See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

PETER See also:

• PETER STUYVESANT (1592-1672)

STUYVESANT (1592-1672)  , Dutch colonial See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born in Scherpenzeel, in See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern See also:

• FRIESLAND, or VRIESLAND

Friesland, in 1592, the son of a See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister . He studied at See also:

• FRANEKER

Franeker, entered the military service in the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West Indies about 1625, and was director of the West See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India See also:

• COMPANY

Company's See also:

• COLONY (Lat. colonia, from colonus, a cultivator)

colony of See also:

• CURACAO, or CURACOA

Curacao from 1634 to 1644 . In See also:

• APRIL

April 1644 he attacked the Portuguese See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island of See also:

• SAINT (lat. sanctus, " holy ")

Saint See also:

• MARTIN (Martinus)
• MARTIN, BON LOUIS HENRI (1810-1883)
• MARTIN, CLAUD (1735-1800)
• MARTIN, FRANCOIS XAVIER (1762-1846)
• MARTIN, HOMER DODGE (1836-1897)
• MARTIN, JOHN (1789-1854)
• MARTIN, LUTHER (1748-1826)
• MARTIN, SIR THEODORE (1816-1909)
• MARTIN, SIR WILLIAM FANSHAWE (1801–1895)
• MARTIN, ST (c. 316-400)
• MARTIN, WILLIAM (1767-1810)

Martin and was wounded; he had to return to See also:

• HOLLAND
• HOLLAND, CHARLES (1733–1769)
• HOLLAND, COUNTY AND PROVINCE OF
• HOLLAND, HENRY FOX, 1ST BARON (1705–1774)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICH, 1ST EARL OF (1S9o-,649)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICHARD VASSALL FOX, 3RD
• HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT (1819-1881)
• HOLLAND, PHILEMON (1552-1637)
• HOLLAND, RICHARD, or RICHARD DE HOLANDE (fl. 1450)
• HOLLAND, SIR HENRY, BART

Holland, and there one of his legs was amputated . Thereafter he wore a wooden See also:

• LEG
• LEG (a word of Scandinavian origin, from the Old Norwegian leggr, cf. Swed. lagg, Dan. laeg; the O. Eng. word was sceanca, shank)

leg ornamented with See also:

• SILVER

silver bands . In May 1645 he was selected by the West India Company to supersede See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William Kieft as director of New Netherland . He arrived in New See also:

• AMSTERDAM
• AMSTERDAM (NEw AMSTERDAM)

Amsterdam (later New See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York) on the 11th of May 1647, and was received with See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• ENTHUSIASM

enthusiasm . In response to the demand for self-See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government, in See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1647 he and the See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council appointed—after the manner then followed in Holland—from eighteen representatives chosen by the See also:

• PEOPLE

people a See also:

• BOARD (O. Eng. bord)

board of nine to confer with him and the council whenever he thought it expedient to ask their See also:

• ADVICE (Fr. avis, from Lat. ad, to, and visum, viewed)

advice; three of the nine, selected in rotation, were permitted to sit with the council during the trial of See also:

• CIVIL

civil cases; and six were to retire each See also:

• YEAR

year, their successors to be chosen by the director and council from twelve candidates nominated by the board . The leading burghers were, however, soon alienated by his violent and despotic methods, by his See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence of Kieft, and by his devotion to the interests of the company; the nine men became (as See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early as 1649, when they sent the famous Vertoogh, or Remonstrance, to the states-See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general asking for burgher government and other reforms) the centre of municipal discontent; and a See also:

• BITTER, KARL THEODORE FRANCIS (1867– )

bitter See also:

• QUARREL

quarrel ensued . In .165o the states-general suggested a representative government to go into effect in 1653, but the company opposed it; in 1653, however, there was established the first municipal government for the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city of New Amsterdam modelled after that of the cities of Holland . See also:

• STUYVESANT, PETER (1592-1672)

Stuyvesant also aroused opposition through his efforts.to increase the revenues of the company, to improve the See also:

• SYSTEM

system of defence, and to prevent the See also:

• SALE
• SALE, GEORGE (c. 1697-1736)
• SALE, SIR ROBERT HENRY (1782—1845)

sale of liquor and. firearms to the See also:

• INDIANS, NORTH AMERICAN

Indians, and through his persecution of See also:

• LUTHERANS

Lutherans and See also:

• QUAKERS

Quakers, to which the company finally put an end . He had a bitter controversy with the patroon of Rensselaerwyck, who claimed to be See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent of the West India Company . In 1647 he seized a Dutch See also:

