FRANCISCO See also:

• FRANCISCO SUAREZ (1548-1617)

SUAREZ (1548-1617)  , See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish theologian and philosopher, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• GRANADA
• GRANADA, LUIS DE (1504-1588)

Granada on the 5th of See also:

• JANUARY

January 1548, and educated at See also:

• SALAMANCA
• SALAMANCA (anc. Salmantica or Elmantica)

Salamanca . Influenced by the Jesuit See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John Ramirez he entered the Society of Jesus in 1564, and after teaching See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

philosophy at See also:

• SEGOVIA

Segovia, taught See also:

• THEOLOGY

theology at See also:

• VALLADOLID

Valladolid, at See also:

• ALCALA (Moorish al Kala, the " Fortress " or " Castle ")

Alcala, at Salamanca, and at See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome successively . After taking his doctorate at See also:

• EVORA

Evora, he was named by See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip II. See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

professor of theology at See also:

• COIMBRA

Coimbra . See also:

• SUAREZ, FRANCISCO (1548-1617)

Suarez may be considered almost the last eminent representative of See also:

• SCHOLASTICISM

scholasticism . In philosophical See also:

• DOCTRINE

doctrine he adhered to a moderate Thomism . On the question of universals he endeavoured to See also:

• STEER, PAUL WILSON (186o– )

steer a See also:

• MIDDLE

middle course between the pantheistically inclined See also:

• REALISM (from Low Lat. realis, appertaining to res, things, as opposed to ideas and imaginations)

realism of See also:

• DUNS

Duns Scotus and the extreme See also:

• NOMINALISM (from Lat. nomen, name)

nominalism of See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William of See also:

• OCCAM, WILLIAM OF (d. c. 1349)

Occam . The only veritable and real unity in the See also:

• WORLD

world of existences is the individual; to assert that the universal exists separately ex See also:

• PANE (Fr. pan, Lat. pannus, a cloth, garment)

pane rei would be to reduce individuals to See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere accidents of one indivisible See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form . Suarez maintains that, though the humanity of See also:

• SOCRATES

Socrates does not differ from that of See also:

• PLATO

Plato, yet they do not constitute realiter one and the same humanity; there are as many " formal unities " (in this See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case, humanities) as there are individuals, and these individuals do not constitute a factual, but only an. essential or ideal unity (" ita ut plura individua, quae dicuntur esse ejusdem naturae, non sint unum quid See also:

• VERA, AUGUSTO (1813-1885)

vera entitate quae sit in See also:

• REBUS (Lat. rebus, " by things ")

rebus, sed solum fundamentaliter vel per intellectum ") . The formal unity,,however, is not an arbitrary creation of the mind, but exists " in natura rei ante omnem operationem intellectus." In theology, Suarez attached himself to the doctrine of Luis See also:

• MOLINA, LUIS (1535-1600)

Molina, the celebrated Jesuit professor of Evora . Molina tried to reconcile the doctrine of See also:

• PREDESTINATION (from Late Lat. praedestinare, to deter-mine beforehand; from the root sta, as in stare, stand)

predestination. with the freedom of the human will by saying that the, pre-destination is consequent upon See also:

• GOD

God's foreknowledge of the See also:

• FREE

free determination of See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man's will, which is therefore in no way affected by the fact of such predestination . Suarez endeavoured to reconcile this view with the more orthodox doctrines of the efficacy of See also:

• GRACE (Fr. grace, Lat. gratia, from grates, beloved, pleasing; formed from the root cra-, Gr. xav-, cf. xaipw, x6p,ua, Xapts)
• GRACE, WILLIAM GILBERT (1848– )

grace and See also:

• SPECIAL

special See also:

• ELECTION
• ELECTION (from Lat. eligere, to pick out)

election, maintaining that, though all See also:

• SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share in an absolutely sufficient grace, there is granted to the elect a grace which is so adapted to their See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar dispositions and circumstances that they infallibly, though at the same See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time quite freely, yield themselves to its See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence . This mediatizing See also:

• SYSTEM

system was known by the name of " congruism," Suarez is probably more important, however, as a philosophical jurist than as a theologian or metaphysician .

