SUMATRA  , the westernmost and, next to See also:

• BORNEO

Borneo, the largest of the See also:

• GREAT

Great Sunda Islands in the See also:

• MALAY

Malay See also:

• ARCHIPELAGO

Archipelago . It stretches N.W. to S.E. from Malacca Passage to Sunda Strait, between 5° 40' N. and 50 59' S., and 95° 16' and ro6° 3' 45" E . Its length is about r 10o m., its extreme breadth 250 m., and its See also:

• AREA

area, 'including the neighbouring islands, except See also:

• BANKA (BANCA, BANGKA)

Banka and See also:

• BILLITON (Dutch Blitoeng)

Billiton, is 178,33$ sq. m . The See also:

• NORTHERN

northern See also:

• HALF

half runs roughly parallel to the Malay See also:

• PENINSULA
• PENINSULA (Lat. paeninsula, from paene, almost, and insula, an island)

Peninsula, from which it is separated by the Strait of Malacca, and the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern end is separated by the See also:

• SUMACH

Sumach, Rhns coriaria . 2 . Cluster of See also:

• FRUIT (through the French from the Lat. fructus; frui, to enjoy)

fruit . 3 . One fruit . 4 . A See also:

• SEED (from the root seen in Lat. serere, to sow)

seed . 1 . See also:

• FLOWER (Lat. flos, floris; Fr. fleur)
• FLOWER, SIB

Flower .

na-See also:

• ROW, JOHN (c. 1525—1580)

row Sunda Strait from See also:

• JAVA

Java . Unlike Java, Sumatra has a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of considerable islands (See also:

• NIAS

Nias Islands, See also:

• MENTAWI

Mentawi Islands, &c.) arranged like outworks in front of the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast, which faces the open See also:

• INDIAN

Indian Ocean . The See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general See also:

• PHYSICAL

physical features of the See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island are See also:

• SIMPLE

simple: a See also:

• CHAIN (through the O. Fr. citable, chcene, &c., from Lat. catena)

chain of lofty See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain ranges extends throughout its length, the western slopes descending rapidly towards the ocean and the eastern looking out over a vast alluvial See also:

• TRACT (from Lat. tractare, to treat of a matter, through Provencal tractat and Ital. trattato)

tract of unusual uniformity . Towards the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north end of the island the spurs of the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main chain sometimes extend towards the neighbourhood of the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east coast and the eastern See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain widens from north to See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south . Owing to this configuration of the island the watercourses of the western See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side are comparatively See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short: only very few of them are large enough to be navigable . Those of the eastern slope, on the other See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, such as the Musi, Jambi, Indragiri, Kampar, Siak, Rokan, Panei, Bila and Asahan, are longer, and with many of their affluents are navigable in their See also:

• MIDDLE

middle and See also:

• LOWER

lower courses over considerable stretches for See also:

• CRAFT (a word common to Teutonic languages for strength, or power; cf. Ger. Kraft)

craft See also:

• DRAWING

drawing 6 to ro ft . The Musi and Jambi are navigable for 372 and 497 M. respectively . As waterways all the See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers labour under the drawbacks of rapids, mud-See also:

• BANKS, GEORGE LINNAEUS (1821-1881)
• BANKS, NATHANIEL PRENTISS (1816–1894)
• BANKS, SIR JOSEPH
• BANKS, THOMAS (1735-1805)

banks at their mouths, banks overgrown with See also:

• FOREST

forest, sparse See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population, and currents liable to serious See also:

• VARIATIONS
• VARIATIONS, CALCULUS
• VARIATIONS, CALCULUS OF

variations due to irregularity of See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply from the mountains and sudden See also:

• RAIN (O.E. regn; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Regen, Swed. and Dan. regn; it has been connected with Lat. rigare, to wet, Gr. 13pixeav)

rain-falls . In their lower courses some of them See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form enormous intercommunicating deltas . The mountainous regions contain numerous lakes, many evidently occupying the craters of See also:

• EXTINCT

extinct volcanoes . When, as sometimes happens, two or three of these craters have merged into one, the See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

lake attains a great See also:

• SIZE

size . Among the larger lakes may be mentioned Toba; Maninyu, west of Fort de See also:

• KOCK, CHARLES PAUL DE (1793-1871)

Kock; Singkara, south-east of Fort de Kock; Korinchi, inland from Indrapura; and Ranua, in the south-west .

See also:

• OROGRAPHY (Gr. opos, mountain, ypadeuv, to write)

Orography.—In See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to appreciate the orography of the island the following sections of Sumatra should be discriminated one from another: (1) The valley of the See also:

• ACHIN (Dutch At1eh)

Achin or Atjeh See also:

• RIVER

River . (2) The plainsaround the lake of Toba, which are of varied level and physical See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character . Those on the south and north See also:

• LIE, JONAS LAURITZ EDEMIL (1833—1908)
• LIE, MARIUS SOPHUS (1842–1899)

lie at an See also:

• ELEVATION

elevation of 4000 ft., having the character of See also:

• STEPPES

steppes, with scanty forest-See also:

• COVER (from the Fr. convert, from couvrir, to cover, Lat. cooperire)

cover, and, See also:

• SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

save in the narrow valleys and river-courses, are suitable for See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle-rearing . The plains on the east and west lie at a lower level and are eroded by larger rivers, clothed with forest, showing more sawahs and ladangs, or dry ricefields, and, near the rivers, planted with jagong (See also:

• MAIZE, or INDIAN CORN

maize), See also:

• COFFEE (Fr: cafe, Ger. Kaffee)

coffee and fruits . Except on the south-east, where the Asahan flows away to the east coast, Toba Lake is sur- rounded by steep shores . According to R . D . M . Verbeek, P. See also:

• VAN

van Dyk, B . See also:

• HAGEN
• HAGEN, FRIEDRICH HEINRICH VON DER (178o-1856)

Hagen and W . Volz, the lake had its origin in the collapse of a See also:

• VOLCANO

volcano . (3) The valley of the Batang Toru, with the See also:

• PLATEAU (a French term, older platel, for a flat piece of wood, metal, &c., from plat, flat)
• PLATEAU, JOSEPH ANTOINE FERDINAND (1801-1883)

plateau of Sipirok in the east and the mountain chain of Tapanuli in the west .

