See also:

• VISCOUNT (through O. Fr. viscomte, mod. vicomte, from Low Lat. vice-comes, cf. Portug. visconde, Ital. visconte)

VISCOUNT See also:

• STRATFORD
• STRATFORD, JOHN DE (d. 1348)

STRATFORD See also:

• CANNING, CHARLES JOHN, EARL (1812-1862)
• CANNING, GEORGE (1770-1827)

CANNING STRATFORD DE REDCLIFFE (1786-188o)  , See also:

• BRITISH

British diplomatist, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born in See also:

• CLEMENT (Lat. Clemens, i.e. merciful; Gr. K)4gs)
• CLEMENT, FRANCOIS (1714-1793)
• CLEMENT, JACQUES (1567-1589)

Clement's See also:

• LANE, EDWARD WILLIAM (1801–1876)
• LANE, JAMES HENRY (1814–1866)

Lane in the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city of See also:

• LONDON

London, on the 4th of See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1786 . His See also:

• FATHER

father, See also:

• STRATFORD
• STRATFORD, JOHN DE (d. 1348)

Stratford See also:

• CANNING, CHARLES JOHN, EARL (1812-1862)
• CANNING, GEORGE (1770-1827)

Canning, See also:

• UNCLE

uncle of See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George Canning (q.v.), had been disinherited for his See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage with Mehetabel See also:

• PATRICK, SIMON (1626–1707)
• PATRICK, ST

Patrick . He settled in London as a See also:

• MERCHANT (O. Fr. marcheant, modern marchand; from Lat. mercari, to trade, merx, goods, merchandise)

merchant . On his See also:

• DEATH

death, six months after the See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth of his son, his widow took a See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house at See also:

• WANSTEAD

Wanstead near See also:

• EPPING

Epping See also:

• FOREST

Forest . Stratford Canning was educated first at a See also:

• DAME
• DAME (through the Fr. from Lat. domina, mistress, lady, the feminine of dominus, master, lord)

dame's school at Wanstead, then at See also:

• HACKNEY
• HACKNEY (from Fr. haquenee, Lat. equus, an ambling horse or mare, especially for ladies to ride; the English " hack " is simply an abbreviation)

Hackney, and after 1794 at See also:

• ETON

Eton . In 18o5 he was elected a See also:

• SCHOLAR, SCHOLARSHIP

scholar of See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King's See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

College, See also:

• CAM (CAO), DIOGO (fl. 1480-1486)

Cam-See also:

• BRIDGE

bridge, but he only kept two terms, and in 1807 was appointed precis writer to the See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office by his See also:

• COUSIN (Fr. cousin, Ital. cugino, Late Lat. cosinus, perhaps a popular and familiar abbreviation of consobrinus, which has the same sense in classical Latin)
• COUSIN, JEAN (1500-1590)
• COUSIN, VICTOR (1792–1867)

cousin George Canning . He received his degree in 1812, See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence having been dispensed with on the ground that he was absent on the king's service . In 1807 he went as secretary to Mr Merry on a See also:

• DIPLOMATIC

diplomatic See also:

• MISSION

mission to See also:

• COPENHAGEN (Danish Kjobenhavn)

Copenhagen . In ,8o8 he was appointed first secretary to . Mr (afterwards See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert) See also:

• ADAIR, JOHN (d. 1722)

Adair, who was sent as See also:

• AMBASSADOR (also EMBASSADOR, the form sometimes still used in America; from the Fr. ambassadeur, with which compare Ital. ambasciatore and Span. embajador, all variants of the Med. Lat. ambassiator, ambassiator, ambasator, &c., derived from Med. Lat. amba

ambassador. to See also:

• CONSTANTINOPLE
• CONSTANTINOPLE, COUNCILS OF

Constantinople . When Mr Adair was transferred to See also:

• VIENNA (Ger. Wien; Lat. Vindobona)
• VIENNA, CONGRESS OF (1814-1815)

Vienna in 181o, Canning remained at Constantinople as See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge d'affaires . The British See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government was then in the very crisis of its strugglewith See also:

• NAPOLEON

Napoleon, and it See also:

• LEFT

left Canning entirely to his own discretion .