• SHIP

ship illegally trading at New Haven and claimed See also:

• JURISDICTION
• JURISDICTION, CRIMINAL LAW, DIVORCE

jurisdiction as far as Cape See also:

• COD

Cod; the New Haven authorities refusedto deliver to him fugitives from See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice in Manhattan, he retaliated by offering See also:

• REFUGE

refuge to runaways from New Haven; but finally he offered See also:

• PARDON (through the Fr. from Late Lat. perdonare, to remit a debt or other obligation on a penalty)

pardon to the Dutch fugitives and revoked his See also:

• PROCLAMATION (Lat. proclamare, to make public by announcement)

proclamation .

In September 165o he came to an agreement with the commissioners of the See also:

• UNITED

United Colonies of New See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England at See also:

• HARTFORD

Hartford upon the boundary between New Netherland and See also:

• CONNECTICUT

Connecticut, involving the See also:

• SACRIFICE (from Lat. sacrificium; sacer, holy, and facere, to make)

sacrifice of a large amount of territory, the new boundary See also:

• CROSSING

crossing See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

Long Island from the west See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of See also:

• OYSTER

Oyster See also:

• BAY

Bay to the See also:

• ATLANTIC

Atlantic Ocean, and on the mainland See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north from a point west of See also:

• GREENWICH

Greenwich Bay, 4 M. from See also:

• STAMFORD
• STAMFORD, HENRY GREY

Stamford . On Long Island, during Stuyvesant's See also:

• RULE

rule, Dutch See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence was ' gradually undermined by See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John Underhill . Stuyvesant's dealings with the Swedes were more successful . With a force of seven See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred men he sailed into the See also:

• DELAWARE

Delaware in 1655, captured Fort Casimir (See also:

• NEWCASTLE
• NEWCASTLE, DUKES OF

Newcastle)—which Stuyvesant had built in 1651 and which the Swedes had taken in 1654—and overthrew the See also:

• SWEDISH

Swedish authority in that region . He also vigorously suppressed See also:

• INDIAN

Indian uprisings in 1655, 1658 and 1663 . In See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1664 See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles II. granted to his See also:

• BROTHER

brother, the See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of York, the territory between the Connecticut See also:

• RIVER

river and Delaware Bay, and See also:

• COLONEL (derived either from Lat. column, Fr. colonne, column, or Lat. corona, a crown)

Colonel See also:

• RICHARD
• RICHARD (d. 1184)
• RICHARD, FRANCOIS MARIE BENJAMIN (18,9-1908)
• RICHARD, HENRY (1812-1888)
• RICHARD, ST

Richard See also:

• NICOLLS, RICHARD (1624–1672)

Nicolls with a See also:

• FLEET

fleet of four See also:

• SHIPS

ships and about three or four hundred men was sent out to take See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession . Misled by instructions from Holland that the expedition was directed wholly against New England, Stuyvesant made no preparation for defence until just before the fleet arrived . As the burghers refused to support him, Stuyvesant was compelled to surrender the See also:

• TOWN

town and fort on the 8th of September . He returned to Holland in 1665 and was made a scapegoat by the West India Company for all its failings in New Amsterdam; he went back to New York again after the treaty of See also:

• BREDA

Breda in 1667, having secured the right of See also:

• FREE

free See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade between Holland and New York . He spent the See also:

• REMAINDER, REVERSION

remainder of his See also:

• LIFE

life on his See also:

• FARM

farm called the Bouwerie, from which the See also:

• PRESENT

present " Bowery " in New York City takes its name . He died in See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1672, and was buried in a See also:

• CHAPEL

chapel, on the site of which in 1799 was erected St See also:

• MARK
• MARK, CARL (1858– )
• MARK, GOSPEL OF ST
• MARK, ST

Mark's See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church . See See also:

• BAYARD, PIERRE TERRAIL, SEIGNEUR DE (1473–1524)
• BAYARD, THOMAS FRANCIS (1828-1898)

Bayard Tuckerman, See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

Peter Stuyvesant (New York 1893), in the " Makers of See also:

• AMERICA

America See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

Series; and Mrs See also:

• SCHUYLER, PHILIP JOHN (1733–1804)

Schuyler See also:

• VAN

Van See also:

• RENSSELAER

Rensselaer, See also:

• HISTORY

History of the City of New York in the Seventeenth See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

Century (2 vols., New York, 1909) .