On the south and south-east the valley is bounded by two volcanoes, Lubuk See also:

• RAJA

Raja and Si Buwal Buwali, whence were derived the volcanic tuffs of the valley and of the plateau of Sipirok, with their lakes, which are drained by the Batang Toru and its affluents . The valley varies in breadth from 57, m. to half a mile and less . Flowing in a deep See also:

• BED
• BED (a common Teutonic word, cf. German Bett, probably connected with the Indo-European root bhodh, seen in the Lat. fodere, to dig; so " a dug-out place " for safe resting, or in the same sense as a garden " bed ")

bed cut in the See also:

• TUFF (Ital. tufo)

tuff strata, the river is not navi- gable . (4) The See also:

• LONGITUDINAL

longitudinal valley of the Batang Gadis,with its affluent the Angkola, and in the south the valley of the Sumpur, the upper course of the Rokan, between Lubuk Raja in the north and Mt Merapi in the south . This valley is 64 m. See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long, with a mean breadth of 4 to 5 M . All the rivers of this valley, flowing in deep beds of eroded diluvial tuffs, with a fall as much sometimes as 330 to 66o ft. a mile, are unnavigable . The valley is bounded east and west by chains of See also:

• SLATE (properly CLAY SLATE; in M. Eng. slat or sclat, from O. Fr. esclat, a small piece of wood used as a tile; esclater, to break into pieces, whence modern Fr. eclat, the root being seen also in Ger. schleissen, to split)

slate and Palaeozoic rocks . The bottom is in many parts the See also:

• DILUVIUM (Lat. for " deluge," from diluere, to wash away)

diluvium of lakes drained by the rivers . (5) The See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section of middle Sumatra between the See also:

• LINE

line of the three volcanoes, Singalang- Tandikat, Merapi and See also:

• SAGO

Sago on the north, and that of the three mountains Patah Sembilan, Korinchi and Tujuh on the south . This section is divided by the Middengebergte or middle chain into a northern half watered by the Ombilin or upper Indragiri with its affluents, and a southern half traversed by the Batang Hari or upper Jambi . To the north of the volcanoes, which rise to 9500 ft. or more, there is a high plateau of volcanic forma- tion, whose elevation declines in a direction from west to east from 2950 to 1640 ft., with the lake of Maninyu (about 40 sq. m . in area) filling the hollow of an old volcano, and with rivers which have eroded their beds in the tuffs to a See also:

• DEPTH

depth of 300 ft. and more .

South of thevolcanoes the northern affluents of the Ombilin—Sumpur, Sello and Sinamar—flow through valleys parallel to one another in a north-west to south-east direction . Here, too, are found fertile tuffs, and the valleys are densely populated .. The rivers, like those already characterized, and See also:

• EMERY (Ger. Smirgel)

Emery See also:

• WALKER, FRANCIS AMASA (1840-1897)
• WALKER, FREDERICK (184o--1875)
• WALKER, GEORGE (c. 1618-169o)
• WALKER, HENRY OLIVER (1843— )
• WALKER, HORATIO (1858– )
• WALKER, JOHN (1732—1807)
• WALKER, OBADIAH (1616-1699)
• WALKER, ROBERT (d. c. 1658)
• WALKER, ROBERT JAMES (1801-1869)
• WALKER, SEARS COOK (1805—1853)
• WALKER, THOMAS (1784—1836)
• WALKER, WILLIAM (1824-1860)

Walker se. for the same See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason, are not available as waterways . Singkara Lake (44 sq. m.) is of origin similar to that of Maninyu . The Ombilin, issuing out of the lake on the east side and flowing through a plateau of See also:

• EOCENE (Gr. *In, dawn, icauvos, recent)

Eocene See also:

• SANDSTONE

sandstone, has on its banks the coalfields of Sungel See also:

• DURIAN (Malay, duri, a thorn)

Durian, &c., but is not serviceable as a waterway for that See also:

• PART

part of Sumatra . The See also:

• COAL

coal has to be transported by railway via Solok to Padang (Emmahaven), a seaport on the west coast . Solok lies on the Sumami, which, flowing from the south to the lake of Singkara, prolongs the valley of the Sumpur to the Middengebergte . Unlike the northern, the southern affluents of the Ombilin do not follow longitudinal valleys hemmed in by the Barisan range and ranges of slate, See also:

• LIMESTONE

limestone and sandstone . Here prevailing See also:

• GRANITE (adapted from the Ital. granite, grained; Lat. granum, grain)

granite and See also:

• DIABASE

diabase give rise to a complicated mountain. See also:

• SYSTEM

system through which the rivers cleave their way in a curved and irregular course . South of the Middengebergte, however, the northern affluents of the Batang Hari, the Seliti, Gumanti, Si Potar, . See also:

• MAMUN (c. 786-833)

Mamun and Pangean, at least those in the west, again run in longitudinal valleys . These affluents and the Batang Hari itself (except the part at the mouth, Mamun Simalidu) are navigable only by praus drawing not more than 12 in .