His See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal task was to persuade the See also:

• TURKISH

Turkish government not to show undue favour to the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French privateers which swarmed in the See also:

• LEVANT

Levant . In May; 8I2 he was able to See also:

• PLAY

play the See also:

• PART

part of " honest See also:

• BROKER (according to the New English Dictionary, from Lat. brocca, spit, spike, broccare, to broach "—another Eng. form of the same word; hence O. Fr. vendre d broche, to retail, e.g. wine, from the tap, and thus the general sense of dealing; see also for

broker " in arranging the See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace of See also:

• BUCHAREST (Bucuresci)

Bucharest between See also:

• TURKEY

Turkey and See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia, which left a powerful See also:

• RUSSIAN

Russian See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army See also:

• FREE

free to take part in repelling Napoleon's invasion . Canning was able to hasten the decision of the See also:

• TURKS

Turks, by making judicious use of Napoleon's See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan for the See also:

• PARTITION

partition of their See also:

• EMPIRE

empire . A copy of it had been left in his hands by Mr Adair to be used at the proper moment . In See also:

• JULY

July he left Constantinople with the sincere See also:

• DESIRE

desire never to return, for he was tired of the corrupt and stiff-necked Turkish officials . His ambition was to See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead an active career at See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home . But his success in arranging the treaty of Bucharest had marked him out for diplomatic employment . His See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence from home in See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early youth and the See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent position he had held much before the usual See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age, had in fact disqualified him for the career of a See also:

• PARLIAMENTARY

parliamentary party See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man . By the friendly intervention of Castlereagh, his cousin's old opponent, he received a See also:

• PENSION (Lat. pensio, a payment, from pendere, to weigh, to pay)

pension, or rather a retaining See also:

• FEE

fee, of £1200 a See also:

• YEAR

year, on the " usual conditions "—which were that he should bind himself to accept the next diplomatic See also:

• POST

post offered, and should not See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to enter See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament . Canning spent his leisure in travel-See also:

• LING, PER HENRIK (1776-1839)

ling about See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, and he wrote some See also:

• POETRY

poetry which gained him the praise of See also:

• BYRON, GEORGE GORDON BYRON, 6TH BARON (1788-1824)
• BYRON, HENRY JAMES (1834-1884)
• BYRON, HON
• BYRON, JOHN BYRON

Byron, whom he had known in boyhood, and had met in Constantinople . In 1814 he was appointed See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister plenipotentiary to See also:

• SWITZERLAND

Switzerland . In this capacity he had a See also:

• SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share in reorganizing the confederacy after the fall . of the See also:

• NAPOLEONIC

Napoleonic See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

settlement, and he attended the See also:

• CONGRESS (Lat. congressus, coming together, from congredi; cum, with, and gradus, step)

congress at Vienna .

He was an See also:

• EYE
• EYE (O. Eng. edge, Ger. Auge; derived from an Indo-European root also seen in Lat. oc-ulus, the organ of vision (q.v.)

eye-See also:

• WITNESS
• WITNESS (from O. Eng. witan, to know)

witness of the dramatic See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change produced at, Vienna by Napoleon's return from See also:

• ELBA (Gr. AiWaXla; Lat. Ilva)

Elba .. Canning retained his post in Switzer-See also:

• LAND

land till 1818 . In 1816 he married See also:

• MISS

Miss Harriet See also:

• RAIKES, ROBERT (1735–18,x)

Raikes, daughter of a See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor of the See also:

• BANK

Bank of England . Her death in See also:

• CHILD
• CHILD, FRANCIS JAMES (1825-1896)
• CHILD, L
• CHILD, LYDIA MARIA (1802-1880)
• CHILD, SIR FRANCIS (1642-1713)
• CHILD, SIR JOHN (d. 1690)
• CHILD, SIR JOSIAH (163o - 1699)

child-birth in 1818, had a strong See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence in inducing him to resign his post, of which he was thoroughly tired . The British minister to Switzer,-land had merely formal duties to perform in normal times, and the See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place was wearisome to a man of Canning's capacity and desire for See also:

• WORK

work . In 1819 he was appointed minister at Washing-ton, a station of See also:

