See also:

• STYRIA (German, Steiermark or Steyermark)

STYRIA (See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German, Steiermark or Steyermark)  , a duchy and crownland of See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• AUSTRIA, UPPER (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

Austria, bounded E. by See also:

• HUNGARY
• HUNGARY (Hungarian Magyarorszdg)

Hungary and Croatia, S. by See also:

• CARNIOLA (Ger. Krain)

Carniola, W. by See also:

• CARINTHIA (Ger. Kdrnten)

Carinthia and See also:

• SALZBURG

Salzburg, and N. by Upper and See also:

• LOWER

Lower Austria . It has an See also:

• AREA

area of 867o sq. in . Almost all the See also:

• DISTRICT

district is mountainous, and is distinguished by the beauty of its scenery and by its See also:

• MINERAL

mineral See also:

• WEALTH

wealth . Geographically it is divided into See also:

• NORTHERN

northern or Upper See also:

• STYRIA (German, Steiermark or Steyermark)

Styria, and See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern or Lower Styria, and is traversed by various ramifications of the eastern See also:

• ALPS

Alps . To the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north of the See also:

• ENNS

Enns are ramifications of the See also:

• SALZKAMMERGUT

Salzkammergut and Enns Alps, which include the Dachstein (983o ft.), and the Grimming (7713 ft.), and the See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

groups of the Todtes Gebirge (6890 ft.) and of the Pyrgas with the Grosser Pyrgas (7360 ft.) . The last two groups are separated by the Pyhrn Pass (3100 ft.), traversed by a road constructed in the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period . Then comes the Buchstein See also:

• GROUP

group with the Grosser Buchstein (7294 ft.) . This group forms the northern flank of the celebrated Gesause, a See also:

• DEFILE

defile 12 M. See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long, between Admont and Hieflau, through which the Enns forces its course, forming a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of rapids . The southern flank is formed by the See also:

• MASSIF

massif of the Reichensteiner Gebirge, which culminates in the Hochthor (7780 ft.) and belongs to the north Styrian Alps, also called Eisenerzer Alps . This group extends See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east of the Enns, and contains the Erzberg (500o ft.) celebrated for its See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron ores . Other groups of the north Styrian Alps are the Hochschwab, with the highest See also:

• PEAK, THE

peak the Hochschwab (7482 ft.) and the Hochveitsch with the Hohe Veitsch (65or ft.) . Then come the Lower See also:

• AUSTRIAN

Austrian Alps with the groups of the Voralpe (5800 ft.), of the Schneealpe (6245 ft.), and the Raxalpe, with the Heukuppe (695o ft.) .

All these mountains belong to the northern See also:

• ZONE (Gr. 'WV77, a girdle, from 'wvvLvay to gird)

zone of the eastern See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch is the making of scythes and See also:

• SICKLES, DANIEL EDGAR (1825– )

sickles which• are exported Alps . See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South of the Enns, Styria is traversed by groups of the cen- in large quantities . Among its other See also:

• INDUSTRIAL

industrial products are tral zone of the eastern Alps: the Niedere Tauern, the See also:

• PRIMITIVE

primitive See also:

• GLASS
• GLASS (O.E. glees, cf. Ger. Glas, perhaps derived from an old Teutonic root gla-, a variant of glo-, having the general sense of shining, cf. " glare," " glow ")
• GLASS, STAINED

glass, See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper. See also:

• CEMENT (from Lat. caementum, rough pieces of stone, a shortened form of caedimentum, from caedere, to cut)

cement, See also:

• COTTON
• COTTON (Fr. coton; from Arab. qutun)
• COTTON, CHARLES (163o–1687)
• COTTON, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH (1813–1866)
• COTTON, JOHN (1585–1652)
• COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE

cotton goods, chemicals and See also:

• GUNPOWDER

gunpowder . Alps of Carinthia and Styria and the Styrian Nieder Alps . The See also:

• LINEN

Linen-See also:

• WEAVING

weaving is a See also:

• HOUSEHOLD, ROYAL

household See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry . See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal divisions of the Niedere Tauern are: the Radstadter The See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population of Styria in 1900 was 1,356,058, which is See also:

• EQUIVALENT

equivalent to 156 inhabitants per square mile . This proportion is considerably above the See also:

• RATE

rate in the other mountainous regions of Austria . Nearly all (98.74%), profess the Roman See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic faith and are under the bishops of Seckau and of Lavant . The Protestants number only a little over 13,000, while there are about 2500 See also:

• JEWS
• JEWS (Heb. Y8hudi, man of Judah; Gr. 'Iovbaiot; Lat. Judaei)

Jews . Two-thirds of the inhabitants are Germans; the See also:

• REMAINDER, REVERSION

remainder, chiefly found in the valleys of the See also:

• DRAVE, or DRAVA (Ger. Drau, Hung. Drava, Lat. Dravus)

Drave and See also:

• SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

Save, are Slays (See also:

• SLOVENES [Slovenci, Ger. Winden, to be distinguished from the Slovaks (q.v.) and from the Slovinci (see KASHUBES) west of Danzig]

Slovenes) . At the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of the educational institutions of the See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province stands the university of See also:

• GRAZ [GRATZ]

Graz . The See also:

• LOCAL

local See also:

• DIET

Diet, of which the two Roman Catholic bishops and the See also:

• RECTOR (Lat. for " ruler," " guide," &c., from regere, " rule ")

rector of the university of Graz are members ex officio, is composed of 63 members, while Styria sends 27 deputies to the Reichsrat at See also:

• VIENNA (Ger. Wien; Lat. Vindobona)
• VIENNA, CONGRESS OF (1814-1815)

Vienna .