(6) South Sumatra, so far as known, presents everywhere in its valleys the same character as that' of the Batang Toru, Batang Gadis, Sumpur, &c . They also are closed in on the north and south by volcanoes "which have here produced similar masses of tuff, with lakes and rivers of the same formation as in the north . Such are the valley of Korinchi, with the river of the same name, between the See also:

• PEAK, THE

peak of Korinchi and Mt Raja; the valleys of Serampei and Sungci Tena;ng (as imperfectly known as that of the Korinchi), in which are to be sought the See also:

• SOURCES

sources of the Tambesi and Asei, both affluents of ,the Jambi; the longitudinal valley of A too B See also:

• TOY
• TOY, CRAWFORD HOWELL (1836– )

toy a 4 A. s `ga Pa•aa9° ng at; . CeorgKeIoah Prov.Welleley teat ota Bharu (I Lana ~ . Olamant pt . 9 rt - N r a~La . S~ t S nd r„lt'~ ran99ana L"la 'A. u _ . r ngganu S 0 t h P t -w ... atpt v A} 1 Tteeom '~ oc~e°` Ainding „?^ q wt G C h i n`•••a MeuLaboh v w Kuala •~~ .,>° . Perna 0j',s~°w$ t,,pa AN bt A N is ca.!' >P ¢a ~\ sP a . Pahang 4 p .. Tapa run ~. See also:

• DAN

dan 1 c p'1j Kv See also:

• LIB

lib mpor •f• C L' See also:

• SEINE
• SEINE (Lat. Sequana)
• SEINE, or SEAN (O. Fr. seigne, mod. seine, Lat. sagena, Gr. vaytivrl, a draw-net)

Seine t rj la iv 21 c ka 7p. b°r •.Lr 0 L :~.Y non : q ,c .o 2 C~ . ~ Sintal Stns ct y na Beg ns utPi: t M `I a raga rs.o p °~~ q,; T\a ze m'ang IJ See also:

• OAT (O. Eng. ate; the word is not found in cognate languages; it may be allied with Fr. eitel, knot, nodule, cf. Gr. oiSos swelling)

oat .; Ba^ TStbo y~ s at alt.Li i n / !1 ,!ak \s a ro P '\`D labs p ants . a n, C.Labang .rsrs hskmct `°RiquwArch .

NIQA ,B,d Sd KP,eY}+~O 6. qk t d'~ i7tang a d LG dk S Y~J f Strrilting \~ 'T•aa foam ls.° S N9 dia • 'among Pinang R e 'h V has, (+fngell ['Ste . C . TeMrdeiom 19ana) N.” ~• ( P `W Jib 9F 991' y Q%\$.hsske Bats : L~ . •n 1y o {See also:

• EQUATOR (Late Lat. aequator, from aequare, to make equal)

Equator -I~L01 .. See also:

• SIMS, GEORGE ROBERT (1847– )

Sims:.' Nana cLrngg . gal let 9 L a J3 . vv rasa See also:

• BALA

Bala L M .•e tri arArchinela 9 o I N D I A Inbl '~Si Ora S/aarut St C.S qep 9h is'• R I eat •.. w a see . Pads $ ;i~ Le 1 0: •%• - .. J Pon9 , Slberut'na-j n . J M B d tl•8 . ab t9 Yf s /r b r , Jambt'.• 1 k c rang 'a . Qqk . un M S //our Str .

BC1N R e+ Siporo• Ltdrap L'adlq 1~ ngl ng .. f . ,~B"Sioy g aa: O C E A N Q SmA~ ?q a °° A ,.: ' Sichr . 4y a t y~e aGng. u0W jW. g p p a o!~i' H.are Psy t kk '~ ~~• S . Payer: .. a y Q: d a•,?', W .{" q PaleN an ak S~1 ..d3i NeV, Q ~jt P add,n9loa str., s"" Jr~+7V1 g ~••1 Q ? C . Sanding L ~..~ ,,h ( Set' . .• a/ ni .~'} o Sk ng ....O . . .. ,, L,~ •, `I: Mega° 8enkulen '!"n'0 Rr is t o•• C M n/See also:

• ANGERS

angers a ti.y ~1a~ T• See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

Man /' ; SUMATRA P fi,a~U nt erengba.eng ~ TB 1 S Pas., Bintutu h y~ Swutih Ca . See also:

• ENGLISH

English See also:

• MILES, NELSON APPLETON (1839— )

Miles j-m C n.* .t•_ o So 6 . rro 7 7.00 z?o „a .

, ' 54 dash ~.~S• K,ot See also:

• RAILWAYS

Railways as to gKa an S .fie ~"Lle) 1c Betorag Na sles _"`.u . .£ngano'RS a,ban9g' See also:

• ANA

Ana 4 Boundaries of Residencies .... . . . ,, .~/y .... 4 .- See also:

• ADO (d. 874)

ado S; r . e See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

Chief towns Residencies .u ... Benpkaa•iB 5 of 0 0 v 1= Higher Padang 2=See also:

• LOWE, JOHANN KARL GOTTFRIED (1796-1869)
• LOWE, SIR HUDSON (1769-1844)

Lowe• Padang gaPmDtO was' 1`•LA°•: S g A See also:

• LONGITUDE (from Lat. longitudo, " length ")

Longitude East See also:

• ICE (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Eis)

Ice of See also:

• GREENWICH

Greenwich mo” sr°ko ttse B s: . JAVA Ketaun, in Lebong, flowing to the west coast, and of the upper Musi, flowing to the east coast; the valleys of Makakau and Selabung or the upper Komering, an affluent of the Musi, between Sebelat and Kaba . The Makakau and Selabung drain into Lake Ranau, which on the south side is dammed by the volcano Seminung . The southernmost longitudinal valley of Sumatra is that of the Semangka,. which flows into the See also:

• BAY

bay of the same name . Generally the lower valleys of the rivers lie at elevations of 600 to moo ft.; higher up they rise to 2500 or 3000 ft.; the mountain chains rise to 5500 ft.; the volcanoes See also:

• TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

tower up from 6500 to nearly 10,o0o ft . (7) The section of south Sumatra between the eastern chain of old rocks and the east coast with its numerous river mouths is formed of the See also:

• ALLUVIUM

alluvium of See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea and rivers .

In the river-beds, however, and at some distance from the sea, older strata and eruptive rocks underlie the alluvium . The strata near the mountain chains and volcanoes consist of diluvial tuffs . See also:

• GEOLOGY (from Gr. yp7, the earth, and Abyor, science)

Geology.—The See also:

• OLDEST

oldest rocks are See also:

• GNEISS

gneiss, schist and See also:

• QUARTZITE

quartzite, the schist often containing See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold . They probably belong. to several See also:

• GEOLOGICAL

geological periods, but all were folded and denuded before the Carboniferous beds were deposited . They form the backbone of the island, and See also:

• CROP (a word common. in various forms, such as Germ. Kropf, to many Teutonic languages for a swelling, excrescence, round head or top of anything; it appears also in Romanic languages derived from Teutonic, in Fr. as troupe, whence the English " crupper "

crop out on the See also:

• SURFACE

surface at intervals along the mountain chain which runs parallel to the west coast . Here and there they are penetrated by granitic intrusions which are also Pre-Carboniferous . The next series of rocks consists of slates below and See also:

• LIME
• LIME (O. Eng. lim, Lat. limes, mud, from linere, to smear)

lime-stones above . It lies unconformably upon the older rocks; and the limestone contains Fusulina, Phillipsia and Productus, indicating that it belongs to the Upper Carboniferous . These beds are found only in northern Sumatra . They are accompanied by intrusions of diabase and See also:

• GABBRO

gabbro, and they are sometimes folded, sometimes but little disturbed . No See also:

• PERMIAN

Permian beds are known, and for many years Mesozoic deposits were supposed to be entirely absent, but Triassic See also:

• CLAYS, PAUL JEAN (1819-1900)

clays and sandstones with Daonella have been found in the upper part of the See also:

• BASIN, or BASON (the older form bacin is found in many of the Romanic languages, from the Late Lat. baccinus or bacchinus, probably derived from bacca, a bowl)
• BASIN, THOMAS (1412—1491)

basin of the Kwalu (East Sumatra) . They See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest unconformably upon the Carboniferous beds, and have them-selves been tilted to a steep See also:

• ANGLE (from the Lat. angulus, a corner, a diminutive, of which the primitive form, angus, does not occur in Latin; cognate are the Lat. angere, to compress into a bend or to strangle, and the Gr. ayKOS, a bend; both connected with the Aryan root ank-, to

angle .

Cretaceous beds also have been recorded by Bucking . See also:

• TERTIARY

Tertiary deposits are very widely spread over the plains and See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low-lying See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country . They consist of breccias, conglomerates, sandstones, marls, and limestones, with seams of coal and See also:

• LIGNITE (Lat. lignum, wood)

lignite . The most valuable coal occurs in the Eocene beds . At the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of the Eocene See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period great eruptions of See also:

• AUGITE

augite-See also:

• ANDESITE

andesite took See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place from two fissures which ran along the west coast . The See also:

• MIOCENE

Miocene consists chiefly of marls, with occasional beds of lignite and limestone . On the east coast it sometimes yields See also:

• PETROLEUM (Lat. Petra, rock, and oleuin, oil)

petroleum . The See also:

• PLIOCENE (from the Gr. sr?eiov, mere, and xatvbs, recent)

Pliocene occurs chiefly in the low-lying See also:

• LAND

land and is generally covered by See also:

• DRIFT (from "drive ")

drift and alluvium . Sometimes it contains thick seams of lignite or See also:

• BROWN
• BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
• BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
• BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
• BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
• BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
• BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
• BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
• BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
• BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
• BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
• BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
• BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
• BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
• BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
• BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
• BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
• BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
• BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
• BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
• BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
• BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
• BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)

brown coal . The See also:

• PRESENT

present volcanoes lie along a line (with offshoots) which runs parallel to the west coast, but some distance to the east of the fissures from which the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early Tertiary lavas were poured . See also:

• LAVA

Lava streams are seldom emitted from these volcanoes, the material erupted consisting chiefly of ash and scoriae, which are spread over a very wide extent of country . Augite-andesite predominates, but See also:

• BASALT

basalt and See also:

• RHYOLITE (Gr. peiv, to flow, because of the frequency with which they exhibit fluxion structures)

rhyolite also occur .