• GREAT

great difficulty owing to the See also:

• ILL

ill-feeling created by the See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war of 1812 and the many delicate questions outstanding between the British and the See also:

• AMERICAN

American governments . Canning, whose naturally See also:

• QUICK

quick See also:

• TEMPER (from Lat. temperare, to mingle or compound in due proportion, to qualify, rule, regulate, to be moderate, formed from tempos, time, fit or due season)

temper had been See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed by early See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence, came into occasional collision with See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John See also:

• QUINCY
• QUINCY, JOSIAH (1744–1775)

Quincy See also:

• ADAMS
• ADAMS, ANDREW LEITH (1827-1882)
• ADAMS, CHARLES FRANCIS (1807-1886)
• ADAMS, HENRY (1838— )
• ADAMS, HENRY CARTER (1852— )
• ADAMS, HERBERT (i858— )
• ADAMS, HERBERT BAXTER (1850—1901)
• ADAMS, JOHN (1735–1826)
• ADAMS, JOHN QUINCY (1767-1848)
• ADAMS, SAMUEL (1722-1803)
• ADAMS, THOMAS (d. c. 1655)
• ADAMS, WILLIAM (d. 162o)

Adams, the American secretary of See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state, who was, on his own showing, by no. means of a patient disposition . Yet the American statesman recognized that the " arrogance" of the British minister was combined with See also:

• ABSOLUTE (Lat. absolvere, to loose, set free)

absolute candour and that he was above all See also:

• PETTY, SIR WILLIAM (1623-1687)

petty diplomatic trickery . They parted with mutual respect . Canning returned to England in 1823 on leave and did not go back to See also:

• WASHINGTON
• WASHINGTON (or WASHINGTON COURT HOUSE)
• WASHINGTON, BOOKER TALIAFERRO (c. 1859– )
• WASHINGTON, BUSHROD (1762-1829)
• WASHINGTON, GEORGE (1732-1799)

Washington . The See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general treaty he had arranged with Mr Adams was rejected by the See also:

• UNITED

United States See also:

• SENATE (Lat. senatus, from root sen-, as in senex, old; the root is the Sanskrit sana, cf. Gr. 'vos; the same element appears in senor, seigneur, seneschal)

Senate . In 1824 Canning was selected as ambassador to Turkey, and proceeded to Constantinople after a preliminary visit to Vienna and St See also:

• PETERSBURG

Petersburg .

In the Russian See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital he'was engaged in discussing the arrangement of the See also:

• ALASKA

Alaska boundary, and, partly in See also:

• SOUNDING (for derivation see SOUND above)

sounding the Russian government as to the course to be taken with the See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek revolt against Turkey . He left for Constantinople in See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1825, accompanied by his second wife, the daughter of Mr See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander of Somerhill near See also:

• TONBRIDGE [TUNBRIDGE]

Tonbridge . At Constantinople he was engaged with the ambassadors of See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France and Russia in an enterprise which he afterwards recognized as having been hopeless from the beginning—namely in endeavouring to indife See also:

• SULTAN (an Arabic word meaning " victorious " or " a ruler," sultat, dominion)

Sultan Mahmud II. to make concessions to the Greeks, without applying to him the pressure of armed force . After the See also:

• BATTLE

battle of See also:

• NAVARINO, BATTLE OF

Navarino (q.v.) on the loth of October 1827, the ambassadors were compelled to retire to See also:

• CORFU (anc. and mod. Gr. KEpKvpa or Kopiupa, Lat. Corcyra)

Corfu . Here Canning leaned that his conduct so far had been approved, but as he desired to know what view was taken of the final rupture with the See also:

• PORTE, THE SUBLIME (Arab. babi-'ali, the high gate, through the French translation la sublime porte)

Porte he came home . He was sent out again on the 8th of July 182.8 . Canning did not agree on all points with his See also:

• SUPERIOR

superior, See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord See also:

• ABERDEEN
• ABERDEEN, GEORGE GORDON, 1ST EARL O (1637-1720)
• ABERDEEN, GEORGE HAMILTON GORDON, 4TH EARL

Aberdeen, and in 1829 he, for the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time being, turned from diplomatic to parliamentary See also:

• LIFE

life . He sat for Old Sarum, for See also:

• STOCKBRIDGE

Stockbridge (rotten flows in exquisite wooded reaches, navigable only for small boroughs) and for See also:

• SOUTHAMPTON
• SOUTHAMPTON, EARL OF
• SOUTHAMPTON, HENRY WRIOTHESLEY, 3RD EARL OF (1J73—1624)

Southampton, but did not make much See also:

• MARK
• MARK, CARL (1858– )
• MARK, GOSPEL OF ST
• MARK, ST

mark .in 'parliament . He was twice absent on diplomatic See also:

• MISSIONS (Lat. missio, a sending)

missions . At the end of 1831 he went to Constantinople to attend the conferences on the delimitation of the Greek frontier, arriving immediately after the See also:

• RECEIPT (M.E. receite, derived through Fr. from Lat. recepta, participle of recipere, to receive)

receipt of the See also:

• NEWS

news of Mehemet See also:

• ALI

Ali's invasion of See also:

• SYRIA

Syria (see MEHEMET ALI) . Sultan Mahmud now proposed to Canning an See also:

• ALLIANCE

alliance between Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain and Turkey, and Canning strongly urged this upon See also:

• PALMERSTON
• PALMERSTON, HENRY JOHN TEMPLE, 3RD VISCOUNT (1784-1865)

Palmerston, pointing out the advisability of helping the sultan against Mehemet Ali in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

Order to forestall Russia, and of at the same time placating Mehemet Ali by guaranteeing him certain advantages . This See also:

• ADVICE (Fr. avis, from Lat. ad, to, and visum, viewed)

advice, which largely anticipated the settlement of 1841, was not followed; but Canning himself was in high favour with the sultan, from whom he received the unique distinction of the See also:

• SOVEREIGN

sovereign's portrait set in diamonds .

In 1833 he was selected as ambassador to Russia, but the See also:

• TSAR, or CZAR

tsar See also:

• NICHOLAS
• NICHOLAS (1841– )
• NICHOLAS (or NICLAES), HENRY (or HENDRIK) (c. 1501-C. 158o)
• NICHOLAS, SIR EDWARD (1593-1669)
• NICHOLAS, ST

Nicholas I. refused to receive him . The See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

story that the tsar was influenced by merely See also:

• PERSONAL

personal animosity seems to be unfounded . Nicholas was no doubt sufficiently informed as to the See also:

• PEREMPTORY

peremptory See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of Sir Stratford Canning (he had been made G.C.B. in 1828) to see his unfitness to represent Great Britain at a really independent See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court . After Canning had declined the treasurership of the See also:

• HOUSEHOLD, ROYAL

Household and the governor-generalship of See also:

• CANADA

Canada, he was again named ambassador at Constantinople . He reached his post in See also:

• JANUARY

January 1842 and retained it till his resignation in See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1858 . His See also:

• TENURE (Fr. tenure, from Lat. tenere, to hold)

tenure of office in these years was made remarkable—first by his See also:

• CONSTANT, BENJAMIN (1845-1902)

constant efforts to induce the Turkish government to accept reform and to conduct itself with humanity and decency; then by the See also:

• CRIMEAN

Crimean War (q.v.) . Canning had no See also:

• ORIGINAL

original liking for the Turks . He was the first to See also:

• EXPRESS (through the French from the past participle of the Lat. exprimere, to press out, by transference used of representing objects in painting or sculpture, or of thoughts, &c. in words)

express an ardent See also:

• HOPE, ANTHONY
• HOPE, THOMAS (c. 1770-1831)

hope that they would be expelled from See also:

• EUROPE

Europe with " bag and baggage "—a phrase made popular in after times by See also:

• GLADSTONE
• GLADSTONE, JOHN HALL (1827-1902)
• GLADSTONE, WILLIAM EWART (1809–1898)

Gladstone . But he had persuaded himself that under the new sultan Abd-ul-Mejid they might be reformed, and he was willing to play the part of guiding See also:

• PROVIDENCE

providence . He certainly impressed himself on the Turks, and on all other witnesses, as a strong See also:

• PERSONALITY (from Lat. persona, originally an actor's mask, from personare,1 to sound through)

personality . In particular he struck the See also:

• IMAGINATION

imagination of See also:

• KINGLAKE, ALEXANDER WILLIAM (1809-1891)

Kinglake, the author of the Invasion of the See also:

• CRIMEA (ancient Tauris or Tauric Chersonese, called by the Russians by the Tatar name Krym or Crim)

Crimea . In that See also:

• BOOK

book he appears as a See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind of magician who is always mentioned as the" great Elchi " and who influences the See also:

• FATE

fate of nations by mystic spells See also:

• CAST (from the verb meaning " to throw "; the word is Scand. in origin, cf. Dan. kaste, and Swed. kasta; " cast " in Middle Eng. took the place of the A.S. weor pan, cf. Ger. werf en)

cast on pallid sultans .

Great Elchi is the Turkish See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title for an ambassador, and Elchi for a minister plenipotentiary . The use made of the See also:

• EXOTIC (Gr. EWTIK6s, foreign, from few, outside)

exotic title in Kinglake's book is only one of the Corinthian ornaments of his See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style . In sober fact Canning's exertions on behalf of reform in Turkey affected little below the See also:

• SURFACE

surface . His share in the Crimean War cannot be told here . On the fall of Palmerston's See also:

• MINISTRY

ministry in February 1858 he resigned, and though he paid a complimentary farewell visit to Constantinople, he had no further share in public life than the occasional speeches he delivered from his place in the House of Lords . He had been raised to the See also:

• PEERAGE
• PEERAGE (Fr. pairage, med. Lat. paragium; M.E. Pere, 0. Fr. per, peer, later pair; Lat. Paris, " equal ")

peerage in 1852 . During his later years he wrote several essays collected under the title of The Eastern Question (London, 1881)' In 1873 he published his See also:

• TREATISE

treatise, Why I am a See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian, and in 1876 his play, See also:

• ALFRED

Alfred the Great at See also:

• ATHELNEY

Athelney . The only son of his second marriage died before him . His wife and two daughters survived him . Lord Stratford died on the 14th of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 188o, and was buried at Frant in See also:

• SUSSEX
• SUSSEX, EARLS OF
• SUSSEX, KINGDOM OF (SO Seaxe, i.e. the South Saxons)
• SUSSEX, THOMAS RADCLYFFE [or RATCLYFFE], 3RD EARL OF (c. 1525-1583)

Sussex . A See also:

• MONUMENT (Lat. monumentum or monumentum; from monere, to advise, bring to mind, remind; the German equivalent is Denkmal)

monument to him was erected in See also:

• WESTMINSTER
• WESTMINSTER, MARQUESSES AND DUKES OF
• WESTMINSTER, STATUTES OF
• WESTMINSTER, SYNODS OF

Westminster See also:

• ABBEY (Lat. abbatia; from Syr. abba, father)
• ABBEY, EDWIN AUSTIN (1852– )

Abbey in 1884 . See Life of Lord Stratford de Redcliffe, by S .

Lane See also:

• POOLE
• POOLE, MATTHEW (1624-1699)
• POOLE, PAUL FALCONER (1806-1879)
• POOLE, REGINALD STUART (1832-1895)

Poole (London, 1$88) . STRATFORD-ON-See also:

• AVON

AVON, a See also:

• MARKET (Lat. mercatus, trade or place of trade)

market See also:

• TOWN

town and municipal See also:

• BOROUGH (A.S. nominative burh, dative byrig, which produces some of the place-names ending in bury, a sheltered or fortified place, the camp of refuge of a tribe, the stronghold of a chieftain; cf. Ger. Burg, Fr. bor, bore, bourg)
• BOROUGH [BURROUGH, BURROWE, BORROWS], STEVEN (1525–1584)

borough in the Sfratford-on-Avon parliamentary See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division of See also:

• WARWICK
• WARWICK, EARLS OF
• WARWICK, RICHARD BEAUCHAMP, EARL OF (1382—1439)
• WARWICK, RICHARD NEVILLE, EARL OF (1428—1471)
• WARWICK, SIR PHILIP (1609-1683)
• WARWICK, SIR ROBERT RICH, 2ND EARL OF (1587–1658)

