SULPHUR  [See also:

• SYMBOL (Gr. o-uµ(3oXov, a sign)

symbol S, atomic See also:

• WEIGHT

weight 32•o7 (0=16)1, a non-metallic chemical See also:

• ELEMENT (Lat. elementum)

element, known from very remote times and regarded by the alchemists, on See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of its inflammable nature, as the principle of See also:

• COMBUSTION (from the Lat. comburere, to burn up)

combustion; it is also known as See also:

• BRIMSTONE

brimstone (q.v.) . The element occurs widely and abundantly distributed in nature both in the See also:

• FREE

free See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state and in See also:

• COMBINATION (Lat. combinare, to combine)

combination . Free or native sulphur, known also as " virgin sulphur," occurs in connexion with volcanoes and in certain stratified rocks in several modes, viz. as crystals, and as stalactitic, encrusting, reniform, massive, earthy and occasionally pulverulent forms as " sulphur See also:

• MEAL

meal." It seems rather doubtful whether the unstable See also:

• MONOCLINIC

monoclinic modification of sulphur (0–sulphur) is ever found in a native state . The crystals belong to the orthorhombic See also:

• SYSTEM

system, and have usually a pyramidal See also:

• HABIT (through the French from Lat. habitus, from habere, to have, hold, or, in a reflective sense, to be in a certain condition; in many of the English senses the French use habitude, not habit)

habit (fig.), but may be sphenoidal or See also:

• TABULAR

tabular . Twins are rare . The cleavage is imperfect, but there is a well-marked conchoidal fracture . The hardness ranges from about I to 2, and the sp.gr. from 1.9 to 2.1 . Crystals of sulphur are transparent or translucent and highly refractive with strong birefringence; they have a resinous or slightly adamantine lustre, and See also:

• PRESENT

present the characteristic sulphur-yellow See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour . Impurities render the See also:

• MINERAL

mineral See also:

• GREY, CHARLES GREY, 2ND EARL (1764-1845)
• GREY, HENRY GREY, 3RD EARL (1802-1894)
• GREY, LADY JANE (1537-1554)
• GREY, SIR EDWARD
• GREY, SIR GEORGE (1812–1898)

grey, greenish or red-dish, bituminous See also:

• MATTER

matter being often present in the massive varieties . Sulphur containing See also:

• SELENIUM [symbol Se, atomic weight 79.2 (O=16)]

selenium, such as occurs in the isle of Vulcano in the Lipari Isles, may be See also:

• ORANGE
• ORANGE (Citrus Aurantium)
• ORANGE, HOUSE OF

orange-red; and a similar colour is seen in sulphur which contains See also:

• ARSENIC (symbol As, atomic weight 75.0)

arsenic sulphide, such as that from La See also:

• SOLFATARA

Solfatara near See also:

• NAPLES
• NAPLES (Ital. Napoli, and Lat. Neapolis)
• NAPLES, KINGDOM OF

Naples . The presence of See also:

• TELLURIUM [Symbol Te, atomic weight 127.5 (0=16)]

tellurium in native sulphur is rare, but is known in certain specimens from See also:

• JAPAN

Japan . Volcanic sulphur usually occurs as a sublimate around or on the walls of the vents, and has probably been formed in many cases by the interaction of sulphur dioxide and See also:

• HYDROGEN [symbol H, atomic weight x-oo8 (0=16)]

hydrogen sulphide .

Sub-limed sulphur also results from the spontaneous combustion of See also:

• COAL

coal seams containing See also:

• PYRITES

pyrites . Deposits of sulphur are frequently formed by the decomposition of hydrogen sulphide, on exposure to the See also:

• ATMOSPHERE (Gr. fir µ6r, vapour; orkaipa, a sphere)

atmosphere: hence natural sulphureous See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters, especially hot springs, readily See also:

• DEPOSIT (Lat. depositurn, from deponere, to lay down, to put in the care of)

deposit sulphur . The reduction of sulphates to sulphides by means of organic matter, probably through the agency of sulphur-bacteria, may also indirectly furnish sulphur, and hence it is frequently found in deposits of See also:

• GYPSUM

gypsum . Free sulphur may also result from the decomposition of pyrites, as in pyritic shales and lignites, or from the alteration of See also:

• GALENA

galena: thus crystals of sulphur occur, with anglesite, in cavities in galena at Monteponi near See also:

• IGLESIAS

Iglesias in See also:

• SARDINIA (Gr. 'IXs'o"uva, from a fancied resemblance to a footprint in its shape, Ital. Sardegna)

Sardinia; whilst the pyrites of Rio Tinto in See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain sometimes yield sulphur on weathering . It should be noted that the oxidation of sulphur itself by atmospheric See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence may give rise to sulphuric See also:

• ACID (from the Lat. root ac-, sharp; acere, to be sour)

acid, which in the presence of See also:

• LIMESTONE

limestone will See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form gypsum: thus the sulphur-deposits of See also:

• SICILY (Ital. Sicilia)

Sicily suffer alteration of this See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind, and have their outcrop marked by a See also:

• PALE (through Fr. pal, from Lat. palms, a stake, for paglus, from the stem pag- of pangere, to fix; " pole " is from the same original source)

pale earthy gypseous See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock called briscale . Some of the most important deposits of sulphur in the See also:

• WORLD

world are worked in Sicily, chiefly in the provinces of See also:

• CALTANISETTA

Caltanisetta and See also:

• GIRGENTI (anc. Agrigent'um, q.v.)