See also:

• CLIMATE

Climate.—As throughout the whole of the Malayan Archipelago, so in Sumatra, which lies about equally balanced on both sides of the equator, the temperature stands at a high level subject to but slight variations . The monthly temperature mounts only from 77° F. in See also:

• FEBRUARY

February to 80.6° in May, See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August and See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November . In the See also:

• DISTRIBUTION (Lat. distribuere, to deal out)

distribution of the rainfall, as dependent on the direction of the winds, the following parts of Sumatra must be distinguished: (1) south-east Sumatra, on which, as on Banka and Billiton, the heaviest rainfall occurs during the north-west See also:

• MONSOON
• MONSOON (Arabic Mausim, season)

monsoon, the See also:

• ANNUAL

annual See also:

• VOLUME

volume of rainfall increasing from 98.4 in. in the east to 139 in. in the west . Of the 139 in. of yearly rainfall, 91.7 in. are brought by the north-west and 47.3 in. by the south-east monsoon . (2) The west coast . Here the rainfall for the See also:

• YEAR

year increases from the southern and northern extremities towards the middle . Benkulen, e.g. gets 126 in.; Singkel (2° 15' N.), 172 in.; and Padang 184 in. in the year . Here, too, the prevailing rainfall is brought by the north-west monsoon, but in this See also:

• BELT (a word common to Teutonic languages, the Old Ger. form being bale, from which the Lat. balteus probably derived)
• BELT, THOMAS (1832-1878)

belt its prevalence is not so pronounced, Padang getting 94 in. of rain during the north-west monsoon, against 90 in. during the south-east . The mountain chain immediately overhanging it, the high temperature of the sea washing it, the frequent thunderstorms to which it is subject, the moist See also:

• ATMOSPHERE (Gr. fir µ6r, vapour; orkaipa, a sphere)

atmosphere of its See also:

• EQUATORIAL

equatorial situation, and the shorter regime of the dry south-east See also:

• WIND
• WIND (a common Teut. word, cognate with Skt. vats, Lat. ventus, cf. " weather," to be of course distinguished from to " wind," to coil or twist, O.Eng. windan, cf. "wander," "wend," &c.)

wind are the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal causes of the heavier rainfall on the west coast . The higher stations of middle Sumatra, on the .See also:

• LEE
• LEE (or LEGIT) ROWLAND (d. 1543)
• LEE, ANN (1736–1784)
• LEE, ARTHUR (1740–1792)
• LEE, FITZHUGH (1835–1905)
• LEE, GEORGE ALEXANDER (1802-1851)
• LEE, HENRY (1756-1818)
• LEE, JAMES PRINCE (1804-1869)
• LEE, NATHANIEL (c. 1653-16g2)
• LEE, RICHARD HENRY (1732-1794)
• LEE, ROBERT EDWARD (1807–1870)
• LEE, SIDNEY (1859– )
• LEE, SOPHIA (1950-1824)
• LEE, STEPHEN DILL (1833-1908)

lee side of the western mountain chain, have a yearly rainfall of only 78.7 in . (3) The northern and north-eastern parts of Sumatra are swept by a variety of winds . The south-east wind, however, predominates .

Blowing over land and in the direction of the longitudinal valleys, the south-east wind is comparatively dry, and thus favours the formation of steppes in the north such as the Toba plains . The north-east and south-west winds, on the other hand, being laden with the moisture of the sea, bring rain if they See also:

• BLOW, JOHN (1648-1708)

blow for any length of See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time . See also:

• FAUNA

Fauna.-Though Sumatra is separated from Java by so narrow a r-sit, both the zoologist and the botanist at once find that they have Broken new ground on See also:

• CROSSING

crossing to the northern island . The lathy-dermata are strongly characteristic of the Sumatran fauna: not only are the See also:

• RHINOCEROS

rhinoceros (Rh. sumatranus), the See also:

• SUS

Sus vittatus, and the See also:

• TAPIR

tapir See also:

• COMMON

common, but the See also:

• ELEPHANT

elephant, altogether absent from Java, is represented in Sumatra by a See also:

• SPECIES

species considered by some to be See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar . The Sumatran rhinoceros differs from the Javanese in having two horns, like the See also:

• AFRICAN

African variety . It is commonest in the marshy lowlands, but extends to some 6500 ft. above sea-level . The range of the elephant does not extend above 4900 ft . The See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild See also:

• BOS, LAMBERT (1670—1717)

Bos sundaicus does not appear to exist in the island . An See also:

• ANTELOPE

antelope (kambing-utan) occurs in the loneliest parts of the uplands . The common Malay See also:

• DEER (O. E. rigor, dfor, a common Teutonic word, meaning a wild animal, cf. Ger. Tier, Du. dier, &c., probably from a root dhus-, to breathe)
• DEER, CHINESE

deer is widely distributed, Cervus See also:

• MUNTJAC

muntjac less so . The orang-utang occurs, rarely, in the north-east . The siamang (Siamanga syndactyla) is a great See also:

• APE (Old Eng. ape; Dutch aap; Old Ger. a ffo; Welsh epa; Old Bohemian op; a word of uncertain origin, possibly an imitation of the animal's chatter)

ape peculiar to the island .

