CZH4 SUCCINIC See also:

• ACID (from the Lat. root ac-, sharp; acere, to be sour)

ACID (See also:

• CO2H

CO2H)2  . Two acids corresponding to this empirical See also:

• FORMULA
• FORMULA (Lat. diminutive of forma, shape, pattern, &c., especially used of rules of judicial procedure)

formula are known—namely See also:

• ETHYLENE, or ETHENE, C2H4

ethylene suecinic See also:

• ACID (from the Lat. root ac-, sharp; acere, to be sour)

acid, HO2C•See also:

• CH2
• CH2(OH)

CH2-CH2-CO2II and ethylidene succinic acid CH2.CH(See also:

• CO2H

CO2H)2 . Ethylene succinic acid occurs in See also:

• AMBER

amber, in various resins and lignites, in fossilized See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood, in many members of the natural orders of Papaveraceae and See also:

• COMPOSITAE

Compositae, in unripe grapes, urine and See also:

• BLOOD

blood . It is also found in the thymus gland of calves and in the See also:

• SPLEEN (Gr. o-1rXilv)

spleen of See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle . It may be prepared by the oxidation of fats and of fatty acids by nitric acid, and is also a product of the See also:

• FERMENTATION

fermentation of malic and tartaric acids . It is usually obtained by the See also:

• DISTILLATION (from the Lat. distillare, more correctly destillare, to drop or trickle down)

distillation of amber, or by the fermentation of See also:

• CALCIUM [symbol Ca, atomic weight 40.0 (o= x6)]

calcium malate or ammonium tartrate . Synthetically it may be obtained by reducing malic or tartaric acids with hydriodic acid (R . Schmitt, See also:

• ANN

Ann., 186o, 114, p. ro6; V . Dessaignes; ibid., 186o, 115, p . 12o; by reducing fumaric and maleic acids with See also:

• SODIUM [symbol Na, from Lat. natrium; atomic weight 23.00 (0=16)]

sodium See also:

• AMALGAM

amalgam; by See also:

• HEATING

heating bromacetic acid with See also:

• SILVER

silver to 13o° C.; in small quantity by the oxidation of acetic acid with See also:

• POTASSIUM [symbol K (from kalium), atomic weight 39.114 0=16)]

potassium persulphate (C . See also:

• MORITZ, KARL PHILIPP (1757-1793)

Moritz and R . Wolffenstein, Ber., 1899, 32, p .

2534); by the See also:

• HYDROLYSIS (Gr. 6Swp, water, Anew, to loosen)

hydrolysis of succinonitrile (from ethylene dibromide) C2H4--->C2H4Br2-.sC2H4(CN)2---C2H4(CO2H)2; by the hydrolysis of 0-cyanpropionic ester; and by the condensation of sodiomalonic ester with monochloracetic ester and hydrolysis of the resulting ethane tricarboxylic ester (See also:

• R02C

R02C)2CH . CH2• CO2R; this method is applicable to the preparation of substituted succinic acids . It is also produced by the See also:

• ELECTROLYSIS (formed from Gr. Xbety, to loosen)

electrolysis of a concentrated See also:

• SOLUTION (from Lat. solvere, to loosen, dissolve)

solution of potassium See also:

• ETHYL

ethyl malonate . It crystallizes in prisms or plates which melt at 185° C. and See also:

• BOIL

boil at 235° C. with partial See also:

• CONVERSION (Lat. conversio, from convertere, to turn or ,change)

conversion into the anhydride . It is readily soluble in See also:

• WATER

water . Aqueous solutions of the acid are decomposed in sunlight by See also:

• URANIUM [symbol U, atomic weight 238.5 (0=16)]

uranium salts, with See also:

• EVOLUTION

evolution of See also:

• CARBON (symbol C, atomic weight 12)

carbon dioxide and the formation of propionic acid . Potassium permanganate, in acid solution, oxidizes it to carbon dioxide and water . The sodium See also:

• SALT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zout, Ger. Salz, Scand. salt; cognate with Gr. &Xs, Lat. sal)
• SALT, SIR TITUS, BART

salt on distillation with See also:

• PHOSPHORUS (Gr. 4ws, light, sPEpety, to bear)

phosphorus trisulphide gives thiophene . The See also:

• ESTERS

esters of the acid condense readily with aromatic See also:

• ALDEHYDES

aldehydes and See also:

• KETONES

ketones to See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form 7-disubstituted itaconic acids and y-alkylen pyrotartaric acids (H . Stobbe, Ann., 1899, 308, p . 71). ry-Oxyacids are formed when aldehydes are heated with sodium succinate and sodium acetate . Numerous salts of the acid are known, the basic ferric salt being occasionally used in quantitative See also:

• ANALYSIS (Gr. avci and Meta, to break up into parts)

analysis for the separation of See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron from See also:

• ALUMINIUM (symbol Al; atomic weight 27.0)

aluminium .