Girgenti, as at Racalmuto and Cattolica; and to a less extent in the provinces of See also:

• CATANIA (Gr. Katane, Rom. Catinal)

Catania, See also:

• PALERMO (Greek, Havopuos; Latin, Panhormus, Panormus)

Palermo (Lercara) and See also:

• TRAPANI (anc. Drepanum)

Trapani (Gibellina) . The sulphur occurs in See also:

• MIOCENE

Miocene marls and limestone, associated with gypsum, See also:

• CELESTINE (CAELESTINUS)
• CELESTINE, or CELESTITE

celestine, See also:

• ARAGONITE

aragonite and See also:

• CALCITE

calcite . It was formerly believed that the sulphur had a volcanic origin, but it is now generally held that it has eitherbeen reduced from gypsum by organic agencies, or more probably deposited from sulphur-bearing waters . Liquid occasion-ally enclosed in the sulphur and gypsum has been found by O . Silvestri and by C . A . H .

Sjogren to contain salts like those of sulphur-springs . An important See also:

• ZONE (Gr. 'WV77, a girdle, from 'wvvLvay to gird)

zone of sulphur-bearing Miocene rocks occurs on the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of the See also:

• APENNINES (Gr. 'A1T- vvLvos, Lat. Appenninus—in both cases used in the singular)

Apennines, constituting a See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• PART

part of the See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of Forli and part of See also:

• PESARO (anc. Pisaurum, q.v.)

Pesaro . See also:

• CESENA (anc. Caesena)

Cesena and Perticara are well-known localities in this See also:

• DISTRICT

district, the latter yielding crystals coated with See also:

• ASPHALT, or ASPHALTUM

asphalt . Sulphur is occasionally found crystallized in See also:

• CARRARA
• CARRARA, or CARRARESI

Carrara See also:

• MARBLE (from Lat. marmor, Gr. pApµapos, shining stone)

marble; and the mineral occurs also in See also:

• CALABRIA

Calabria . See also:

• FINE

Fine crystals occur at Conil near See also:

• CADIZ
• CADIZ (Cadiz)
• CADIZ (in Lat. Gades, and formerly called Cales by the English)

Cadiz; whilst in the province of See also:

• TERUEL

Teruel in See also:

• ARAGON, or ARRAGON (in Span. Aragon)

Aragon, sulphur in a compact form replaces fresh-See also:

• WATER

water shells and plant-remains, suggesting its origin from sulphur-springs . Nodular forms of sulphur occur in Miocene marls near Radoboj in Croatia, and near Swoszowic, See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south of See also:

• CRACOW (Pol. Krakov; Ger. Krakau)

Cracow . See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia possesses large deposits of sulphur in See also:

• DAGHESTAN

Daghestan in See also:

• TRANSCAUCASIA

Transcaucasia, and in the Transcaspian See also:

• STEPPES

steppes . Important deposits of sulphur are worked at several localities in Japan, especially at the Kosaka mine in the province of Rikuchiu, and at Yatsukoda-See also:

• YAMA (Sanskrit " twin," in allusion to his being twin with his sister Yami, traditionally the first human pair)

yama, in the province of See also:

• MUTSU, MUNEMITSU, COUNT (1842-1896)

Mutsu . Sulphur is worked in See also:

• CHILE, or CHILI (derived, it is said, from the Quichua chin , cold, or tchili, snow)

Chile and See also:

• PERU
• PERU (apparently from Biru, a small river on the west coast of Colombia, where Pizarro landed)

Peru . A See also:

• COMPLETE

complete See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

list of localities for sulphur would include all the volcanic regions of the world . In the See also:

• UNITED

United States, sulphur occurs in the following states, in many of which the mineral has been worked: See also:

• LOUISIANA

Louisiana (q.v.), See also:

• UTAH

Utah, See also:

• COLORADO

Colorado, See also:

• CALIFORNIA
• CALIFORNIA, LOWER (Baja California)
• CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY OF

California, See also:

• NEVADA
• NEVADA (a Spanish word meaning " snow-clad " or " snowy land," originally applied to a snow-capped mountain range on the Pacific slope)

Nevada, See also:

• ALASKA

Alaska, See also:

• IDA (d. 559)

Ida-ho, See also:

• TEXAS

Texas and See also:

• WYOMING

Wyoming . The See also:

• RABBIT

Rabbit Hole sulphur-mines are in Nevada, and a great deposit in Utah occurs at See also:

• COVE

Cove See also:

• CREEK
• CREEK (Mid. Eng. crike or creke, common to many N. European languages)

Creek, See also:

• BEAVER
• BEAVER (from Fr. baviere, a child's bib, from bane, saliva)

Beaver See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county .

In the See also:

• BRITISH

British Islands native sulphur is only a mineralogical rarity, but it occurs in the Carboniferous Limestone of Oughterard in Co . See also:

• GALWAY

Galway, See also:

• IRELAND
• IRELAND, CHURCH
• IRELAND, CHURCH OF
• IRELAND, JOHN (1761-1842)
• IRELAND, JOHN (1838- )
• IRELAND, WILLIAM HENRY (1777-1835)

Ireland.' In combination the element chiefly occurs as metallic sulphides and sulphates . The former are of great commercial importance, being, in most cases, valuable ores, e.g. See also:

• COPPER (symbol Cu, atomic weight 63.1, H=1, or 63.6, O = 16)

copper pyrites (copper), galena (See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead), See also:

• BLENDE, or SPHALERITE

blende (See also:

• ZINC

zinc), See also:

• CINNABAR (Ger. Zinnober)

cinnabar (See also:

• MERCURY
• MERCURY (MERCU1uus)
• MERCURY (symbol Hg, atomic weight = 2oo)

mercury), &c . Of the sulphates we See also:

• NOTICE

notice gypsum and See also:

• ANHYDRITE

anhydrite (See also:

• CALCIUM [symbol Ca, atomic weight 40.0 (o= x6)]

calcium), See also:

• BARYTES

barytes (See also:

• BARIUM (symbol Ba, atomic weight 137'37 [0=16])

barium) and kieserite (See also:

• MAGNESIUM [symbol Mg, atomic weight 24.32 (0 = 16)]

magnesium) . Gaseous compounds, e.g. sulphur dioxide and sulphuretted hydrogen, are present in volcanic exhalations (see See also:

• VOLCANO

VOLCANO) and in many mineral waters . The element also occurs in the See also:

• ANIMAL
• ANIMAL (Lat. animalis, from anima, breath, soul)

animal and See also:

• VEGETABLE

vegetable kingdoms . It is present in See also:

• HAIR (a word common to Teutonic languages)

hair and See also:

• WOOL, WORSTED AND WOOLLEN MANUFACTURES

wool, and ,in albuminous bodies; and is also a constituent of certain vegetable See also:

• OILS (adopted from the Fr. oile, mod. huile, Lat. oleum, olive oil)

oils, such as the oils of See also:

• GARLIC (O. Eng. gdrledc, i.e. " spear-leek "; Gr. oKbpolov; Lat. allium; Ital. aglio; Fr. ail; Ger. Knoblauch)

garlic and See also:

• MUSTARD

mustard . There is, in addition, a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of bacteria which decompose sulphureous compounds and utilize the element thus liberated in their See also:

• PROTOPLASM

protoplasm (see See also:

• BACTERIOLOGY

BACTERIOLOGY) . Extraction.—As quarried or See also:

• MINED

mined free sulphur is always contaminated with limestone, gypsum, See also:

• CLAY (from O. Eng. claeg, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Klei)
• CLAY, CASSIUS MARCELLUS (1810-1903)
• CLAY, CHARLES (1801–1893)
• CLAY, FREDERIC (1838–1889)
• CLAY, HENRY (1777–1852)

clay, &c.; the principle underlying its extraction from these impurities is one of See also:

• SIMPLE

simple liquation, i.e. the element is melted, either by the See also:

• HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat of its own combustion or other means, and runs off from the earthy See also:

• RESIDUE (through the French, from the Lat. residuum, a remainder, from residere, to remain)

residue . In the simplest and crudest method, as practised in Sicily, a See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass of the ore is placed in a hole in the ground and fired; after a See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time the heat melts a part of the sulphur which runs down to the bottom of the hole and is then ladled out . This exceptionally wasteful See also:

• PROCESS

process, in which only one-third of the sulphur is recovered, has been improved by conducting the See also:

• FUSION

fusion in a sort of See also:

• KILN (0. E. cylene, from the Lat. culina, a kitchen, cooking-stove)

kiln . A semicircular or semi-elliptical See also:

• PIT (O. E. pytt, cognate with Du. put, Ger. Pfutze, &c., all ultimately adaptations of Lat. puteus, well, formed from root pu-, to cleanse, whence gurus, clean, pure)

pit (calcarone) about 33 ft. in See also:

• DIAMETER (from the Cr. &a, through, µErpov, measure)

diameter and 8 ft. deep is dug into the slope of a See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

hill, and the sides are coated with a See also:

• WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
• WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

wall of See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone .

The See also:

• SOLE (Solea)

sole consists of two halves slanting against each other, the See also:

• LINE

line of intersection forming a descending See also:

• GUTTER (O. Fr. goutiere, mod. gouttiere, from Lat. gutta, drop)

gutter which runs to the outlet . This outlet having been closed by small stones and sulphate of See also:

• LIME
• LIME (O. Eng. lim, Lat. limes, mud, from linere, to smear)

lime See also:

• CEMENT (from Lat. caementum, rough pieces of stone, a shortened form of caedimentum, from caedere, to cut)

cement, the pit is filled with sulphur ore, which is heaped up considerably beyond the edge of the pit and covered with a layer of burnt-out ore . In See also:

• BUILDING

building up the heap a number of narrow See also:

• VERTICAL (from Lat. vertex, highest point)

vertical passages are See also:

• LEFT

left to afford a See also:

• DRAUGHT (from the common Teutonic word " to draw "; cf. Ger. 7'racht, load; the pronunciation led to the variant form " draft," now confined to certain specific meanings)

draught for the See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire . The ore is kindled from above and the fire so regulated (by making or unmaking See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air-holes in the covering) that, by the heat produced 1 References.—A very full See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article (" Zolfo ") by G . Aichino, of the See also:

• GEOLOGICAL

Geological Survey of See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy, will be found in the Enciclopedia delle erte e industrie (See also:

• TURIN

Turin, 1898) . This includes a full bibliography . See also J . F . See also:

• KEMP, WILLIAM (fl. 1600)

Kemp in See also:

• ROTHWELL

Rothwell's Mineral See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

Industry (1893), vol. ii.; Jules Brunfaut, De l'Exploitation See also:

• DES

des soufres (2nd ed., 1874) ; Georgio See also:

• SPEZIA

Spezia, Sull' origine del solfo See also:

• NEI

nei giacementi solfiferi della Sicilia (Turin, 1892) . For See also:

• JAPANESE

Japanese sulphur see T . Wada, Minerals of Japan (See also:

• TOKYO (or TOKIO, formerly called Yedo)

Tokyo, 1904) . by the combustion of the least sufficient quantity of sulphur, the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest is liquefied .