Warwick-See also:

• SHIRE

shire, England; on a See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch See also:

• LINE

line of the Great Western railway and on the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East & See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West Junction railway, in connexion with which it is served from London by the Great Central (922 m.) and the London & See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North-Western See also:

• RAILWAYS

railways . Pop . (Igor), 8310 . The town lies mainly on the right (west) bank of the Avon . The neighbourhood, comprised in the See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich valley of the Avon, is beautiful though of no considerable See also:

• ELEVATION

elevation . The See also:

• RIVER

river boats . The Stratford-on-Avon See also:

• CANAL
• CANAL (from Lat. canalis, " channel " and " kennel " being doublets of the word)

canal communicates with the Warwick and See also:

• BIRMINGHAM

Birmingham canal . The river is crossed at Stratford by a See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone bridge of 14 See also:

• ARCHES, COURT OF

arches, built by Sir See also:

• HUGH
• HUGH, ST

Hugh Clopton in the reign of See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry VII . The See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church of the See also:

• HOLY

Holy Trinity occupies the site of a Saxon monastery, which existed before 691,. when the See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop of See also:

• WORCESTER
• WORCESTER, EARLS AND MARQUESSES OF
• WORCESTER, JOHN TIPTOFT, EARL OF (1427—1470)
• WORCESTER, WILLIAM (c. 1415-c. 1482)

Worcester received it in See also:

• EXCHANGE

exchange from See also:

• ETHELRED

Ethelred, king of See also:

• MERCIA

Mercia . It is beautifully placed near the river, and is a See also:

• FINE

fine cruciform structure, partly Early See also:

• ENGLISH

English and partly Perpendicular, with a central See also:

• TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

tower and lofty octagonal See also:

• SPIRE

spire . It was greatly improved in the reign of See also:

• EDWARD

Edward III. by John de Stratford, who rebuilt the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south See also:

• AISLE (from Lat. ala, a wing)

aisle .

He also in 1332 founded a See also:

• CHANTRY (Fr. chanterie, from chanter, to sing; Med. Lat. cantuaria)

chantry for priests, and in 1351 See also:

• RALPH (d. 1122)

Ralph de Stratford built for John's chantry priests " a house of square stone," which came to be known as the college, and in connexion with which the church became collegiate . The See also:

• PRESENT

present beautiful See also:

• CHOIR (0. Fr. cuer from Lat. chorus; pronounced quire, and until the end of the 17th century so spelt, the spelling being altered to agree with the Fr. chceur)

choir was built by See also:

• DEAN (Lat. decanus, derived from the Gr. 8eaa, ten)
• DEAN, FOREST OF

Dean Balshall (1465-1491), and in the reign of Henry VII. the north and south transepts were erected . A window commemorates the Shakespearian scholar J . O . Halliwell-Phillipps . The See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation of the See also:

• CHAPEL

chapel of the gild of the Holy See also:

• CROSS

Cross was laid by Robert de Stratford . The gild, to which both sexes were admitted, was in existence early in the 13th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, and it was incorporated by a See also:

• CHARTER (Lat. charta, carta, from Gr. Xap-rns, originally for papyrus, material for writing, thence transferred to paper and from this material to the document, in O. Eng. boc, book)

charter from Edward III. in 1322 . It was dissolved in 1547 . The See also:

• GUILDHALL

guildhall is a picturesque See also:

• HALF

half-timbered See also:

• BUILDING

building . A beautiful house of the 16th century belonged to one See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas See also:

• ROGERS, HENRY DARWIN (18o8—1866)
• ROGERS, JAMES EDWIN THOROLD (1823-1890)
• ROGERS, JOHN (1627–c. 1665)
• ROGERS, JOHN (1829-1904)
• ROGERS, JOHN (c. 1500-1555)
• ROGERS, ROBERT (1727-1784?)
• ROGERS, S
• ROGERS, SAMUEL (1763-1855)
• ROGERS, WILLIAM (1819-1896)

Rogers, whose daughter was See also:

• MOTHER

mother of John Harvard, the founder of Harvard College, U.S.A . Among public buildings are the town See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

hall, originally dated 1633, rebuilt 1767, and altered 1863; market house, See also:

• CORN (a common Teutonic word; cf. Lat. granum, seed, grain)
• CORN (fromm Lat. corms, horn)

corn exchange and three hospitals . There are recreation grounds .