Succinyl chloride, obtained by the See also:

• ACTION

action of phosphorus pentachloride on succinic acid, is a colourless liquid which boils at 19o° C . In many respects it behaves as though it were dichlorbutyro-lactone, CiH` 0; e.g. on reduction it yields butyro-lactone, and when condensed with See also:

• BENZENE, C6H6

benzene in the presence of aluminium chloride it yields chiefly y-diphenylbutyro-lactone. succinic anhydride, C2H4(CO)2O, is obtained by heating the acid or its sodium salt with acetic anhydride; by the action of acetyl chloride on the See also:

• BARIUM (symbol Ba, atomic weight 137'37 [0=16])

barium salt; by distilling a mixture of succinic acid and succinyl chloride, or by heating succinyl chloride with anhydrous oxalic acid . It crystallizes in plates which melt at 12o° C., and distils without decomposition . It is slowly dissolved by water with the formation of the acid . It combines readily with the See also:

• META

meta-aminophenols to form rhodamines, which are valuable dyestuffs . Heated in a current of See also:

• AMMONIA (NH3)

ammonia it gives succinimide, which is also obtained on heating acid ammonium succinate . It crystallizes in colourless octahedra which melt at 125–126° C., and is easily soluble in water . When warmed with baryta water it yields succinamic acid, HO2C•CH2•CH2•CONH2; and with alcoholic ammonia at 10o° C. it gives succinamide . The imino See also:

• HYDROGEN [symbol H, atomic weight x-oo8 (0=16)]

hydrogen See also:

• ATOM (Gr. &rows, indivisible, from a- privative, and TE,aPfw, to cut)

atom is easily replaced by metals . Distillation with See also:

• ZINC

zinc dust gives See also:

• PYRROL, C4H5N

pyrrol (q.v.) . By the action of See also:

• BROMINE (symbol Br, atomic weight 79-96)

bromine in alkaline solution it is converted into /-aminopropionic acid . Succinamide, C2H4(CONH2)2, best obtained by the action of ammonia on diethyl succinate, crystallizes in needles which melt at 242–243° C., and is soluble in hot water .

Succinonitrile, C2H4(CN)2, is obtained by the action of potassium See also:

• CYANIDE

cyanide on ethylene dibromide or by the electrolysis of a solution of potassium cyan-acetate . It is an amorphous solid which melts at 54–550 C . On reduction with sodium in alcoholic solution it yields tetraethylene diamine (putrescein) and pyroilidine . Methyl succinic acid (pyrotartaric acid), H02C•CH2•CH(CH2).0O2H, is formed by the dry distillation of tartaric acid; by heating pyruvic acid with concentrated hydrochloric acid to 18o° C.; by the reduction of eitraconic and mesaconic acids with sodium amalgam; and by the hydrolysis of 0-cyanbutyric acid . It crystallizes in small prisms which melt at 112° C. and are soluble in water . It forms an anhydride when heated . The sodium salt on heating with phosphorus trisulphide yields methylthiophen . Ethylidene succinic acid or isosuccinic acid, See also:

• CH3

CH3.CH(CO2H)2, is produced by the hydrolysis of a-cyanpropionic acid and by the action of methyl iodide on sodio-malonic ester . It crystallizes in prisms which melt at 12o° C . (T . Salzer, Journ. prak . Chem., 1898 12], 57, p .

497), and dissolve in water . It does not yield an anhydride, but when heated loses carbon dioxide and leaves a See also:

• RESIDUE (through the French, from the Lat. residuum, a remainder, from residere, to remain)

residue of propionic acid . It may be distinguished from the isomeric ethylene succinic acid by the fact that its sodium salt does not give a precipitate with ferric chloride .