The molten sulphur accumulates on the sole, whence it is from time to time run out into a square stone receptacle, from which it is ladled into See also:

• DAMP

damp See also:

• POPLAR
• POPLAR (Lat. Populus)

poplar-See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood moulds and so brought into the shape of truncated cones weighing See also:

• ITO, HIROBUMI, PRINCE (1841-1909)

Ito to 130 lb each . These cakes are sent out into See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

commerce . A calcarone with a capacity of 28,256 cub. ft. See also:

• BURNS, JOHN (1858– )
• BURNS, ROBERT (1759-1796)
• BURNS, SIR GEORGE

burns for about two months, and yields about 200 tons of sulphur . The yield is about 50% . The immense volumes of sulphurous acid evolved give rise to many complaints; all the See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

minor pits suspend See also:

• WORK

work during the summer to avoid destruction of the crops . A calcarone that is to be used all the See also:

• YEAR

year See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round must be at least 220 yds. from any inhabited See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place and i t_o yds. from any See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field under cultivation . More efficient is the Gill kiln which uses See also:

• COKE (a northern English word, possibly connected with " colk," core)
• COKE, SIR EDWARD (1552-1634)
• COKE, SIR JOHN (1563-1644)
• COKE, THOMAS (1747-1814)

coke as a See also:

• FUEL (O. Fr. feuaile, popular Lat. focalia, from focus, hearth, fire)

fuel . The kiln consists of two (or more) connected cells which are both charged with the ore . The first See also:

• CELL (from Lat. cella, probably from an Indo-European kal —seen in Lat. celare, to hide; another suggestion connects the word with Lat. cera, wax, taking the original meaning to refer to the honeycomb)

cell is heated and the products of combustion are led into the second cell where they give up part of their heat to the contained ore, so that by the time the first cell is exhausted the mass in the second cell is at a sufficiently high temperature to ignite spontaneously when air is admitted . Other methods have been employed, but with varying commercial success . For example, in the Gritti and Orlando processes the ore is charged into retorts and the fusion effected by superheated See also:

• STEAM
• STEAM (0. Eng. steam, vapour, smoke, cf. Du. steam; the origin is unknown)

steam, the sulphur being run off as usual; or as was suggested by R . E .

Bollman in 1867 the ore may be extracted by See also:

• CARBON (symbol C, atomic weight 12)

carbon bisulphide . Crude sulphur, as obtained from kilns, contains about 3% of earthy impurities, and consequently needs refining . The following apparatus (invented originally by See also:

• MICHEL
• MICHEL, CLAUDE
• MICHEL, FRANCISQUE XAVIER (1809-1887)

Michel of See also:

• MARSEILLES

Marseilles and improved subsequently by others) enables the manufacturer to produce either of two forms of " refined " sulphur which commerce demands . It consists of a large stone chamber which communicates directly with two slightly slanting tubular retorts of See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron . The retorts are charged with molten sulphur from an upper See also:

• RESERVOIR

reservoir, which is kept at the requisite temperature by means of the lost heat of the See also:

• RETORT (Lat. retorquere, to twist or turn back)

retort fires . The chamber has a safety value at the See also:

• TOP (cf. Dan. top, Ger. Topf, also meaning pot)

top of its vault, which is so balanced that the least surplus pressure from within sends it up . The first puff of sulphur vapour which enters the chamber takes fire and converts the air of the chamber into a mixture of See also:

• NITROGEN [symbol N., atomic weight 14.01, 0=16]

nitrogen and sulphur dioxide . The next following instalments of vapour, getting diffused throughout a large mass of relatively See also:

• COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold See also:

• GAS

gas, condense into a kind of " See also:

• SNOW (in O. Eng. sndw; a common Indo-European word; cf. in Teutonic languages, Ger. Schnee, Du. sneeuw; in Slavonic snieg', Lith. snegas; Gr. vi4a, Lat. nix, nivis, whence the Romanic forms, Ital. neve, Fr. neige, &c.; Ir. and Gael. sneachd; the original

snow," known in commerce and valued as " See also:

• FLOWERS, ARTIFICIAL

flowers of sulphur " (flares sulphuris) . By conducting the See also:

• DISTILLATION (from the Lat. distillare, more correctly destillare, to drop or trickle down)

distillation slowly, so that the temperature within the chamber remains at a sufficiently See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low degree, it is possible to obtain the whole of the product in the form of " flowers." If compact (" See also:

• ROLL (O. Fr. rolle, roulle, mod. role, Lat. rotulus, dim. of rota, wheel)
• ROLL, ALFRED PHILIPPE (1846– )

roll ") sulphur is wanted the distillation is made to go on at the quickest admissible See also:

• RATE

rate . The temperature of the interior of the chamber soon rises to more than the fusing-point of sulphur (113° C.), and the distillate accumulates at the bottom as a liquid, which is tapped off from time to time to be See also:

• CAST (from the verb meaning " to throw "; the word is Scand. in origin, cf. Dan. kaste, and Swed. kasta; " cast " in Middle Eng. took the place of the A.S. weor pan, cf. Ger. werf en)

cast into the customary form of rods . The Louisiana deposits are worked by a process devised by Merman Frasch in 1891 . It consists in sinking a See also:

• BORE

bore-hole, after the manner of a See also:

• PETROLEUM (Lat. Petra, rock, and oleuin, oil)

petroleum well, and letting in four pipes centrally arranged, the See also:

• OUTER

outer See also:

• PIPE

pipe being 10 in. in diameter, the next 6 in., the next 3 in. and the innermost i in .