See also:

• BREWING

Brewing is carried on, but the See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade is principally agricultural . See also:

• AREA

Area, 4013 acres . Shakespearian Connexion.—To no town has the memory of one famous son brought wider notoriety than that which the memory of See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William See also:

• SHAKESPEARE, WILLIAM (1564-1616)

Shakespeare has brought to Stratford; yet this notoriety sprang into strong growth only towards the end of the 18th century . The task of preserving for See also:

• MODERN

modern eyes the buildings which Shakespeare himself saw was not entered upon until much of the visible connexion with his times had been destroyed . Yet the town is under no great See also:

• INDUSTRIAL

industrial or other modernizing influence, and therefore stands in the position of an See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• SHRINE (Lat. scrinium, a case or chest for books, hence a casket; from scribere, to write, Fr. ecrin, Ital. scrigno)

shrine, See also:

• DRAWING

drawing a See also:

• PILGRIMAGE (Fr. pelerinage, Lat. peregrinatio)

pilgrimage of modern origin . The plan of Shakespeare's Stratford at least is preserved, for the road See also:

• CROSSING

crossing Clopton's bridge is an ancient See also:

• HIGHWAY

highway, and forks in the midst of the town into three great branches, about which: the See also:

• VILLAGE

village See also:

• GREW, NEHEMIAH (1641-1712)

grew up . The high cross no longer stands at the market-place where these roads converged . But the open space where is now a memorial See also:

• FOUNTAIN (Late Lat. fontana, from ions, a spring)

fountain was the Rother market, and Rother See also:

• STREET
• STREET, GEORGE EDMUND (1824-1881)

Street preserves its name . The word signifies horned See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle, and is found in Shakespeare's own See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing, in the restored line " It is the pasture lards the rother's sides " (See also:

• TIMON
• TIMON (c. 320-230)

Timon of See also:

• ATHENS
• ATHENS ['AN vat, Athenae, modem colloquial Greek `Ath va]

Athens), where " See also:

• BROTHER

brother's " was originally the accredited See also:

• READING

reading . In See also:

• HENLEY, JOHN (1692-1759)
• HENLEY, WILLIAM ERNEST (1849-1903)

Henley Street, See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close by, is the house in which the poet was born, greatly altered in See also:

• EXTERNAL

external See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance, being actually two half-timbered cottages connected . A small apartment is by immemorial tradition shown as his birth-See also:

• ROOM

room, bearing on its See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white-washed walls and its windows innumerable signatures of visitors, among which such names as See also:

• WALTER, HUBERT (d. 1205)
• WALTER, JOHN (1738/9-1812)

Walter See also:

• SCOTT, ALEXANDER (fl. 1550)
• SCOTT, DAVID (18o6-1849)
• SCOTT, MICHAEL (1789-1835)
• SCOTT, ROBERT (1811-1887)
• SCOTT, SIR GEORGE GILBERT (1811-1878)
• SCOTT, SIR WALTER, BART
• SCOTT, WILLIAM BELL (1811-1890)
• SCOTT, WINFIELD (1786-1866)

Scott, See also:

• DICKENS, CHARLES JOHN HUFFAM (1812-187o)

Dickens and See also:

• THACKERAY, WILLIAM MAKEPEACE (1811-1863)

Thackeray may be deciphered . Part of the building, used by the poet's father as a See also:

• WOOL, WORSTED AND WOOLLEN MANUFACTURES

wool-See also:

• SHOP

shop, is fitted as a museum .