The ungko (Hylobates agilis) is not so common . A fairly See also:

• FAMILIAR (through the Fr. familier, from Lat. familiaris, of or belonging to the familia, family)

familiar form is the simpei (Semnopithecus melalophus) . The chigah (Cercocebus cynomolgus) is the only ape found in central Sumatra in a tame See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state . The See also:

• PIG
• PIG (a word of obscure origin, connected with the Low Ger. and Dut. word of the same meaning, bigge)

pig-tail ape (.vIacacus nemestrinus)—as See also:

• RAFFLES, SIR THOMAS STAMFORD (1781-1826)

Raffles described it in his " Descriptive See also:

• CATALOGUE (a Fr. adaptation of the Gr. KaraXoyos, a register, from Karalyety, to enrol or pick out)

Catalogue of a Zoological Collection made in Sumatra," Trans . Linn .. See also:

• SOC

Soc . (1820), xiii . 243—is trained by the natives of Benkulen to ascend coco-See also:

• NUT
• NUT (0. Eng. knutu, cf. Dutch noot, Ger. Nuss; allied with Gael. cno; it is not of the same form as Lat. nux)

nut trees to gather nuts . The See also:

• GALEOPITHECUS

Galeopithecus volans (kubin, flying See also:

• CAT
• CAT, CIVET
• CAT, HOUSE

cat or flying See also:

• LEMUR (from Lat. lemures, " ghosts ")

lemur) is fairly common . Bats of some twenty-five species have been registered; in central Sumatra they dwell in thousands in the limestone caves . The Pteropus edulis (kalong, flying See also:

• FOX
• FOX, C
• FOX, CHARLES JAMES (1749-1806)
• FOX, EDWARD (c. 1496-1538)
• FOX, GEORGE (1624-1691)
• FOX, RICHARD (c. 1448-1528)
• FOX, ROBERT WERE (1789—1877)
• FOX, SIR STEPHEN (1627–1716)
• FOX, SIR WILLIAM (1812-1893)

fox) is to be met with almost every-where, especially in the durian trees . The See also:

• TIGER
• TIGER (Felis tigris)

tiger frequently makes his presence See also:

• FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt, but is seldom seen; he prefers to prowl in what the See also:

• MALAYS

Malays See also:

• CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call tiger See also:

• WEATHER (O. Eng. weder; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Du. weder, Dan. veir, Icel. ve8r, and Ger. Wetter and Gewitter, storm; the root is wa- to blow, from which is derived " wind ")

weather, that is, dark, starless, misty nights .

The clouded tiger or rimau bulu (Fells macroscelis) is also known, as well as the Malay See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear and wild See also:

• DOG

dog . Paradoxurus musanga (" coffee-See also:

• RAT (a word common to Teut. and Rom. languages; probably first adopted in Teut.; the ultimate origin is not known; Skeat suggests the root rad-, to scratch; cf. Ger. Ratte, Dan. rotte, Fr. rat, &c.)

rat " of the Europeans) is only too abundant . The Sumatran See also:

• HARE
• HARE, SIR JOHN (1844– )

hare (Lepus netscheri), discovered in 1880, adds a second species to the Lepus nigricollis, the only hare previously known in the Malay Archipelago . The Manis javanicus is the only representative of the See also:

• EDENTATA

Edentata . Some 350 species of birds are known, and the avifauna closely resembles that of the Malay Peninsula and Borneo, including few peculiar species . See also:

• FLORA

Flora.—See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

Rank See also:

• GRASSES

grasses (lalang, glaga), which cover great areas in Java, have an even wider range in Sumatra, descending to within 700 or 800 ft. of sea-level; wherever a space in the forest is cleared these aggressive grasses begin to take See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of the See also:

• SOIL

soil, and if once they are fully rooted the woodland has great difficulty in re-establishing itself . Among the orders more strongly represented in Sumatra than in Java are the Dipterocarpaceae, Chrysobalanaceae, sclerocarp Myrtaceae, Melastomaceae, Begonias, See also:

• NEPENTHES (Gr. vrl7revOis, sc. Q,&puaeov, a drug that takes away grief, from vrl- privative, and 7rivOos, " grief ")

Nepenthes, Oxali= daceae, Myristicaceae, Ternstromiaceae, Connaraceae, Amyridaceae, Cyrtandraceae, Epacridaceae and Eriocaulaceae . Many of the Sumatran forms which do not occur in Java are found in the Malay Peninsula . In the north the See also:

• PINE (Lat. Pinus, Gr. srlrur)

pine See also:

• TREE (0. Eng. treo, treow, cf. Dan. tree, Swed. Odd, tree, trd, timber; allied forms are found in Russ. drevo, Gr. opus, oak, and 36pv, spear, Welsh derw, Irish darog, oak, and Skr. dare, wood)
• TREE, SIR HERBERT BEERBOHM (1853- )

tree (Pinus Merkusii) has advanced almost to the equator, and in the south are a variety of species characteristic of the Australian region . The distribution of species does not depend on elevation to the same extent as in Java, where the See also:

• HORIZONTAL

horizontal zones are clearly marked; and there appears to be a tendency of all forms to grow at lower altitudes than in that island . A remarkable feature of the Sumatran flora is the great variety of trees that See also:

• VIE

vie with each other in stature and beauty, and as a See also:

• TIMBER

timber-producing country the island ranks high even among the richly wooded lands of the archipelago . Forest products—gums and resins of various sorts, such as See also:

• GUTTA (Latin for " drop ")

gutta-percha--are valuable articles of export .