The operation consists in forcing down the 3-in. pipe superheated steam at 330° F. to melt the sulphur . Compressed air is now driven down the I-in. pipe and bubbles into the melted sulphur and water; the specific gravity of which is greatly diminished, so that it rises to the See also:

• SURFACE

surface through the outer pipes; it is then run off to settling tanks . The sulphur so obtained is 98% pure . In some places sulphur is extracted from iron pyrites by one of two methods . The pyrites is subjected to dry distillation from out of iron or fire-clay tubular retorts at a See also:

• BRIGHT, JOHN (1811-188g)
• BRIGHT, SIR CHARLES TILSTON

bright red heat . One-third of the sulphur is volatilized—3FeSs = Fe3S4 + 2S—and obtained as a distillate . The second method is analogous to the calcarone method of liquation: the ore is placed in a limekiln-Iike See also:

• FURNACE

furnace over a mass of kindled fuel to start a partial combustion of the mineral, and the process is so regulated that, by the heat generated, the unburnt part is decomposed with elimination of sulphur, which collects in the molten state on an inverted roof-shaped sole below the furnace and is thence conducted into a cistern . Such pyrites sulphur is usually contaminated with arsenic, and consequently is of less value than Sicilian sulphur, which is characteristically free from this impurity . Large quantities are also recovered from See also:

• ALKALI

alkali See also:

• WASTE (O. Fr. wast, guast, gast, gaste; Lat. vastus, vast, desolate)

waste (see A1,See also:

• KALI (black)

KALI MANUFACTURE): another source is the spent See also:

• OXIDE

oxide of gas manufacture (see GAS) . The substance known as " See also:

• MILK (0. Eng. meoluc; from a common Indo-European root, cf. Lat. mulgere, Gr. ?t dXyetv)

milk of sulphur " (See also:

• LAC

lac sulphuris) is very finely divided sulphur produced by the following, or some analogous, chemical process . One part of quicklime is slaked with 6 parts of water, and the See also:

• PASTE (O. Fr. paste, modern pate, Late Lat. pasta, whence also in Span., Port. and Ital., from Gr. 1r&vrrl or 1raara, barley porridge, or salted pottage, ir&ao'ety, to sprinkle with salt)

paste produced diluted with 24 parts of water: 2.3 parts of flowers of sulphur are added; and the whole is boiled for about an See also:

• HOUR

hour or longer, when the sulphur dissolves . The mixed See also:

• SOLUTION (from Lat. solvere, to loosen, dissolve)

solution of poivsulphides and thiosulphate of calcium thus produced is clarified, diluted largely, and then mixed with enough of pure dilute hydrochloric acid to produce a feebly alkaline mixture when sulphur is precipitated .

The addition of more acid would produce an additional See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply of sulphur (by the See also:

• ACTION

action of the H2S2O3 on the dissolved H2S) ; but this thiosulphate sulphur is yellow and compact, while the polysulphide part has the desired qualities,forming an extremely fine, almost See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white, See also:

• POWDER (through O. Fr. puldre, modern poudre, from Lat. pulvis, pulveris, dust)

powder . The precipitate is washed, collected, and dried at a very moderate heat . Properties.—Sulphur exists in several allotropic modifications, but before considering these systematically we will See also:

• DEAL

deal with the properties of See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary (or rhombic) sulphur . Commercial sulphur forms yellow crystals which melt at 113° and See also:

• BOIL

boil at 444.53° C. under ordinary pressure (H . L . Callendar, Chem . See also:

• NEWS

News, 1891, 63, p . 1); just above the boiling point the vapour is orange-yellow, but on continued See also:

• HEATING

heating it darkens, being deep red at 5oo° ; at higher temperatures it lightens, becoming See also:

• STRAW

straw-yellow at 65o° . These colour changes are connected with a See also:

• DISSOCIATION

dissociation of the molecules . At 524° See also:

• DUMAS, ALEXANDRE
• DUMAS, ALEXANDRE [" DUMAS FILS"] (1824-1895)
• DUMAS, GUILLAUME MATHIEU, COUNT (1753-1837)
• DUMAS, JEAN BAPTISTE ANDRE (1800-1884)

Dumas deduced the structure Ss from vapour-See also:

• DENSITY (Lat. densus, thick)

density determinations, whilst for the range 86o° to 1040°; Sainte-Claire Deville and Troost deduced the See also:

• FORMULA
• FORMULA (Lat. diminutive of forma, shape, pattern, &c., especially used of rules of judicial procedure)

formula S2 . Biltz (Be"., 1888, 21, p . 2013; 1901, 34, p .

2490) showed that the vapour density decreased with the temperature, and also depended on the pressure . G . Preuner and W . Schupp (Zeit. phys . Chem., 1909, 69, p . 157), in a study of the dissociation isotherms over 300°–85o°, detected molecules of S8, Ss and S2, whilst S, appears to exist below pressures of 30 mm . Boiling and freezing-point determinations of the molecular weight in solution indicate the formula S8 . The density of solid sulphur is 2.062 to 2.070, and the specific heat 0.1712; it is a See also:

• BAD, BCD

bad conductor of See also:

• ELECTRICITY

electricity and becomes negatively electrified on See also:

• FRICTION (from Lat. fricare, to rub)

friction . It ignites in air at 363° and in See also:

• OXYGEN (symbol 0, atomic weight 16)

oxygen at 275–280° (H . See also:

• MOISSAN, HENRI (1852-1907)

Moissan, Compt. rend., 1903, 137, p . 547), burning with a characteristic See also:

• BLUE (common in different forms to most European languages)

blue See also:

• FLAME (Lat. flamma; the root flag- appears in flagrare, to burn, blaze, and Gr. d, XEryew)

flame and forming much sulphur dioxide, recognized by its pungent odour . At the same time a little trioxide is formed, and, according to Hempel (Ber., 1890, 23, p .