For administrative purposes, the province is divided into 21 districts and 4 towns with autonomous municipalities, namely Graz (pop . 138,370), the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital, See also:

• CILLI (Slovene, Celje)
• CILLI, ULRICH, COUNT OF (1406-1456)

Cilli (6743), See also:

• MARBURG
• MARBURG, COLLOQUY OF (Marburger Religionsgesprach)

Marburg (24,501) and Pettau (4227) . Other important places are See also:

• LEOBEN

Leoben (10,204), Bruck on the Mur (7527), See also:

• MARIAZELL

Mariazell (1263), Murzzuschlag (4856), See also:

• EISENERZ (" Iron ore ")

Eisenerz (6494), Vordernberg (3111), Judenburg (4901), Trifail (ro,851), See also:

• EGGENBERG, HANS IILRICH VON, PRINCE (1568-1634)

Eggenberg (9570), Donawitz (13,093), Koflach (3345) and Voitsberg (3321) . In the Roman period Styria, which even thus See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early was famed for its iron and See also:

• STEEL, FLORA ANNIE (1847– )

steel, was inhabited by the See also:

• CELTIC

Celtic Taurisci, and divided geographically between See also:

• NORICUM (Noricus ager)

Noricum and See also:

• PANNONIA

Pannonia . Subsequently it was successively occupied or traversed by Visigoths, See also:

• HUNS

Huns, See also:

• OSTROGOTHS, or EAST GOTHS

Ostrogoths, Langobardi, See also:

• FRANKS
• FRANKS, SIR AUGUSTUS WOLLASTON (1826-1897)

Franks and See also:

• AVARS

Avars . Towards the end of the 6th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century the last-named began to give way to the Slays, who ultimately made themselves masters of the entire district . Styria was included in the conquests of See also:

• CHARLEMAGNE [CHARLES THE GREAT] (c. 742-814)
• CHARLEMAGNE, JEAN ARMAND (1753–1838)

Charlemagne, and was henceforth comprised in the See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German marks erected against the Avar and the Slay . At first the identity of Styria is lost in the See also:

• GREAT

great duchy of Carinthia, corresponding more or less closely to the Upper Carinthian See also:

• MARK
• MARK, CARL (1858– )
• MARK, GOSPEL OF ST
• MARK, ST

mark . This duchy, however, afterwards See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell to pieces, and a distinct mark of Styria was recognized, taking its name from the See also:

• MARGRAVE (Ger. Markgraf)

margrave Ottacar of Steier (io56) . A century or so later it was created a duchy . In 1192 the duchy of Styria came by See also:

• INHERITANCE

inheritance to the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house of Austria, and from that See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time it shared the fortunes of Upper and Lower Austria, passing like them to the Habsburgs in 1282 . The See also:

• PROTESTANT

Protestant See also:

• REFORMATION
• REFORMATION, THE

Reformation met an early and See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general welcome in Styria, but the See also:

• DUKES
• DUKES, LEOPOLD (1810-1891)

dukes took the most stringent See also:

• MEASURES

measures to See also:

• STAMP (from " to stamp," to strike or tread heavily, hence to impress, O. Eng. stempen, Du. stampen, Ger. stampfen, whence, O. Fr. estamper, mod. etamper)

stamp it out, offering their subjects recantation or See also:

• EXPATRIATION (from Late Lat. expairiare, to exile, and patria, native land)

expatriation as the only alternatives .

At least 30,000 Protestants preferred See also:

• EXILE (Lat. exsilium or exilium, from exsul or exul, which is derived from ex, out of, and the root sal, to go, seen in salire, to leap, consul, &c.; the connexion with solum, soil, country is now generally considered wrong)

exile, and it was not till the See also:

• EDICT (Lat. edictum, from e, out, and dicere, to say, speak)

edict of tolerance of 178r granted by See also:

• JOSEPH
• JOSEPH, COMTE DE (1785-1870)
• JOSEPH, FATHER (FRANCOIS LECLERC DU TREMBLAY) (1577-1638)

Joseph II. that religious See also:

• LIBERTY (Lat. libertas, from liber, free)

liberty was recognized . See See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

Die Osterreichisch-ungarische Monarchie in Wort and Bild, vol. vii . (24 vols., Wien, 1885–1902); A. von Muchar, Geschichte See also:

• DES

des Herzogtums Steiermark (8 vols., Graz, 1844–1867) . It treats the See also:

• HISTORY

history till 1558 . F . M . See also:

• MAYER, JOHANN TOBIAS (1723-1762)
• MAYER, JULIUS ROBERT (1814-1878)

Mayer, Geschichte der Steiermark mit besonderer Riicksicht auf des Kulturleben (Graz, 1898) ; J. von Zahn, Styriaca (Graz, 1894–1896) .