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See also: rock
.
The word is thus applied to the small fragments scattered in the ground or on roads, to the See also: water-worn pebbles of the See also: sea See also: shore or See also: river beds, and to the hewn, dressed or shaped rock used as a See also: building material, with which this article deals
.
A qualifying word generally accompanies " See also: stone " when the
See also: term is applied to pieces of rock cut to a particular See also: size and shape and used for a specific purpose, e.g
.
" See also: mill-stone," " hearth-stone," "
See also: grave-stone," &c
.
The term " precious stone " is used of those minerals which, from their beauty of colour, &c., their rarity, and some-times their hardness, are valued for their suitability for ornaments (see GEMs)
.
The word is also often applied to many See also: objects resembling a stone or pebble, such as the hard kernel of certain fruits, as of the See also: cherry, See also: plum, peach, &c., or the calculi or See also: con-
Also called See also: Janssen (See also: Diet
.
Nat
.
Biog.), See also: Jansen and Janson
.
Possibly he was the See also: brother of the See also: Gerard (Geraert) Jansen or See also: John-son, of
See also: Southwark, who in 1616 executed the bust of See also: Shakespeare in Stratford See also: church; but it is uncertain whether the latter was identical with, or the son of, the Dutch
See also: tomb-maker Gerard Jansen described in See also: Sir W
.
See also: Dugdale's See also: Diary as having, in 1593, lived for twenty-six years in See also: England and as the See also: father of five sons.cretions sometimes formed in the See also: gall or urinary bladder or the
kidneys (see BLADDER DISEASES and See also: KIDNEY DISEASES)
.
The
" stone " has been a See also: common measure of See also: weight in See also: north-western See also: Europe
.
In See also: Germany the " Stein" was of 20 to 22 lb
.
In the See also: British See also: system of weights the "legal" stone, or "See also: horse-See also: man's " weight is of 14 lb See also: avoirdupois; in weighing wool it was also of 14 lb, but is now usually 16 lb
.
The " customary " stone for See also: fish or See also: butcher's See also: meat is of 8 lb
.
Building-stone.—In selecting a stone for building purposes many important points have to be considered
.
The stone must be strong enough to bear the load placed, upon it, it must be durable and weather well in the atmosphere of the See also: district, and its colour and appearance need to be studied
.
It must further be ascertained whether a sufficient supply is available, and the price also must be taken into account; some difficulty is often experienced in obtaining a suitable stone at a moderate cost, and considerations of expense frequently have more to do with the choice of a stone than the architect would wish
.
Where there is See also: risk of fire, as is often the See also: case in business and factory premises, it is necessary to select a stone able to stand the effect of a See also: great heat without damage
.
Great experience of the strength of stones and, of their behaviour in different situations is desirable; but even when this knowledge is given and the greatest care is combined with it, some point may be overlooked
.
For example, the stone facing of the Houses of Parliament at See also: Westminster was chosen on the recommendation of a committee composed of men of eminent scientific and technical skill; yet it has not weathered
well because it is not constituted to resist the destroying effects of the See also: London atmosphere
.
The See also: prime factor in the choice of a building stone should be the See also: climate to which the material has to be exposed
.
Stone that in the pure country air has proved extremely durable Constttumay quickly decay in an impure city atmosphere, or
when subjected to the strong See also: salt winds from the sea. tlOD• Extremes of temperature, too, are, generally speaking, prejudicial to the See also: life of stone, the alternations of heat and cold setting up movements in the substances of the stone, which, though slight, will in many cases hasten its disintegration
.
There are few materials which more quickly decay and fail than stone placed under unsuitable conditions
.
An analysis, made by E
.
G . See also: Clayton, of a sample of incrustation found on the See also: Portland stone See also: masonry of St See also: Paul's See also: Cathedral, London, gave the following result
Weight per cent
.
Water
.
(lost at loo°)
.
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