Shakespeare may have attended the See also:

• GRAMMAR (from Lat. grammatica, sc. ars; Gr. ypaµ)

grammar school attached to the old guildhall in Church Street . This was a foundation in connexion with the gild of the Holy Cross, but was refounded after the See also:

• DISSOLUTION (from Lat. dissolvere, to break up into parts)

dissolution by King Edward VI. in 1553, and bears his name . The site of Shakespeare's house, New Place, bought by him in 1597, was acquired by public subscription, chiefly through the exertions of J . O . Halliwell-Phillipps, and was handed over to the trustees of the birthplace in 1876 . The house was built by Sir Hugh Clopton . Shakespeare acquired a considerable See also:

• PROPERTY

property adjacent to it, retired here after his active Iife in London, and here died . Sir John Clopton destroyed the house in 1792 (as it had reverted to his See also:

• FAMILY

family), and the See also:

• MANSION (through O. Fr. mansion, mod. maison, from Lat. mansio, dwelling-place, stage on a journey; manere, to remain)

mansion he built was in. turn destroyed by Sir See also:

• FRANCIS
• FRANCIS (FRarrcols) OF SALES, ST (1567-1622)
• FRANCIS (Lat. Franciscus, Ital. Francesco, Span. Francisco, Fr. Francois, Ger. Franz)
• FRANCIS, SIR PHILIP (174o-1818)

Francis Gastrell in 1759 . The site, which is traceable, is surrounded by gardens . Shakespeare is buried in the See also:

• CHANCEL (through O. Fr. from Lat. plur. cancelli, dim. of cancer, grating, lattice, probably connected with an Indo-European root Kar-, to bend; cf. circus, curve, &c.)

chancel of Holy Trinity church, his wife lying next to him . The slab over the poet's See also:

• GRAVE

grave bears the lines beginning " See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

Good friend, for Jesus' See also:

• SAKE

sake forbeare To digg the dust enclosed heare "; while the effigy on the mural monument above may well be an See also:

• AUTHENTIC (from Gr. aOO 'rns, one who does a thing himself)

authentic See also:

• REPRESENTATION

representation, though somewhat altered and damaged by time and restoration (see SHAKESPEARE: Portraits) . Apart from the See also:

• INTEREST

interest attaching to the pleasant See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country town and its See also:

• PASTORAL (from Lat. pastor, a shepherd)

pastoral environment, through their influence trace-able in Shakespeare's writings, there are further connexions with himself and his family to be found .

The house adjacent to New Place known as See also:

• NASH, RICHARD (1674-1762)

Nash's house was that of Thomas Nash, who married Shakespeare's granddaughter See also:

• ELIZABETH
• ELIZABETH (1533-1603)
• ELIZABETH (1596-1662)
• ELIZABETH (1635–1650)
• ELIZABETH [ AMELIE EUGENIE ] (1837—1898)
• ELIZABETH [1lisabeth Philippine Marie Helene of France] (1764—1794)
• ELIZABETH [PAULINE ELIZABETH OTTILIE LOUISE] (1843– )
• ELIZABETH [PETROVNA] (1709-1762), EMPRESS
• ELIZABETH, SAINT (1207-1231)

Elizabeth Hall; it is used as a museum . At Shottery, 1 m. west of Stratford, is the picturesque thatched cottage in which Shakespeare's wife, See also:

• ANNE (1665-1714)
• ANNE (1693-1740)

Anne Hathaway, was born . It was See also:

• PURCHASED

purchased for the nation in 1892 . The See also:

• MAIDEN, or MAID

maiden name of the poet's mother was See also:

• MARY
• MARY (1457-1482)
• MARY (1496-1533)
• MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS

Mary See also:

• ARDEN, FOREST OF

Arden, and this name, that of an ancient See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county family, survives in the See also:

• DISTRICT

district north-west of Stratford, the Forest of Arden, though the true forest character is See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long lost . At Snitterfield to the north, where the See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low wooded hills begin to rise from the valley, lived Shakespeare's grandfather and uncle . The principal modern monument to the poet's memory in Stratford is the Shakespeare Memorial, a semi-See also:

• GOTHIC

Gothic building of See also:

• BRICK (derived according to some etymologists from the Teutonic bricke, a disk or plate; but more authoritatively, through the French brique, originally a " broken piece," applied especially to bread, and so to clay, from the Teutonic brikan, to break)

brick, stone and See also:

• TIMBER

timber, erected in 1877 to contain a