1455), See also:

• HALF

half the sulphur is converted into this oxide if the combustion be carried out in oxygen at a pressure of 40 to 50 atmospheres . • Sulphur also combines directly with most of the elements to form sulphides . The atomic weight was determined by See also:

• BERZELIUS, JONS JAKOB (1779-1848)

Berzelius, See also:

• ERDMANN
• ERDMANN, JOHANN EDUARD (1805-1892)

Erdmann and Marchand, Dumas and See also:

• STAS, JEAN SERVAIS (1813–1891)

Stas . See also:

• THOMSEN, GRIMUR (182o-1896)
• THOMSEN, HANS PETER JORGEN JULIUS (1826–1909)

Thomsen (Zeit. phys . Chem., 1894, 13, p . 726) obtained the value 32.0606 . Allotropic Modifications.—Sulphur assumes crystalline, amor- phous and (possibly) colloidal forms . Historically the most important are the rhombic (S°) and monoclinic (Sp) forms, discussed by E . See also:

• MITSCHERLICH, EILHARDT (1794–1863)

Mitscherlich in 1822 (see See also:

• ANN

Ann. chim. phys., 1823, 24, p . 264) . The transformations of these two forms are discussed in See also:

• CHEMISTRY
• CHEMISTRY (formerly "chymistry"; Gr. xvµela; for derivation see ALCHEMY)

CHEMISTRY: See also:

• PHYSICAL

Physical . Rhombic sulphur may be obtained artificially by slowly crystallizing a solution of sulphur in carbon bisulphide, or, better, by exposing See also:

• PYRIDINE

pyridine saturated with sulphuretted hydrogen to atmospheric oxidation (See also:

• AHRENS, FRANZ HEINRICH LUDOLF (1809–1881)

Ahrens, Ber., 1890, 23, p .

2708) . It is insoluble in water,' but readily soluble in carbon bisulphide, sulphur chloride and oil of See also:

• TURPENTINE (in M. Eng. turbentine, adapted through the O. Fr. turbentine or terebentine from Lat. terebinthina, sc. resina, resin of the terebinth, Gr. eepiOtvOos or eippavOos)

turpentine . The See also:

• COMMON

common monoclinic variety is obtained by allowing a crust to form over molten sulphur by partially cooling it, and then breaking the crust and pouring off the still liquid portion, whereupon the interior of the See also:

• VESSEL (O. Fr. vaissel, from a rare Lat. vascellum, dim. of vas, vase, urn)

vessel will be found coated with See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long needles of this variety . Like S. it is soluble in carbon bisulphide . Three other monoclinic forms have been described . By acting upon a solution of See also:

• SODIUM [symbol Na, from Lat. natrium; atomic weight 23.00 (0=16)]

sodium hyposulphite with See also:

• POTASSIUM [symbol K (from kalium), atomic weight 39.114 0=16)]

potassium bisulphate, Gernez (Compt. rend.; 1884, 98, p . 144) obtained a form which he termed nacre (or pearly) sulphur; the same modification was obtained by See also:

• SABATIER, LOUIS AUGUSTE (1839-1901)

Sabatier (ibid., 1885, 100, p . 1346) on shaking hydrogen persulphide with See also:

• ALCOHOL

alcohol or See also:

• ETHER, (C2H5)2O

ether . It is readily transformed into rhombic sulphur . Another form, mixed with the variety just described, is obtained by adding 3 to 4 volumes of alcohol to a solution of ammonium sulphide saturated with sulphur and exposing the mixture to air at about 5° . See also:

• ENGEL, ERNST (1821-1896)
• ENGEL, JOHANN JAKOB (1741-1802)

Engel's monoclinic form (Compt. rend., 1891, 112, p . 866) is obtained by mixing a solution of sodium hyposulphite with See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

double its See also:

• VOLUME

volume of hydrochloric acid, filtering and extracting with See also:

• CHLOROFORM (trichlor-methane), CHC13

chloroform; the See also:

• EXTRACT (from Lat. extrahere, to draw out)

extract yielding the variety on evaporation .

A triclinic form is claimed to be obtained by See also:

• FRIEDEL, CHARLES (1832-1899)

Friedel (See also:

• BULL
• BULL, GEORGE (1634–1710)
• BULL, JOHN (c. 1562–1628)
• BULL, OLE BORNEMANN (18ro-188o)

Bull. See also:

• SOC

soc. chim., 1879, 32, p . 14) on subliming ordinary sulphur . ' It is a common practice of keepers of See also:

• DOGS, ISLE OF

dogs to place a piece of roll sulphur in the animal's water but this serves no useful purpose owing to this See also:

• PROPERTY

property . Amorphous sulphur or Sy exists in two forms, one soluble in carbon bisulphide, the other insoluble . Milk of sulphur (see above), obtained by decomposing a polysulphide with an acid, contains both forms . The insoluble variety may also be obtained by decomposing sulphur chloride with water and by other re-actions . It gradually transforms itself into rhombic sulphur . The colloidal sulphur, Ss, described by Debus as a product of the interaction of sulphuretted hydrogen and sulphur dioxide in aqueous solution, is regarded by See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

Spring (Rec. See also:

• TRAY

tray. chim., 1906, 25, p . 253) as a See also:

• HYDRATE

hydrate of the formula S8•See also:

• H2O (combined)

H2O . The " blue sulphur," described by Orloff, has been investigated by See also:

• PATERNO

Paterno and Mazzucchelli (Abs . Journ . Chem .