The See also:

• PROCESS

process of reckless deforestation is perceptible in certain districts, the natives often destroying a whole tree for a See also:

• PLANK

plank or See also:

• RAFTER

rafter . The principal cultivated See also:

• PLANTS

plants, apart from See also:

• SUGAR

sugar-See also:

• CANE

cane and coffee, are See also:

• RICE (Greek 6p6 a, Latin oryza, French riz, Italian riso, Spanish arroz, derived from the Arabic)
• RICE, EDMUND IGNATIUS (1762-1844)
• RICE, JAMES (1843-1882)

rice (in great variety of kinds), the coco-nut See also:

• PALM (Lat. palma, Gr. iraX6.jn )
• PALM, JOHANN PHILIPP (1768-1806)

palm, the areng palm, the areca and the sago palms, maize, yams, and sweet potatoes; and among the fruit trees are the Indian See also:

• TAMARIND

tamarind, See also:

• POMEGRANATE

pomegranate, See also:

• GUAVA (from the Mexican guayaba)

guava, papaw, See also:

• ORANGE
• ORANGE (Citrus Aurantium)
• ORANGE, HOUSE OF

orange and See also:

• LEMON
• LEMON, MARK (1809-1870)

lemon . Even before the arrival of Europeans Sumatra was known for its See also:

• PEPPER
• PEPPER, WILLIAM (1843–1898)

pepper plantations; and these still form the most conspicuous feature of the south of the island . For the See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign See also:

• MARKET (Lat. mercatus, trade or place of trade)

market coffee is the most important of all the crops, the Padang districts being the chief seat of its cultivation . See also:

• BENZOIN

Benzoin was formerly obtained almost exclusively from Sumatra from the Styrax benzoin . Population.—The following table gives the area and estimated population of the several See also:

• POLITICAL

political divisions of Sumatra and of the island as a whole (excluding the small part belonging to the See also:

• RIOUW

Riouw-Lingga residency):— See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

Division . Area in sq. m . Population . 1900 . Sumatra, West Coast . . . 31,649 1,527,297 Sumatra, East Coast .

. . . 35,312 421,090 Benkulen . 9,399 162,396 Lampong Districts 11,284 142,426 Palembang 53,497 804,299 Achin (Atjeh) 20,471 110,804 See also:

• TOTAL

Total 161,612 3,168,312 Of the total population, about s000 are Europeans, 93,000 See also:

• CHINESE, JAPANESE AND

Chinese, 2500 See also:

• ARABS

Arabs, 7000 foreigners of other nations, and the rest natives . In 1905 the total population was given as 4,029,505 . The natives of the mainland of Sumatra are all of Malay stock (those of the north being the most hybrid), but it is doubtful to what extent Malay has here absorbed pre-Malay See also:

• BLOOD

blood . The different tribes vary in See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language, customs and See also:

• CIVILIZATION

civilization: No See also:

• RACE

race of true Negrito type has been found . The See also:

• KUBUS

Kubus (q.v.), a See also:

• SAVAGE
• SAVAGE, MINOT JUDSON (1841– )
• SAVAGE, RICHARD (d. 1743)

savage forest See also:

• PEOPLE

people of the See also:

• HIGHLANDS, THE

highlands, were believed by some to be Negrito owing to the frizzled character of their See also:

• HAIR (a word common to Teutonic languages)

hair, but it appears certain that they are Malayan . The north of Sumatra is occupied by the Achinese (see ACHIN) . South of Achin and west of Lake Toba is the country of the See also:

• BATTAS (Dutch Battaks)

Battas (q.v.) or Battaks . In the See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

hill-country south of the lake are two forest tribes, Orang-ulu and Orang-lubu, pure savages of whom practically nothing is known, affiliated by most authorities to the Battas . The plains east of this territory are occupied by the Siaks, and farther south on the east coast are the Jambis, both Malays . Above Padang are the several tribes of the prosperous and comparatively civilized See also:

• MENANGKABOS

Menangkabos (q.v.) .

The Korinchis live among the mountains south of Padang. and farther south on the See also:

• BORDERS, THE

borders of Palembang and Benkulen are the Rejangers, a peculiar tribe who employ a distinctive written character which they cut with a kris on See also:

• BAMBOO

bamboo or lontar . The same character is employed by their immediate neighbours to the south, the Pasumas, who bear traces of Javanese See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence . In the extreme south are the Lampong people, who claim descent from the Menangkabos, but have also an admixture of Javanese blood . The inhabitants of the islands west of Sumatra are of mixed origin . Simalu is peopled partly by Achinese and partly by Menangkabo settlers . They profess Mahommedanism but are practically savages . Nias (q.v.) has an interesting native population, apparently of pre-Malayan origin; and the Mentawi islands (q.v.) are inhabited by a race generally held to be a Polynesian See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

settlement which has escaped See also:

• FUSION

fusion with Malayan stock . As regards See also:

• EDUCATION

education and the spread of See also:

• CHRISTIANITY

Christianity among the natives, the west coast division is far in advance of the rest of the island . Here about 32,000 natives profess Christianity and there are about 300 See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools; elsewhere schools are comparatively few and the See also:

• ADHESION (from Lat. adhaerere, to adhere)

adhesion to Christianity very slight . Administrative Divisions and Towns.—In the west coast lands See also:

• EUROPEAN

European influence, fertile soil, comparatively See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good roads, See also:

• AGRICULTURE
• AGRICULTURE (from Lat. ages, field, and colere, to cultivate)
• AGRICULTURE, BOARD OF

agriculture, timber, and coalfields have created populous settlements on the coast at Padang (the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital of the west coast, with 35,158 inhabitants in 1897, of whom 1640 were Europeans), Priaman, See also:

• NATAL

Natal, Ayer Bangis, Siboga, Singkel, and also on the plateaus at Fort de Kock, Payokombo, &c . In the east coast lands it is only at the mouths of rivers—Palembang at the mouth of the Musi, with 53,000 inhabitants, and Medan in Deli, the See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence of the highest See also:

• CIVIL

civil and military officials of the east coast, in which a See also:

• FINE

fine See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house has been erected—that considerable centres of population are to be found . Nine-tenths of the natives of Sumatra live by agriculture, the rest by cattle-rearing, fishing, See also:

• NAVIGATION (from Lat. navis, ship, and agere, to move)

navigation, and, last but not least, from the products of the forests; they are therefore little concentrated in towns .