In his extensive See also:

• WORK

work Tractatus de legibus ac deo legislatore (reprinted, See also:

• LONDON

London, 1679) he is to some extent the precursor of See also:

• GROTIUS, HUGO (1583-1645)

Grotius and See also:

• SAMUEL

Samuel See also:

• PUFENDORF, SAMUEL (1632-1694)

Pufendorf . Though his method is throughout scholastic, he covers the same ground, and Grotius speaks of him in terms of high respect . The fundamental position of the work is that all legislative as well as all paternal See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power is derived from God, and that the authority of every See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law resolves itself into His . Suarez refutes the patriarchal theory of See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government and the divine right of See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings founded upon it—doctrines popular at that time in See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England and to some extent on the See also:

• CONTINENT (from Lat. continere, "to hold together "; hence " connected," " continuous ")

Continent . Power by its very nature belongs to no one man but to a multitude of men; and the See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason is obvious, since all men are born equal . It has been pointed out that this accords well with the Jesuit policy of depreciating the royal while exalting the papal See also:

• PREROGATIVE

prerogative . But Suarez is much more moderate on this point than a writer like See also:

• MARIANA, JUAN DE (1536-1624)

Mariana, approximating to the See also:

• MODERN

modern view of the rights of ruler and ruled . In 1613, at the instigation of See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

Pope See also:

• PAUL
• PAUL (PAULUS)

Paul V., Suarez wrote a See also:

• TREATISE

treatise dedicated to the See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian princes of See also:

• EUROPE

Europe, entitled Defensio catholicae fidei contra anglicanae sectae errores . This was directed against the See also:

• OATH (0. Eng. ddh)

oath of See also:

• ALLEGIANCE (Mid. Eng. ligeaunce; med. Lat. ligeantia, &c.; the al- was probably added through confusion with another legal term, allegeance, an allegation; the Fr. allegeance comes from the English; the word is formed from " liege," of which the derivatio

allegiance which See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James I. exacted from his subjects . James caused it to be burned by the See also:

• COMMON

common hangman, and forbade its perusal under the severest penalties, complaining bitterly at the sametime to Philip III. that he should See also:

• HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

harbour in his dominions a declared enemy of the See also:

• THRONE

throne and See also:

• MAJESTY (Fr. majeste; Lat. majestas, grandeur, greatness, from the base mag-, as in magnus, great, major, greater, &c.)

majesty of kings . Suarez lived a very humble and See also:

• SIMPLE

simple See also:

• LIFE

life . He died after a few days' illness on the 25th of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1617 at See also:

• LISBON (Lisboa)

Lisbon .

The collected See also:

• WORKS

works of Suarez have been printed at See also:

• MAINZ (Fr. Mayence)

Mainz and See also:

• LYONS
• LYONS (Fr. Lyon)
• LYONS, COUNCILS OF
• LYONS, EDMUND LYONS, BARON (1790-1858)
• LYONS, RICHARD BICKERTON PEMELL LYONS, 1ST EARL (1817–1887)

Lyons (1630), at See also:

• VENICE
• VENICE (continued)
• VENICE (Venezia)

Venice (1740-1751), at See also:

• BESANCON

Besancon (1856–1862) and in the collection of the See also:

• ABBE (Serbo-Croatian Rai))

Abbe See also:

• MIGNE, JACQUES PAUL (1800-1875)

Migne . His life has been written by See also:

• DESCHAMPS, EUSTACHE
• DESCHAMPS, SMILE (1791-1871)

Deschamps (Vita Fr . Suaresii, See also:

• PERPIGNAN

Perpignan, 1671) . The See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief modern authorities are K . See also:

• WERNER, ABRAHAM GOTTLOB (1750-1817)
• WERNER, ANTON ALEXANDER VON (1843– )
• WERNER, FRIEDRICH LUDWIG ZACHARIAS (1768–1823)

Werner's See also:

• FRANZ, ROBERT (1815-1892)

Franz Suarez u. See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

die Scholastik der letzten Jahrhunderte (See also:

• REGENSBURG (RATISBON)

Regensburg, 1861), and Steckl's Geschichte See also:

• DES

des Phflosophie des Mittelalters, iii . 643 seq .