See also:

• SUDAN (Arabic Bilad-es-Sudan, country of the blacks)

SUDAN (Arabic Bilad-es-Sudan, See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country of the blacks)  , that region of See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa which stretches, See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south of the See also:

• SAHARA

Sahara and See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt, from Cape Verde on the See also:

• ATLANTIC

Atlantic to See also:

• MASSAWA, or MASSOWAII

Massawa on the Red See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

Sea . It is bounded S . (I) by the maritime countries of the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast of Africa, (2) by the See also:

• BASIN, or BASON (the older form bacin is found in many of the Romanic languages, from the Late Lat. baccinus or bacchinus, probably derived from bacca, a bowl)
• BASIN, THOMAS (1412—1491)

basin of the See also:

• CONGO

Congo, and (3) by the See also:

• EQUATORIAL

equatorial lakes, and E. by the Abyssinian and Galla high-lands . The name is often used in See also:

• GREAT

Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain in a restricted sense to designate only the eastern See also:

• PART

part of this vast territory, but it is properly applied to the whole See also:

• AREA

area indicated, which corresponds roughly to that portion of See also:

• NEGRO (from Lat. eager, black)

negro Africa See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north of the See also:

• EQUATOR (Late Lat. aequator, from aequare, to make equal)

equator under See also:

• MAHOMMEDAN

Mahommedan See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence . The terms Nigritia and Negroland, at one See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time current, referred to the same region . The See also:

• SUDAN (Arabic Bilad-es-Sudan, country of the blacks)

Sudan has an ethnological rather than a See also:

• PHYSICAL

physical unity, and politically it is divided into a large number of states, all now under the See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control of See also:

• EUROPEAN

European See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers . These countries being separately described, brief See also:

• NOTICE

notice only is required of the Sudan as a whole . Within the limits assigned it has a length of about 4000 m., extending southwards at some points See also:

• I000

I000 m., with a See also:

• TOTAL

total area of over 2,000,000 sq. m., and a See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population, approximately, of 40,000,000 . Between the arid and sandy See also:

• NORTHERN

northern wastes and the well-watered and arable Sudanese lands there is a transitional See also:

• ZONE (Gr. 'WV77, a girdle, from 'wvvLvay to gird)

zone" of level grassy See also:

• STEPPES

steppes (partly covered with mimosas and acacias) with a mean breadth of about 6o m . The zone lies between 17° and 18° N., but towards the centre reaches as far south as 15° N . Excluding this transitional zone, the Sudan may be described as a moderately elevated region, with extensive open or See also:

• ROLLING

rolling plains, level plateaus, and abutting at its eastern and western ends on mountainous See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country . Crystalline rocks, granites, gneisses and See also:

• SCHISTS (Gr. vxq'ecv, to split)

schists, of the Central See also:

• AFRICAN

African type, occupy the greater part of the country .

Towards the south-See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east, slates, quartzites and See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron-bearing schists occur, but their See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age is not known . The Congo sandstones do not appear to extend as far north . The Nubian See also:

• SANDSTONE

sandstone See also:

• BORDERS, THE

borders the Libyan See also:

• DESERT

desert on the south and south-west, but it is doubtful if this sandstone is of Cretaceous or earlier date . The Sudan contains the basin of the See also:

• SENEGAL

Senegal and parts of three other hydrographic systems, namely: the See also:

• NIGER
• NIGER, GAIUS PESCENNIUS

Niger, draining southwards to the Atlantic; the central depression of See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

Lake See also:

• CHAD
• CHAD [CEADDA], SAINT (d. 672)

Chad; and the See also:

• NILE
• NILE, BATTLE OF THE
• NILE, SOBAT

Nile, flowing northwards to the Mediterranean . Lying within the tropics and with an See also:

• AVERAGE

average See also:

• ELEVATION

elevation of not more than 1500 to 2000 ft. above the sea, the See also:

• CLIMATE

climate of the Sudan is hot and in the See also:

• RIVER

river valleys very unhealthy . Few parts are suitable for the See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence of Europeans . Cut off from North Africa by the Saharan desert, the inhabitants, who belang in the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main to the negro See also:

• FAMILY

family proper, are thought to have received their earliest See also:

• CIVILIZATION

civilization from the East . Arab influence and the Moslem See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion began to be See also:

• FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt in the western Sudan as See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early as the 9th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century and had taken deep See also:

• ROOT (late O.E. rot, adopted from Scand., cf. Norw. and Swed. rot, Dan. rod; the true O.E. word was wyrt, plant, represented in Ger. Wurz or Wurzel; the ultimate root is the same in both words, and is seen in Lat. radix)
• ROOT, ELIHU (1845– )

root by the end of the Ilth . The existence of native See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian states in See also:

• NUBIA

Nubia hindered for some centuries the spread of See also:

• ISLAM

Islam in the eastern Sudan, and throughout the country some tribes have remained See also:

• PAGAN
• PAGAN (Lat. paganus, of or belonging to a pagus, a canton, county district, village, commune)

pagan . It was not until the last See also:

• QUARTER (through Fr. from Lat. quartarius, fourth part)

quarter of the 19th century that the European nations became the ruling force . The terms western, central and eastern Sudan are indicative of See also:

• GEOGRAPHICAL

geographical position merely . The various states are politically divisible into four See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

groups: (I) those west of the Niger; (2) those between the Niger and Lake Chad; (3) those between Lake Chad and the basin of the Nile; (4) those in the upper Nile valley .