Soc., 1907, ii . 451) . Molten Sulphur.—Several interesting phenomena are witnessed when sulphur is heated above its melting point . The solid melts to a pale yellow liquid which on continued heating gradually darkens and becomes more viscous, the maximum viscosity occurring at 180°, the product being dark red in colour . This See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change is associated with a change in the spectrum (N . See also:

• LOCKYER, SIR JOSEPH NORMAN (1836– )

Lockyer) . On continuing the heating, the viscosity diminishes while the colour remains the same . If the viscous variety be rapidly cooled, or the more highly heated mass be poured into water, an elastic substance is obtained, termed plastic sulphur . This substance, however, on See also:

• STANDING

standing becomes brittle . The See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of molten sulphur has been mainly elucidated by the researches of A . See also:

• SMITH
• SMITH, ADAM (1723–1790)
• SMITH, ALEXANDER (183o-1867)
• SMITH, ANDREW JACKSON (1815-1897)
• SMITH, CHARLES EMORY (1842–1908)
• SMITH, CHARLES FERGUSON (1807–1862)
• SMITH, CHARLOTTE (1749-1806)
• SMITH, COLVIN (1795—1875)
• SMITH, EDMUND KIRBY (1824-1893)
• SMITH, G
• SMITH, GEORGE (1789-1846)
• SMITH, GEORGE (184o-1876)
• SMITH, GEORGE ADAM (1856- )
• SMITH, GERRIT (1797–1874)
• SMITH, GOLDWIN (1823-191o)
• SMITH, HENRY BOYNTON (1815-1877)
• SMITH, HENRY JOHN STEPHEN (1826-1883)
• SMITH, HENRY PRESERVED (1847– )
• SMITH, JAMES (1775–1839)
• SMITH, JOHN (1579-1631)
• SMITH, JOHN RAPHAEL (1752–1812)
• SMITH, JOSEPH, JR
• SMITH, MORGAN LEWIS (1822–1874)
• SMITH, RICHARD BAIRD (1818-1861)
• SMITH, ROBERT (1689-1768)
• SMITH, SIR HENRY GEORGE WAKELYN
• SMITH, SIR THOMAS (1513-1577)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM (1813-1893)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM SIDNEY (1764-1840)
• SMITH, SYDNEY (1771-1845)
• SMITH, THOMAS SOUTHWOOD (1788-1861)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (1769-1839)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (c. 1730-1819)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (fl. 1596)
• SMITH, WILLIAM FARRAR (1824—1903)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1808—1872)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1825—1891)
• SMITH, WILLIAM ROBERTSON (1846-'894)

Smith and his collaborators . Smith (Abs .

Journ . Chem . Soc., 1907, ii . 20, 451, 757) regards molten sulphur as a mixture of two isomers SA and Ss in dynamic See also:

• EQUILIBRIUM (from the Lat. aequus, equal, and libra, a balance)

equilibrium, SA being See also:

• LIGHT

light in colour and See also:

• MOBILE

mobile, and Ss dark and viscous . At low temperatures SA predominates, but as the temperature is raised S;A increases; the transformation, however, is retarded by some f _.ses, e.g. sulphur dioxide and hydrochloric acid, and accelerated by others, e.g. See also:

• AMMONIA (NH3)

ammonia . The solid derived from SA is crystalline and soluble in carbon bisulphide, that from Ss is amorphous and insoluble . As to the formation of precipitated sulphur, Smith considers that the element first separates in the liquid SN, See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition, which is transformed into Sa and finally into Ss; the insoluble (in carbon bisulphide) forms arise when little of the Ss has been transformed; whilst the soluble consist mainly of S . Similar views are adopted by H . Erdmann (Ann., 1928, 362, p . 133), but he regards Sµ as the polymer S3, analogous to See also:

• OZONE

ozone 03; Smith, however, regards Ss as S8 . Compounds . Sulphuretted hydrogen, H2S, a See also:

• COMPOUND
• COMPOUND (from Lat. componere, to combine or put together)

compound first examined by C .

See also:

• SCHEELE, KARL WILHELM (1742-1786)

Scheele, may be obtained by heating sulphur in a current of hydrogen, combination taking place between 200° C. and 358° C., and being complete at the latter temperature, dissociation taking place above this temperature (M . Bodenstein, Zeit. phys . Chem., 1899, 29, p . 315) ; by heating some metallic sulphides in a current of hydrogen; by the action of acids on various metallic sulphides (ferrous suiphide and dilute sulphuric acid being most generally employed) ; by the action of sulphur on heated See also:

• PARAFFIN

paraffin See also:

• WAX

wax or See also:

• VASELINE

vaseline, or by heating a solution of magnesium sulphydrate . It is also produced during the putrefaction of organic substances containing sulphur and is found among the products obtained in the destructive distillation of coal . To obtain pure sulphuretted hydrogen the method generally adopted consists in decomposing precipitated See also:

• ANTIMONY (symbol Sb, atomic weight 120.2)

antimony sulphide with concentrated hydrochloric acid . As an alternative, H . Moissan (Comp. rend., 1903, 137, p . 363) condenses the gas by means of liquid air and fractionates the product . Sulphuretted hydrogen is a colourless gas possessing an extremely offensive odour . It acts as a strong See also:

• POISON

poison . It burns with a pale blue flame, forming sulphur dioxide and water .

