See also:

• FRIEDRICH, JOHANN (1836— )

FRIEDRICH GEORG WILHELM See also:

• FRIEDRICH GEORG WILHELM STRUVE (1793-1864)

STRUVE (1793-1864)  , See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German astronomer, the son of See also:

• JACOB
• JACOB, JOHN (1812-1858)

Jacob See also:

• STRUVE, FRIEDRICH GEORG WILHELM (1793-1864)

Struve (1755-1841), was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• ALTONA

Altona on the 15th of See also:

• APRIL

April 1793 . In 18o8 he entered the university of Dorpat (See also:

• YURIEV (formerly DORPAT, also Dorpt; Russian, Derpt; Esthonian, Tarto and Tartolin; in Lettish, Tehrbata)

Yuriev), where he first studied See also:

• PHILOLOGY

philology, but soon turned his See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention to See also:

• ASTRONOMY (from Gr. &arpov, a star, and v ,usiv, to classify or arrange)

astronomy . From 1813 to 182o he was extraordinary See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

professor of astronomy and See also:

• MATHEMATICS (Gr. /saBnµar1Kil, Sc. vOcvn or E7rlQTt'µn; from p iN.La, "learning" or "science ")

mathematics at the new university and observer at the See also:

• OBSERVATORY

observatory, becoming in 1820 See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary professor and director . He remained at Dorpat, occupied with researches on See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

double stars and See also:

• GEODESY (from the Gr. y, the earth, and SatEty, to divide)

geodesy till 1839, when he removed to superintend the construction of the new central observatory at Pulkowa near St See also:

• PETERSBURG

Petersburg, afterwards becoming director . Here he continued his activity until he was obliged to retire in 1861, owing to failing See also:

• HEALTH

health . He died at St Petersburg on the 23rd of See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1864 . Struve's name is best known by his observations of double stars, which he carried on for many years . These bodies had first been regularly measured by W . See also:

• HERSCHEL, CAROLINE LUCRETIA (1750-1848)
• HERSCHEL, SIR F
• HERSCHEL, SIR FREDERICK WILLIAM (1738-1822)
• HERSCHEL, SIR JOHN FREDERICK WILLIAM, BART

Herschel, who discovered that many of them formed systems of two stars revolving See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round their See also:

• COMMON

common centre of gravity . After him J . Herschel (and for some See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South) had observed them, but their labours were eclipsed by Struve . With the 91-in. refractor at Dorpat he discovered a See also:

• GREAT

great number of double stars, and published in 1827 a See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

list of all the known See also:

• OBJECTS

objects of this See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind (Catalogus novus stellarum duplictum) .

His micrometric measurements of 2714 double stars were made from 1824 to 1837, and are contained in his See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal See also:

• WORK

work, Stellarum duplicium et multiplicium mensurae micrometricae (St Petersburg, 1837 seq.; a convenient See also:

• SUMMARY

summary of the results is given in vol. i. of the Dunecht Observatory Publications, 1876) . The places of the objects were at the same time determined with the Dorpat See also:

• MERIDIAN
• MERIDIAN (from the Lat. meridianus, pertaining to the south or mid-day)

meridian circle (Stellarum fixarum imprimis duplicium et multiplicium positiones mediae, St Petersburg, 1852 seq.) . At Pulkowa he redetermined the " See also:

• CONSTANT, BENJAMIN (1845-1902)

constant of See also:

• ABERRATION (Lat. ab, from or away, errare,, to wander)

aberration,' but was chiefly occupied in working out the results of former years' work and in the completion of the See also:

• GEODETIC

geodetic operations in which he had been engaged during the greater See also:

• PART

part of his See also:

• LIFE

life . He had commenced them with a survey of See also:

• LIVONIA, or LIVLAND (Russian, Liflandia)

Livonia (1816-1819),. which was followed by the measurement of an arc of meridian of more than 31° in the Baltic provinces of See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia (Beschreibung der Breitengrallmessung in den Ostseeprovinsen Russlands, 2 vols . 4to, Dorpat, 1831) . This work was afterwards extended by Struve and See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

General Teener into a measurement of a meridional arc from the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast of See also:

• NORWAY
• NORWAY (Norge)

Norway to See also:

• ISMAIL (1830-1895)

Ismail on the See also:

• DANUBE (Ger. Donau, Hungarian Duna, Rumanian Dunarea, Lat. Danubius or Danuvius, and in the lower part of its course Ister)

Danube (Arc du mEridien de 25° 2o' entre le Danube et la Mer Glaciale, 2 vols. and 1 vol. plates, 4t0, St Petersburg, 1857-186o) . (See GEODESY ; See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

EARTH, FIGURE OF.) His son See also:

• OTTO

OTTO WILHELM STRUVE (b . 1819), having studied indicated in paralyses (chiefly functional), and is most valuable in at the See also:

• ACADEMY, GREEK
• ACADEMY, ROYAL

academy at St Petersburg, became assistant at Pulkowa in 1839, and director in 1862 on his See also:

• FATHER

father's resignation . From 1847 to 1862 he was advising astronomer to the headquarters of the See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army and See also:

• NAVY

navy; chairman of the See also:

• INTERNATIONAL, THE

International Astronomical See also:

• CONGRESS (Lat. congressus, coming together, from congredi; cum, with, and gradus, step)

Congress from 1867-1878; acting See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president of the International Metric See also:

• COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

Commission in 1872; and president of the International Congress for a Photographic Survey of the Stars in 1887, in which See also:

• YEAR

year he was also made a privy councillor . His contributions to astronomy See also:

• COVER (from the Fr. convert, from couvrir, to cover, Lat. cooperire)

cover a wide See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field: a list of his publications is given in Poggendorfi, Biographisch-Litterarische, vols . 2, 3, 4 . Another son, HEINRICH WILHELM STRUVE (b .

1822), studied See also:

• CHEMISTRY
• CHEMISTRY (formerly "chymistry"; Gr. xvµela; for derivation see ALCHEMY)

chemistry, and obtained a public See also:

• APPOINTMENT, POWER OF

appointment as chemical See also:

• EXPERT (Lat. expertus, from experiri, to try)

expert to the See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration of the See also:

• CAUCASUS

Caucasus . Two of Otto Wilhelm Struve's sons have also been prominent in the See also:

• WORLD

world of See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science . KARL See also:

• HERMANN, JOHANN GOTTFRIED JAKOB (1772–1848)
• HERMANN, KARL FRIEDRICH (1804–1855)

HERMANN STRUVE (b . 1854) studied mathematics at Dorpat, and became in 1883 assistant, and in 189o, on his father's retirement, astronomer at the observatory at Pulkowa . In 1895 he became professor at the Albertus University and director of the observatory at See also:

• KONIGSBERG (Polish Krolewiec)

Konigsberg; and in 1904 he was called to See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin as professor and director of the observatory there . His investigation of the Saturnian See also:

• SYSTEM

system was crowned by the Royal Astronomical Society of See also:

• LONDON

London in 1903 . GUSTAV WILHELM See also:

• LUDWIG, KARL FRIEDRICH WILHELM (1816—1895)
• LUDWIG, OTTO (1813-1865)

LUDWIG STRUVE (b . 1858) studied at Dorpat, See also:

• BONN

Bonn and See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig, and became observer at the Dorpat observatory in 1886 . This See also:

• POST

post he retained until 1894, when he migrated to the university of See also:

• CRACOW (Pol. Krakov; Ger. Krakau)

Cracow as extraordinary professor, becoming in 1897 ordinary professor of astronomy and geodesy .