See also:

• STRASSBURG, or STRASBURG (French Strasbourg)

STRASSBURG, or STRASBURG (See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French Strasbourg)  , a See also:

• TOWN

town of See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany, the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital of the imperial See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of See also:

• ALSACE (Ger. Elsass)

Alsace-See also:

• LORRAINE

Lorraine and a fortress of the first See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank, is situated in a fertile See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain at the junction of the See also:

• ILL

Ill and the Breusch, 2 M . W. of the See also:

• RHINE (Lat. Rhenus, Ger. Rhein, Fr. Rhin, Dutch Rhyn, or Rijn)

Rhine, 88 in. by See also:

• RAIL

rail N., from See also:

• BASEL (Fr. Bale)
• BASEL (Fr. Belle, but Basle is a wholly erroneous form; Ital. Basilea)
• BASEL, CONFESSION OF
• BASEL, COUNCIL OF

Basel, 370 M . S.W. from See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin, 3o m- . E. of the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French frgntier . Pop . (1890), 123,500; (1900), 150,268; (1905), 167,342 . Since 1871 it has been the seat of See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government for the See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German territory of Alsace-Lorraine, and it is also the see of a See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop and the headquarters of the XV . See also:

• CORPS (pronounced as in French, from which it is taken, being a late spelling of tors, from Lat. corpus, a body; cf. " corpse ")

Corps of the German See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army . It is surrounded by outlying fortifications and strategic See also:

• WORKS

works and contains a See also:

• GARRISON
• GARRISON, WILLIAM LLOYD (1805-1879)

garrison of 16,000 men of all arms . The town proper is divided by the arms of the Ill into three parts, of which the central is the largest and most important . Most of the streets in the See also:

• HEART
• HEART, LUNG

heart of the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city are narrow and irregular, and the See also:

• QUAINT (O. Fr. cointe, from Lat. cognitus, known, probably influenced by association with Lat. corn plus, neat)

quaint aspect of a See also:

• FREE

free See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval town has to a considerable extent been maintained . The quarters which suffered most in the See also:

• BOMBARDMENT

bombardment of 187o have, however, been rebuilt in more See also:

• MODERN

modern See also:

• FASHION (adapted from Fr. facon, agon, Lat. factio, making, facere, to do or make)

fashion, and the See also:

• RECENT

recent widening of the circle of fortifications, with the destruction of the old walls, has given the city opportunity of expansion in all directions; thus, with the exception of Berlin and See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig, there is perhaps no town in Germany which can show so many handsome new public buildings as See also:

• STRASSBURG, or STRASBURG (French Strasbourg)

Strassburg .

Of its older edifices by far the most interesting and prominent is the See also:

• CATHEDRAL

cathedral, or See also:

• MUNSTER
• MUNSTER, SEBASTIAN (1489-1552)

Munster, which in its See also:

• PRESENT

present See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form represents the activity of four centuries . See also:

• PART

Part of ,the See also:

• CRYPT (Lat. crypta, from the Gr. Kp&arrew, to hide)

crypt See also:

• DATES

dates from 1o15; the See also:

• APSE
• APSE (Gr. alkir, a fastening, especially the felloe of a wheel; Lat. absis)

apse shows the transition from the Romanesque to the See also:

• GOTHIC

Gothic See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style; and the See also:

• NAVE

nave, finished in 1275, is a See also:

• FINE

fine specimen of pure Gothic . Of the elaborate See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west See also:

• FACADE

facade, with its See also:

• SCREEN (usually, but very doubtfully, connected with Lat. scrinium, a box for holding books, from scribere, to write; a connexion with Ger. Schranke, barrier, has been suggested)

screen of See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

double See also:

• TRACERY

tracery and its numerous sculptures, the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original See also:

• DESIGN (Fr. desiin, drawing; Lat. designare, to mark out)

design was finished by Erwin von Steinbach (d . 1318) . The upper part of the facade and the towers were afterwards completed in accordance with a different See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan, and the See also:

• SPIRE

spire on the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north See also:

• TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

tower was added in 1435 . This tower is 465 ft. high, being thus one of the highest buildings in See also:

• EUROPE

Europe, and it commands a fine view . The cathedral has some fine stained See also:

• GLASS
• GLASS (O.E. glees, cf. Ger. Glas, perhaps derived from an old Teutonic root gla-, a variant of glo-, having the general sense of shining, cf. " glare," " glow ")
• GLASS, STAINED

glass, a sculptured See also:

• PULPIT (from Lat. pulpitum, a staging, platform: equivalents are Fr. chaire d'eglise, Ital. pulpito, Ger. Kanzel)

pulpit and the famous astronomical See also:

• CLOCK

clock in the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south See also:

• TRANSEPT (from Lat. trans, across, and septum, enclosure; synonymous terms in other languages are Fr. croisee, nef transversee; Ital. crociata; Ger. Querbau, Quersch&)

transept; this contains some fragments of the clock built by the mathematician, See also:

• CONRAD (d. 955)
• CONRAD, JOSEPH (1856– )
• CONRAD, or KONRAD (M. H. Ger. Kuonrdl, i.e. " keen in counsel," Lat. Conradus, It. Corrado, cf. the A.S. Ccenred)

Conrad Dasypodius, in 1574 . The See also:

• PROTESTANT

Protestant See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church of St See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas, a Gothic See also:

• BUILDING

building of the 13th and 14th centuries, contains a fine See also:

• MONUMENT (Lat. monumentum or monumentum; from monere, to advise, bring to mind, remind; the German equivalent is Denkmal)

monument of See also:

• MARSHAL (med. Lat. marescalcus, from O.H.Ger. marah, horse, and scalc, servant)

Marshal See also:

• SAXE, JOHN GODFREY (1816-1887)
• SAXE, MAURICE, COMTE DE (1696-1750)

Saxe, considered the chef d'oeuvre of the sculptor, See also:

• JEAN

Jean See also:

• BAPTISTE

Baptiste See also:

• PIGALLE, JEAN BAPTISTE (1714-1785)

Pigalle . Other notable churches are the Protestant See also:

• TEMPLE
• TEMPLE, FREDERICK (1821-1902)
• TEMPLE, RICHARD
• TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART
• TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, BART

Temple Neuf, or Neue Kirche, rebuilt since 1870, and the Roman Catholic church of the Sacred Heart, erected in 1889—1893 . The old episcopal See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace, built in 1731—1741, was used for university purposes from 1872 to 1895; it is now the municipal museum of See also:

• ART

art . Other notable buildings are the Frauenhaus, with some interesting sculptures, and the Hotel du See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

Commerce, the finest See also:

• RENAISSANCE, THE

Renaissance building in the town . The imperial palace, designed by H .

Eggert in the Florentine Renaissance style, was built in 1889—1893; it is crowned by a See also:

• CUPOLA (Ital., from Lat. cupula, small cask or vault, cupa, tub)

cupola a15 it. high and is richly ornamented . The provincial and university library, with over 800,000 volumes, and the See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

hall of the provincial See also:

• DIET

Diet (Landesausschuss), built in 1888—1892, both in the See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian Renaissance style, occupy the opposite See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of the Kaiserplatz, and behind the latter is the large new See also:

• POST

post See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office . Between the university and the library is the Evangelical garrison church (1892—1897), built of reddish See also:

• SANDSTONE

sandstone in the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early Gothic style . The See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal squares of the town are the Kaiserplatz, the Broglieplatz, the Schlossplatz and the Kleberplatz . Still to be mentioned are the See also:

• GROSSE, JULIUS WALDEMAR (1828—1902)

Grosse Metzig, containing the See also:

• HOHENLOHE

Hohenlohe museum, the See also:

• THEATRE (BEarpov, " a place for seeing," from OeacOae)

theatre, the town hall, and the so-called Aubette, with the conservatorium of See also:

• MUSIC

music . A new See also:

• SYNAGOGUE (avvaywyii)
• SYNAGOGUE, UNITED

synagogue wascompleted in 1898, and the viceregal palace was entirely rebuilt in 1872-1874 . The town has new See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law courts, a Roman Catholic garrison church, an See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron See also:

• BRIDGE

bridge across the Rhine to See also:

• KEHL

Kehl and statues of See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

General Kleber and of the printer See also:

• GUTENBERG, JOHANN (c. 1398–1468)

Gutenberg . The university of Strassburg, founded in 1567 and suppressed during the French Revolution as a stronghold of German sentiment, was reopened in 1872; it now occupies a site in the new town and is housed in a handsome building erected for it in 1877—1894 . This is adorned with statues and frescoes by modern German artists, and has near it the chemical, See also:

• PHYSICAL

physical, botanical, See also:

• GEOLOGICAL

geological, seismological and zoological institutes, also the See also:

• OBSERVATORY

observatory, all designed by Eggert and built between 1877 and r888 . On the south of the old town are the various See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools, laboratories and hospitals of the medical See also:

• FACULTY (through the French, from the Lat. facultas, ability to do anything, from facilis, easy, facere, to do; another form of the word in Lat. facilitas, facility, ease, keeps the original meaning)

faculty, all built since 1877 . The university, which has six faculties, is attended by about 1400 students and has 130 professors . Other educational establishments are the Protestant gymnasium, founded in 1538, various seminaries for teachers and theological students and numerous schools .

The See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• INDUSTRIES

industries of Strassburg are tanning, See also:

• BREWING

brewing, See also:

• PRINTING (from Lat. imprimere, O. Fr. empreindre)

printing and the manufacture of See also:

• STEEL, FLORA ANNIE (1847– )

steel goods, musical See also:

• INSTRUMENTS

instruments, See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper, See also:

• SOAP

soap, See also:

• FURNITURE (from " furnish," Fr. fournir)

furniture, gloves and See also:

• TOBACCO

tobacco . To these must be added the fattening of geese for Strassburg's celebrated pates de foie See also:

• GAS

gas, which forms a useful source of income to the poorer classes . There is also a brisk See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade in agricultural produce, hams, sausages, See also:

• COAL

coal, See also:

• WINE (Lat. vinum, Gr. oivos)

wine, See also:

• LEATHER (a word which appears in all Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Leder, Dutch leer or leder, Swed. leder, and in such Celtic forms as Welsh llader)
• LEATHER, ARTIFICIAL

leather goods and hops . The development of this trade is favoured by the canals which connect the Rhine with the See also:

• RHONE
• RHONE (Fr. Rhone, Lat. Rhodanus)

Rhone and the See also:

• MARNE

Marne, and by a new See also:

• PORT

port of 250 acres in extent with quays and wharves on the Rhine, which has been constructed since 1891 . Strassburg has always been a See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place of See also:

• GREAT

great strategical importance, and as such has been strongly fortified . The pentagonal citadel constructed by See also:

• VAUBAN

Vauban in 1682—1684 was destroyed during the See also:

• SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege of 1870 . The modern German See also:

• SYSTEM

system of fortification consists of a See also:

• GIRDLE (O. Eng. gyrdel, from gyrdan, to gird; cf. Ger. Gurtel, Dutch gordel, from giirten and gorden; "gird" and its doublet " girth " together with the other Teutonic cognates have been referred by some to the root ghar—to seize, enclose, seen in Gr. )(s

girdle of fourteen detached forts, at a distance of from three to five See also:

• MILES, NELSON APPLETON (1839— )

miles from the centre of the town . Kehl, the tote-de-See also:

• PONT (or KYLPONT), ROBERT (1524–1606)

pont of Strassburg, and several villages are included within this See also:

• ENCEINTE (Lat. in, within, cinctus, girdled; to be distinguished from the word meaning " pregnant," from in, not, and cinctus, i.e. with girdle loosened)

enceinte, and three of the outworks See also:

• LIE, JONAS LAURITZ EDEMIL (1833—1908)
• LIE, MARIUS SOPHUS (1842–1899)

lie on the right See also:

• BANK

bank of the Rhine, in the territory of See also:

• BADEN
• BADEN, GRAND DUCHY OF

Baden . In See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case of need the garrison can See also:

• LAY

lay a great part of the environs under See also:

• WATER

water . The site of Strassburg was originally occupied as a See also:

• CELTIC

Celtic See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

settlement, which was captured by the See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans, who replaced it by the fortified station of Argentoratum, afterwards the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head-quarters of the eighth See also:

• LEGION (Lat. legio)

legion . In the See also:

• YEAR

year 357 the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor See also:

• JULIAN (FLAVIUS CLAUDIUS JULIANUS) (331-363)

Julian saved the frontier of the Rhine by a decisive victory gained here over the See also:

• ALAMANNI, or ALEMANNI, LUIGI (1495-1556)
• ALAMANNI, or ALLEMANNI

Alamanni, but about fifty years later the whole of the See also:

• DISTRICT

district now called Alsace See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell into the hands of that See also:

• PEOPLE

people . Towards the end of the 5th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century the town passed to the See also:

• FRANKS
• FRANKS, SIR AUGUSTUS WOLLASTON (1826-1897)

Franks, who gave it its present name .

The famous " Strassburg oaths " between See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles the Bold and See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis the German were taken here in 842, and in 923, through the See also:

• HOMAGE (from homo, through the Low Lat. hominaticum, which occurs in a document of 1035)

homage paid by the See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of Lorraine to the German See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry I., began the connexion of the town with the German See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom which was to last for over seven centuries . The early See also:

• HISTORY

history of Strassburg consists mainly of struggles between the bishop and the citizens, the latter as they See also:

• GREW, NEHEMIAH (1641-1712)

grew in See also:

• WEALTH

wealth and See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power feeling that the fetters of ecclesiastical See also:

• RULE

rule were inconsistent with their full development . This conflict was finally decided in favour of the citizens by the See also:

• BATTLE

battle of Oberhausbergen in 1262, and the position of a free imperial city which had been conferred upon Strassburg by the German king, See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip of See also:

• SWABIA, SUABIA

Swabia, was not again disputed . This casting off of the episcopal yoke was followed in 1332 by an See also:

• INTERNAL

internal revolution, which admitted the See also:

• GILDS, or GUILDS

gilds to a See also:

• SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share in the government of the city and impressed upon it the democratic See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character which it See also:

• BORE

bore down to theFrench Revolution . Strassburg soon became one of the most flourishing of the imperial towns, and the names of natives or residents like See also:

• SEBASTIAN
• SEBASTIAN, ST

Sebastian See also:

• BRANT, JOSEPH (1742-1807)
• BRANT, SEBASTIAN (1457-1521)

Brant, Johann See also:

• TAULER, JOHANN (c. 1300—1361)

Tauler and See also:

• GEILER (or GEYLER) VON KAISERSBERG, JOHANN (1445-gm),

Geiler von Kaisersberg show that its See also:

• EMINENCE (Lat. eminentia)

eminence was intellectual as well as material . In 1349 two thousand See also:

• JEWS
• JEWS (Heb. Y8hudi, man of Judah; Gr. 'Iovbaiot; Lat. Judaei)

Jews were burned at Strassburg on a See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge of causing a pestilence by poisoning the See also:

• WELLS
• WELLS, CHARLES JEREMIAH (1798?–1879)
• WELLS, DAVID AMES (1828—1898)
• WELLS, HERBERT GEORGE (1866— )
• WELLS, SIR THOMAS SPENCER, 1ST BART

wells . In 1381 the city joined the Stadtebund, or See also:

• LEAGUE

league of Swabian towns, and about a century later it rendered efficient aid to the Swiss confederates at Granson and See also:

• NANCY

Nancy . The reformed doctrines were readily accepted in Strassburg about 1523, its foremost See also:

• CHAMPION (Fr. champion, Late Lat. campio from campus; a field or open space, i.e. one " who takes the field " or fights; cf. Ger. Kampf, battle, and Kampfer, fighter)

champion here being See also:

• MARTIN (Martinus)
• MARTIN, BON LOUIS HENRI (1810-1883)
• MARTIN, CLAUD (1735-1800)
• MARTIN, FRANCOIS XAVIER (1762-1846)
• MARTIN, HOMER DODGE (1836-1897)
• MARTIN, JOHN (1789-1854)
• MARTIN, LUTHER (1748-1826)
• MARTIN, SIR THEODORE (1816-1909)
• MARTIN, SIR WILLIAM FANSHAWE (1801–1895)
• MARTIN, ST (c. 316-400)
• MARTIN, WILLIAM (1767-1810)

Martin See also:

• BUCER (or BuTZER), MARTIN (1491-1551)

Bucer, and the city was skilfully piloted through the ensuing See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of religious dissensions by See also:

• JACOB
• JACOB, JOHN (1812-1858)

Jacob See also:

• STURM
• STURM, JULIUS (1816-1896)

Sturm von Sturmeck, who secured for it very favourable terms at the end of the See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war of the league of See also:

• SCHMALKALDEN

Schmalkalden . In the See also:

• THIRTY

Thirty Years' War Strassburg escaped without molestation by observing a prudent See also:

• NEUTRALITY

neutrality . In 1681, during a See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace, it was suddenly seized by Louis XIV., and this unjustifiable See also:

• ACTION

action received formal recognition at the peace of See also:

• RYSWICK, TREATY OF

Ryswick in 1697 . The immediate effect of this See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change was a partial reaction in favour of Roman Catholicism, but the city remained essentially German until the French Revolution, when it was deprived of its privileges as a free town and sank to the level of a French provincial capital . In the war of 1870-71 Strassburg, with its garrison of 17,000 men, surrendered to the Germans on the 28th of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1871 after a siege of seven See also:

• WEEKS, EDWIN LORD (1849-1903)

weeks .

The city and the cathedral suffered considerably from the bombardment, but all traces of the havoc have now disappeared . Before the war more than See also:

• HALF

half of the inhabitants spoke German, and this proportion has increased greatly of recent years, owing to the large influx of pure German elements into the city and the almost See also:

• COMPLETE

complete reconciliation of the older inhabitants to the rule of Germany . The bishopric of Strassburg existed in the days of the Merovingian See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings, being probably founded in the 4th century, and embraced a large territory on both See also:

• BANKS, GEORGE LINNAEUS (1821-1881)
• BANKS, NATHANIEL PRENTISS (1816–1894)
• BANKS, SIR JOSEPH
• BANKS, THOMAS (1735-1805)

banks of the Rhine, which was afterwards diminished by the creation of the bishoprics of See also:

• SPIRES (Ger. Speyer or Speier)

Spires and Basel . The bishopric was in the archdiocese of See also:

• MAINZ (Fr. Mayence)

Mainz and the bishop was a See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince of the See also:

• EMPIRE

empire . The episcopal lands were annexed by See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France in 178g and the subsequent Roman Catholic bishops of Strassburg discharged spiritual duties only . For the history of the bishopric see Grandidier, Histoire de l'eglise el See also:

• DES

des evcques-princes de Strasbourg (Strassburg, 1775–1778); Glockler, Geschichte des Bistums Strasburg (Strassburg, 1879–188o); and J . Fritz, Das Territorium des Bistums Strasburg (Strassburg, 1885) . For the city see the Strassburger Chroniken, edited by See also:

• HEGEL, GEORG WILHELM FRIEDRICH (1770-1831)