It is moderately soluble in water, the solution possessing a faintly acid reaction . This solution is not very See also:

• STABLE

stable, since on exposure to air it slowly oxidizes and becomes turbid owing to the See also:

• GRADUAL (Med. Lat. gradualis, of or belonging to steps or degrees; gradus, step)

gradual precipitation of sulphur . The gas is much more soluble in alcohol . It forms a hydrate of See also:

• COMPOSITION
• COMPOSITION (Lat. compositio, from componere, to put together)

composition H2S•7H,0 . (De Forcrand, Comp'. rend., 1888, 106, p . 1357.} The gas may be liquefied by a pressure of about 17 atmospheres, the liquid so obtained boiling at -61.8° C.; and by further cooling it yields a solid, the melting point of which is given by various observers as -82° to -86° C . (see Ladenburg, See also:

• BET

Bet., 1900, 33, p . 637) . It is decomposed by the See also:

• HALOGENS

halogens, with liberation of sulphur . Concentrated sulphuric acid also decomposes it: H2SO4+H2S=2H20+SO2+S . It combines with many metals to form sulphides, and also decomposes many metallic salts with consequent See also:

• PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

production of sulphides, a property which renders itextremely useful in chemical See also:

• ANALYSIS (Gr. avci and Meta, to break up into parts)

analysis . It is frequently used as a reducing See also:

• AGENT (from Lat. agere, to act)

agent: in acid solutions it reduces ferric to ferrous salts, arsenates to arsenites, permanganates to manganous salts, &c., whilst in alkaline solution it converts many organic nitro compounds into the corresponding amino derivatives .

Oxidizing agents rapidly attack sulphuretted hydrogen, the See also:

• PRIMARY

primary products of the reaction being water and sulphur . By the action of dilute hydrochloric acid on metallic polysulphides, an oily product is obtained which C . L . Berthollet considered to be H3S6 . L . See also:

• THENARD, LOUIS JACQUES (1777-1857)

Thenard, on the other See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, favoured the formula H2S2 . It was also examined by W . See also:

• RAMSAY, ALLAN (1686-1758)
• RAMSAY, ALLAN (1713-1784)
• RAMSAY, ANDREW MICHAEL (1686-1743)
• RAMSAY, DAVID (1749—1815)
• RAMSAY, SIR WILLIAM (1852– )
• RAMSAY, SIR WILLIAM MITCHELL (185r– )

Ramsay (Journ . Chem . Soc., 1874, 12, p . 857) . See also:

• HOFMANN, AUGUST WILHELM VON (1818-1892)
• HOFMANN, JOHANN CHRISTIAN KONRAD VON (1810—1877)
• HOFMANN, MELCHIOR (c. 1498—1543-4)

Hofmann, who obtained it by saturating an alcoholic solution of ammonium sulphide with sulphur and mixing the product with an alcoholic solution of See also:

• STRYCHNINE

strychnine, considered the resulting product to be H2S3; while P .

Sabatier by fractionating the crude product in vacuo obtained an oil which boiled between 60° and 85° C. and possessed the composition H4S5 . Several halogen compounds of sulphur are known, the most stable of which is sulphur fluoride, SF6, which was first prepared by H . Moissan and See also:

• LEBEAU, JOSEPH (1794-1865)

Lebeau (See also:

• COMET (Gr. Koµieiis, long-haired)

Comet. rend., 1900, 130, p . 865) by fractionally distilling the product formed in the See also:

• DIRECT

direct action of See also:

• FLUORINE (symbol F, atomic weight 19)

fluorine on sulphur . It is tasteless, colourless and odourless gas, which is exceedingly stable and inert . It may be condensed and yields a solid which melts at -55° C . Sulphuretted hydrogen decomposes it with formation of hydrofluoric acid and liberation of sulphur . Sulphur chloride, S2C12, is obtained as a by-product in the manufacture of carbon tetrachloride from carbon bisulphide and See also:

• CHLORINE (symbol Cl, atomic weight 35`46 (0=16)

chlorine, and may also be prepared on the small See also:

• SCALE
• SCALE (1) A

scale by distilling sulphur in a chlorine gas, or by the action of sulphur on sulphuryl chloride in the presence of See also:

• ALUMINIUM (symbol Al; atomic weight 27.0)

aluminium chloride (0 . See also:

• RUFF

Ruff) . It is an See also:

• AMBER

amber-coloured, fuming liquid possessing a very unpleasant irritating See also:

• SMELL (connected etymologically with " smoulder " and " smoke ")

smell . It boils at 139° C. and is solid at -8o° C . It is soluble in carbon bisulphide and in See also:

• BENZENE, C6H6

benzene .

It is gradually decomposed by water: 2S2C12 + 3H2O = 4HC1 -i- 2S + H2S2O3, the thiosulphuric acid produced in the primary reaction gradually decomposing into water, sulphur and sulphur dioxide . Sulphur chloride dissolves sulphur with great readiness and is consequently used largely for vulcanizing See also:

• RUBBER, INDIARUBBER

rubber; it also dissolves chlorine . The chloride SC1, according to the investigations of 0 . Ruff and See also:

• FISCHER
• FISCHER, EMIL (1852– )
• FISCHER, ERNST KUNO BERTHOLD (1824–1907)

Fischer (See also:

• BEE (Sanskrit blza, AS. ben, Lat. apis)

Bee., 1903, 36, p . 418) did not appear to exist, but E . See also:

• BECKMANN, JOHANN (1739–1811)

Beckmann (Zeit. phys . Chem., 1909, 42, p . 1839) obtained it by distilling the product of the interaction of chlorine and S2C12 at low pressures . The tetrachloride, SCl4, is formed by saturating S2Cl2 with chlorine at -22° C . (See also:

• MICHAELIS, JOHANN DAVID (1717-1791)

Michaelis, Ann., 1873, 170, p . I) . It is a yellowish-See also:

• BROWN
• BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)</