The first See also:

• GROUP

group includes the native states of See also:

• BONDU

Bondu, Futa Jallon, Masina, Mossi and all the tribes within the great See also:

• BEND

bend of the Niger . In the last quarter of the 19th century they See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell under the control of See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, the region being styled officially the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French Sudan . In 1900 this See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title was abandoned . The greater part of what was the French Sudan is now known as the Upper Senegal and Niger See also:

• COLONY (Lat. colonia, from colonus, a cultivator)

Colony (see SENEGAL, FRENCH WEST AFRICA, &C.) . The second group of Sudanese states Ernttrma'ttXA is almost entirely within the See also:

• BRITISH

British See also:

• PROTECTORATE

protectorate of Northern See also:

• NIGERIA

Nigeria . It includes the sultanate of See also:

• SOKOTO

Sokoto and its dependent emirates of See also:

• KANO

Kano, See also:

• BIDA

Bida, See also:

• ZARIA

Zaria, &c., and the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient sultanate of See also:

• BORNU

Bornu, which, with See also:

• ADAMAWA

Adamawa, is partly within the See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German colony of Cameroon (see NIGERIA and CAMEROON) . The third or central group of Sudanese states is formed of the sultanates of See also:

• BAGIRMI

Bagirmi (q.v.) with Kanem and See also:

• WADAI

Wadai (q.v.) . Wadai was the last See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of the Sudan to come under European influence, its See also:

• CONQUEST

conquest being effected in 1909 . This third group is included in French Congo (q.v.) . The See also:

• FOURTH

fourth group consists of the states conquered during the 19th century by the Egyptians and now under the See also:

• JOINT (through Fr. from Lat. junctum, jungere, to join)

joint control of Great Britain and Egypt . These countries are known collectively as the Anglo-See also:

• EGYPTIAN

Egyptian Sudan (see below) . For the regions west of Lake Chad the See also:

• STANDARD
• STANDARD, BATTLE OF THE

standard See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical See also:

• WORK

work is the Travels of Dr Heinrich See also:

• BARTH
• BARTH, HEINRICH (1821–1865)
• BARTH, KASPAR VON (1587-1658)

Barth (5 vols., See also:

• LONDON

London, 1857-1858) .

Consult also P . C . See also:

• MEYER, CHRISTIAN ERICH HERMANN VON (18or-1869)
• MEYER, HEINRICH AUGUST WILHELM (1800-1873)
• MEYER, JULIUS LOTHAR (183o-1895)
• MEYER, KONRAD FERDINAND (1825-1898)
• MEYER, VICTOR (1848-1897)
• MEYER, [MARIE] PAUL HYACINTHE (184o- )

Meyer, Erforschungsgeschichte and Staatenbildungen See also:

• DES

des Westsudan (See also:

• GOTHA

Gotha, 1897), an admirable See also:

• SUMMARY

summary with bibliography and maps; Karl Kumm, The Sudan (London, 1907); See also:

• LADY (0. Eng. hlaefdige, Mid. Eng. ldfdi, lavedi; the first part of the word is hldf, loaf, bread, as in the corresponding hldford, lord; the second part is usually taken to be from the root dig-, to knead, seen also in " dough "; the sense development fr

Lady A as° B 30° C 35° D s~g~j « y~ _ See also:

• RC(:N•OH)R'-RC(OH)

rc ) _ Ed t All 10–E'gYPtlall 1 ai t t rKL atar{a ..n (Eb ) Jab 1St IT ,~tS sipAVHabb . SUDAN 0 AMb BbM1` lurr t ,+` c R ~~o 1 t b a m +cB_ snare' K na ' N +blfrp~, g f See also:

• ART

Art D Igo D---2: ~"E—Y[Yif }-(q - IIo See also:

• ENGLISH

English See also:

• MILES, NELSON APPLETON (1839— )

Miles O Su' .00 seo J d . H t d p b / 'EN'S' AE 4 o ~e 4Ro~ yO Raihuays-r-• Dermot, routes —~ a tl av•;.y See also:

• TIN (Lat.- stannum, whence the chemical symbol " Sn "; atomic weight =117.6, 0=16)

tin ~:^ A See also:

• CATARACT (from the Lat. form cataracta of the Gr. Karapplucrgss, a floodgate, or waterfall, properly something which rushes down)

Cataract d Ca dots erectness O Uongola p ee S f m (El See also:

• OREL
• OREL, OR ORLOV

Orel) 1 m E . :', f + 0 IF t • An r ieii naa 4 .J clloc r c 1, See also:

• EA(nar...), (p.s„,.,.)
• EA(psr...), (p, „...)• (pqr...)

