• FACTOR (from Lat. facere, to make or do)

factor in the choice of a building stone should be the See also:

• CLIMATE

climate to which the material has to be exposed . Stone that in the pure See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air has proved extremely durable Constttumay quickly decay in an impure See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city atmosphere, or when subjected to the strong See also:

• SALT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zout, Ger. Salz, Scand. salt; cognate with Gr. &Xs, Lat. sal)
• SALT, SIR TITUS, BART

salt winds from the sea. tlOD• Extremes of temperature, too, are, generally speaking, prejudicial to the See also:

• LIFE

life of stone, the alternations of heat and See also:

• COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold setting up movements in the substances of the stone, which, though slight, will in many cases hasten its disintegration . There are few materials which more quickly decay and fail than stone placed under unsuitable conditions . An See also:

• ANALYSIS (Gr. avci and Meta, to break up into parts)

analysis, made by E .

G . See also:

• CLAYTON, JOHN MIDDLETON (1796–1856)

Clayton, of a See also:

• SAMPLE (through the O. Fr. essemple, from Lat. exemplum; a doublet of " example ")

sample of incrustation found on the See also:

• PORTLAND
• PORTLAND, EARL OF
• PORTLAND, ISLE OF
• PORTLAND, WILLIAM BENTINCK, EARL
• PORTLAND, WILLIAM HENRY CAVENDISH BENTINCK

Portland stone See also:

• MASONRY

masonry of St See also:

• PAUL
• PAUL (PAULUS)

Paul's See also:

• CATHEDRAL

Cathedral, London, gave the following result Weight per cent . Water . (lost at See also:

• LOO (formerly called " Lanterloo," Fr. lanturlu, the refrain of a popular 17th-century song)

loo°) .