Hegel (Leipzig, 187o–1871); the Urkunden and Akten der Stadt Strassburg (Strassburg, 1879 seq.); G . See also:

• SCHMOLLER, GUSTAV (1838– )

Schmoller, Strassburgs Blute See also:

• IM(K2+a2+h2—2 ah cos 0)

im 13 . Jahrhundert (Strassburg, 1875) ; Schricker, Zur Geschichte der Universitat Strassburg (Strassburg, 1872) ; J . Kindler, Das goldene See also:

• BUCH
• BUCH, CHRISTIAN LEOPOLD VON, BARON (1774-1853)

Buch von Strassburg (See also:

• VIENNA (Ger. Wien; Lat. Vindobona)
• VIENNA, CONGRESS OF (1814-1815)

Vienna, 1885–1886); H . See also:

• LUDWIG, KARL FRIEDRICH WILHELM (1816—1895)
• LUDWIG, OTTO (1813-1865)

Ludwig, Deutsche Kaiser and Konige'in Strassburg (Strassburg, 1889) ; A .

Seyboth, Strasbourg historique (Strassburg, 1894); and C . Stahling, Histoire contemporaine de Strasbourg (See also:

• NICE

Nice, 1884 seq.) . STRATA-See also:

• FLORIDA

FLORIDA (Ystradflur), the ruins of a celebrated Cistercian See also:

• ABBEY (Lat. abbatia; from Syr. abba, father)
• ABBEY, EDWIN AUSTIN (1852– )

abbey of See also:

• CARDIGANSHIRE (Ceredigion, Sir Aberteifi)

Cardiganshire, See also:

• WALES (Cymru, Gwalia, Cambria)

Wales, situated amidst See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild and beautiful scenery near the source of the See also:

• RIVER

river Teifi . The abbey is 2 M. distant from the See also:

• VILLAGE

village of Pontrhydfendigaid (bridge of the blessed See also:

• FORD, EDWARD ONSLOW
• FORD, JOHN (r586–c.1640)
• FORD, RICHARD (1796-1858)
• FORD, THOMAS (b. c. 158o)

ford) on the Teifi, and about 4 M. from the station of Strata-Florida on the so-called See also:

• MANCHESTER
• MANCHESTER (popularly Manchester-by-the-Sea)
• MANCHESTER, EARLS AND DUKES OF

Manchester and See also:

• MILFORD

Milford See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch See also:

• LINE

line of the Great Western railway . The existing remains are not extensive, but the dimensions of the church, 213 ft. See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long by 61 ft. broad, are easily traceable, and excavations made at different times during recent years have brought to See also:

• LIGHT

light encaustic tiles and other See also:

• OBJECTS

objects of See also:

• INTEREST

interest . The most prominent feature of the ruined abbey is the elaborate western portal of the church, which is regarded as a unique specimen of the transitional See also:

• NORMAN
• NORMAN, SIR HENRY WYLIE (1826-1904)

Norman-See also:

• ENGLISH

English See also:

• ARCHITECTURE (Lat. architectura, from the Gr. ap)(LTEKrwv, a master-builder)

architecture of the 12th century . A fine See also:

• SILVER

silver See also:

• SEAL
• SEAL, FUR
• SEAL, HAIR

seal of the abbey is preserved in the See also:

• BRITISH

British Museum . Founded and generously endowed in 1164 by Rhys ap See also:

• GRIFFITH, SIR RICHARD JOHN (1784-1878)

Griffith, prince of South Wales, the Cistercian abbey of St See also:

• MARY
• MARY (1457-1482)
• MARY (1496-1533)
• MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS

Mary at Strata-Florida (which was probably a revival of an older monastic See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house on or near the same site) continued for over a century to be reckoned one of the wealthiest and most influential of the Welsh religious houses . It was much favoured by Welsh bards, nobles and princes, several of whom were buried in the adjoining See also:

• CEMETERY (Gr. Korrsnri7pwv, from Hoiµav, to sleep)

cemetery; and in its library were deposited many See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official documents and records of the native princes . In 1138 See also:

• LLEWELYN

Llewelyn ap Iorwerth, " the Great," summoned all his vassals to thisspot to do homage to his See also:

• HEIR (Lat. heres, from a root meaning to grasp, seen in heres or erus, master of a house, Gr. xeip, hand, Sans. hat ana, hand)

heir, afterwards Prince See also:

• DAVID
• DAVID (a Hebrew name meaning probably beloved 1)
• DAVID, FELICIEN (1810—1876)
• DAVID, GERARD [GHEERAERT DAVIT], (?=1523)
• DAVID, PIERRE JEAN (1789–1856)
• DAVID, ST (Dewi, Sant)

David II . The abbey suffered severely during the Edwardian See also:

• WARS

wars, and in or about 1294 a large portion of its buildings was destroyed by See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire, though whether as the result of See also:

• ACCIDENT
• ACCIDENT (from Lat. accidere, to happen)

accident or design remains unknown; in any case See also:

• EDWARD

Edward I. gave a donation of £75 towards the restoration of the fabric . During See also:

• OWEN, JOHN (1616-1683)
• OWEN, JOHN [OVENUS Or AUDOENUS] (c. 1560-1622)
• OWEN, ROBERT (1771-1858)
• OWEN, SIR HUGH (1804-1881)
• OWEN, SIR RICHARD (1804–1892)

Owen See also:

• GLENDOWER, OWEN (c. 1359–1415)

Glendower's See also:

• REBELLION

rebellion in Henry IV.'s reign, the abbey was held for some months by Harry of See also:

• MONMOUTH (Welsh Mynwy)
• MONMOUTH, BATTLE OF (1778)
• MONMOUTH, JAMES SCOTT
• MONMOUTH, ROBERT CAREY, 1ST EARL OF (c. 1560-1639)

Monmouth (Henry V.) with a See also:

• BODY

body of troopers .

With the extinction of Welsh See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence the abbey lost much of its wealth and See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence, and at the See also:

• DISSOLUTION (from Lat. dissolvere, to break up into parts)

dissolution of the monasteries its See also:

• GROSS

gross See also:

• REVENUE
• REVENUE (0. Fr. revenu, from revenir, to return)

revenue was returned at only £122, 6s . 8d. a year, one See also:

• RICHARD
• RICHARD (d. 1184)
• RICHARD, FRANCOIS MARIE BENJAMIN (18,9-1908)
• RICHARD, HENRY (1812-1888)
• RICHARD, ST

Richard Talley being its last See also:

• ABBOT (from the Hebrew ab, a father, through the Syriac abba, Lat. abbas, gen. abbatis, O.E. abbad, fr. late Lat. form abbad-em changed in 13th century under influence of the Lat. form to abbat, used alternatively till the end of the 17th century; Ger. Ab
• ABBOT, EZRA (1819-1884)
• ABBOT, GEORGE (1603-1648)
• ABBOT, ROBERT (1588?–1662?)
• ABBOT, WILLIAM (1798-1843)

abbot . The fabric of the abbey and its surrounding lands came into the See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of the See also:

• STEDMAN, EDMUND CLARENCE (1833–1908)

Stedman See also:

• FAMILY

family, whose 17th-century See also:

• MANSION (through O. Fr. mansion, mod. maison, from Lat. mansio, dwelling-place, stage on a journey; manere, to remain)

mansion, built out of materials from the monastic buildings, has long been used as a farmhouse . By See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage the abbey and the See also:

• ESTATE (through O. Fr. estat, mod. flat, from Lat. status, state, condition, position, stare, to stand)

estate of the Stedmans passed into the possession of the family of See also:

• POWELL, FREDERICK YORK (1850-1904)
• POWELL, GEORGE (c. 1658-1714)
• POWELL, JOHN WESLEY (1834–1902)
• POWELL, VAVASOR (1617-1670)

Powell of Nanteos .