Ea. tit ^.~ i, R a b), to.a. k~ r~~ W. a " •See also:

• HIT

Hit Nat ron 2'1 lM B° Z tm • 8 ~ QSd Yd ~ T ha T KA . 0 2 ' L I V SLQG B Ed D Ed Danrf EI Huai., Q ¢ .. a t~ D O N •- "l..,F~ F+:i1FrM.t1~a, • D e r Ada/ \ ., ti / al J " 9Q °1~ G a;~ e Y t 3, s m n dI"a n }F st P eu rR hCa See also:

• ROD (O.E. rodd, probably related to Norw. rudda, stick, rodda, stake)
• ROD, EDOUARD (1857-1910)

rod ti ~ ~Y y .. . '~ .. c t a sat r+ K8arta t C` II t$ -- 3 •i 7 itiP f 2 5 t' ;rk besh~" y_ 1.} ' C :- .e . .See also:

• RAM
• RAM, PIERRE FRANCOIS XAVIER DE (18o4-1865)

ram p ,9.^ t acn .;Tali ee u •:B r r io C:n 1 L ai •See also:

• LEDA

Leda a.-p, ' (ut .a.~ N lQ n f: +r,...,\ c , DaeitYt s wt +ro .'Z See also:

• ICE (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Eis)

ice ..-;, • !Path El Obef• CC °s° yls . "~ ta- K dq on" abaft q a .aM1 f• fil G t: + .

W . b ZuC +See also:

• DEE
• DEE (Welsh, Dyfrdwy;, Lat.., and in Milton, Deva)

Dee •; x` a oy` . 3 )r sl f U R G~ ,' CJ f, , eb Q r.: - ` . ., Y NOOOaipfi M° galor; Rewires ° r r i dt Z e, 4;6. c t D qaF A N wa „a,*J {• 7 T > ao•tt . ~J "s iGas z P F i cs ; , a et~be ~a "' cc . --%, . J,°a r EO° • Wu .. See also:

• FRY
• FRY, ELIZABETH (178o-1845)
• FRY, SIR EDWARD (1827– )

fry ;A•7d >~~ ~ . 4•~ o . ,. i 8,91•C+,/y1 ~'O <nsal) ',a F~•E t .... + a. m ° t ~(f 4 ;T, p el Ba rN-Arab tr L3 R Yt.Abta16 ° Yang* ,r ° tr ijll _ . a r ~S ,y1lt .r 4 See also:

• STAR

star 'y: D Wi 4' ...a ..h , eA r (See also:

• WEIR (from O. Eng. wer, a dam; cognate with werian, to defend, guard; cf. Ger. Wehr, defence)
• WEIR, ROBERT WALTER (1803-1889)

Weir t" w AFp - $ _ Bor e . s° See also:

• MEAD
• MEAD, LARKIN GOLDSMITH (1835— )
• MEAD, RICHARD (1673—1754)

Mead N G A L, t~` Aa L . t o , as / d .tip ~` dAE "' alit a "T PQ 9eH ~' RE GaruL• ~r triode rJ E .e/ . . . M sk'Q 464 .. La e , AJK ma Oeh ke } G, ,a7 Oi .

BY Ih1m° r~l o/n .i Ttsti' 5 ktwr y il . ~ f °<t~n R ° ~ ~ 9- • 1 See also:

• AST, GEORG ANTON FRIEDRICH (1778-1841)

AST N W J -See also:

• RULE

rule S St + E~ RIC A See also:

• LONGITUDE (from Lat. longitudo, " length ")

Longitude East zs of See also:

• GREENWICH

Greenwich B 30 Ny eto C 3$° D See also:

• LUGARD, SIR FREDERICK JOHN DEALTRY (1858- )

Lugard, A Tropical Dependency (London, 1905) ; and the See also:

• BIBLIOGRAPHIES

bibliographies given under the various countries named . For See also:

• SOURCES

sources and See also:

• HISTORY

history see See also:

• TIMBUKTU (French spelling Tombouctou)

TIMBUKTU . For the central Sudan the most important work is that of Gustav See also:

• NACHTIGAL, GUSTAV (1834-1885)

Nachtigal, Sahara and Sudan (3 vols., See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin 1879-1889) . See also See also:

• BOYD, ANDREW KENNEDY HUTCHISON (1825—1899)
• BOYD, ROBERT BOYD, LORD (d. c. 1470)
• BOYD, ZACHARY (1585?-1653)

Boyd See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander, From the Niger to the Nile (2 vols., London, 1907) ; Karl Kumm, From Haussaland to Egypt (London, 1910) . For the eastern Sudan see the bibliographies under the following See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section . A See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general work is P . Paulitschke's See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

Die Suddnlander (See also:

• FREIBURG

Freiburg, 1885) .