The Dutch government of the west coast, extending along the See also:

• SHORE

shore of the Indian Ocean from 2° 53' N. to 2° 25' S., comprises the residencies of the Padang lowlands, Tapanuli and the Padang highlands . The See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor has his residence at Padang, which is also the capital of the lowlands residency . Padang Sidempuan, the chief See also:

• TOWN

town of Tapanuli, lies inland, south of Mt Lubu Raja . The town of Siboga has considerable commercial importance, the bay on which it stands being one of the-finest in all Sumatra . Bukit Tinggi, or, as it is commonly called, Fort de Kock, is the capital of the residency of the Padang highlands . To the government of the west Coast belong the following islands: Simalu; Banyak Islands, a small limestone See also:

• GROUP

group, well wooded and sparsely peopled; Nias; Bata Islands (Pulu Pini, See also:

• TANA

Tana Masa, Tana Bala, &c.); Mentawi and Pegeh or See also:

• NASSAU

Nassau Islands . The residency of Bankulen (i.e . See also:

• BANG, HERMANN JOACHIM (1858– )

Bang Ku/on, " west coast ") lies along the west coast from the southern extremity of the west coast government to the south-western end of the island . The capital, Benkulen, is on the coast near Pulu Tiku, or Rat Island, in a low and swampy locality, and on an open roadstead . This was the chief See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment possessed by the See also:

• BRITISH

British East See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India See also:

• COMPANY

Company in Sumatra . Among other noteworthy places are Mokko-Mokko, with the old British fort See also:

• ANNA
• ANNA (Hindustani ana)
• ANNA, BALDASARRE

Anna; Pasar Bintuhan, and Lais (Laye), the former seat of the British See also:

• RESIDENT

resident . The residency of the Lampong districts is the southernmost in the island, being separated from Palembang by the Masuji River .

It is partly mountainous, partly so See also:

• FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat as to be under See also:

• WATER

water in the See also:

• RAINY, ROBERT (1826-1906)

rainy See also:

• SEASON (0. Fr. seson, seison, mod. saison, Lat. satio, sowing time, the spring, from serere, to sow; in Late Lat. the word is found with its present meaning, the spring being considered as particularly the season of the year)

season . The more important places are Telok Betong, chief town of the residency, Menggala (with a good See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade), Gunung Sugi, Sukadana, Tanjong Karang, and Kota Agung . The residency of Palembang consists of the former See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom of this name and various districts more or less dependent on that See also:

• MONARCHY (Fr. monarchic, from Lat. monarchia, Gr. uovapXia, rule of one, µbvos, alone, apXi7, rule)

monarchy . Between the mainland dependency of the Riouw-Lingga residency and the residency of Palembang lies Jambi, an extensive sultanate, of which a portion belongs to the residency of Palembang as a See also:

• PROTECTORATE

protectorate, the See also:

• SULTAN (an Arabic word meaning " victorious " or " a ruler," sultat, dominion)

sultan having in his capital (also called Jambi) a Dutch " See also:

• COMPTROLLER

comptroller," who represents the resident of Palembang; another portion is claimed by a quasi-See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent sultan who reigns in the interior . Of this interior very little was known until the scientific expedition despatched by the Dutch Royal See also:

• GEOGRAPHICAL

Geographical Society towards the end of the 'seventies, but in 1901 an armed Dutch expedition, necessitated by frequent disturbances, penetrated right into the Jambi See also:

• HINTERLAND (German for " the land behind ")

hinterland, the Gajo districts, where until then no European had ever trod . The town of Palembang is a large place on the river Musi, with 50,000 inhabitants (2500 Chinese), extensive See also:

• BARRACKS (derived through the French from the Late Lat. barra, a bar)
• BARRACKS, CAMP

barracks, hospitals, &c., a See also:

• MOSQUE (through Fr. mosquie; Span. mezquila, from Arab. masjid, sajada, to adore)

mosque (1740), considered the finest in the Dutch Indies, and a traditional See also:

• TOMB (Gr. Tuµ/3a, Tuµ(3os, probably allied to Lat. tumulus, literally a swelling, tumere, to swell)

tomb of See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander the Great . The residency of Riouw, which embraces many hundreds of islands, great and small, also includes a portion of the Sumatra mainland, between the residencies of Palembang to the south and the east coast of Sumatra to the north . This is the old kingdom of Indragiri, and lies on either hand of the river of that name . The residency of the east coast was formed in 1873 of the territory of Siak and its dependencies and the state of Kampar . In includes perhaps the richest and best-See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed districts of northern Sumatra, namely, Deli (with an assistant-resident), Langkat, Serdang, &c.—districts little known in 1873, but by the beginning of the loth See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century famous among the chief See also:

• TOBACCO

tobacco-producing countries in the See also:

• WORLD

world . Belawan is the See also:

• HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

harbour to Deli, but the capital is Medan, where the sultan and the Dutch resident reside . Belawan is connected with Medan by a railway, constructed before 1890 by a private company, almost entirely dependent for its earnings upon the numerous tobacco plantations, several of which belong to British corporations .

The See also:

• PLANTATION (Lat. plantare, to plant)

plantation labourers are almost entirely See also:

• ALIEN (Lat. alienus)

alien coolies, largely Chinese, and the Malays are comparatively few in number . The tobacco plantations of British North Borneo were nearly all started by planters from Deli . The government ofAchin (q.v.) occupies the northern part of the island . No little progress has been made by the Dutch even in this See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)