See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

CHARLES See also:

• CHARLES SUMNER (1811--1874)
• SUMNER, CHARLES RICHARD (1790-1874)
• SUMNER, EDWIN VOSE (1797-1863)
• SUMNER, JOHN BIRD (1780-1862)
• SUMNER, WILLIAM GRAHAM (1840-1910)

SUMNER (1811--1874)  , See also:

• AMERICAN

American statesman, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born in See also:

• BOSTON
• BOSTON, THOMAS (1676-1732)

Boston, See also:

• MASSACHUSETTS (an Indian name, originally applied to a tribe of Indians)

Massachusetts, on the 6th of See also:

• JANUARY

January 1811 . He graduated in 183o at Harvard See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

College, and in 1834 graduated at the Harvard See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

Law School . Here, in closest intimacy with See also:

• JOSEPH
• JOSEPH, COMTE DE (1785-1870)
• JOSEPH, FATHER (FRANCOIS LECLERC DU TREMBLAY) (1577-1638)

Joseph See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

Story, he became an enthusiast in the study of See also:

• JURISPRUDENCE (Lat. jurisprudenlia, knowledge of law, from jus, right, and prudentia, from providere, to foresee)
• JURISPRUDENCE, COMPARATIVE

jurisprudence: at the See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of twenty-three he was admitted to the See also:

• BAR
• BAR (0. Fr. barre, Late Lat. barra, origin unknown)
• BAR, CONFEDERATION OF
• BAR, FRANCOIS DE (1538-1606)
• BAR, THE

bar, and was contributing to the American Jurist, and editing law texts and Story's See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court decisions . What he saw of See also:

• CONGRESS (Lat. congressus, coming together, from congredi; cum, with, and gradus, step)

Congress during a See also:

• MONTH
• MONTH (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maand, Dan. maaned, &c., and cognate with Lat. mensis, Gr. µi7v, &c., in other branches of the Indo-Germanic family; all ultimately from the root seen in the word for the moon in nearly all those languages

month's visit to See also:

• WASHINGTON
• WASHINGTON (or WASHINGTON COURT HOUSE)
• WASHINGTON, BOOKER TALIAFERRO (c. 1859– )
• WASHINGTON, BUSHROD (1762-1829)
• WASHINGTON, GEORGE (1732-1799)

Washington in 1834 filled him with loathing for politics as a career, and he returned to Boston resolved to devote himself to the practice of law . The three years (1837–1840) spent in See also:

• EUROPE

Europe were years of fruitful study and experience . He secured a ready command of See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French, See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German and See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian, equalled by no American then in public See also:

• LIFE

life . He formed the acquaintance of many of the leading statesmen and publicists, and secured a deep insight into See also:

• CONTINENTAL

continental systems of See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government and of jurisprudence . In See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England (1838) his omnivorous See also:

• READING

reading in literature, See also:

• HISTORY

history and jurisprudence made him persona grata to leaders of thought . See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord See also:

• BROUGHAM
• BROUGHAM, JOHN (1814-188o)

Brougham declared that he " had never met with any See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man of See also:

• SUMNER, CHARLES (1811--1874)
• SUMNER, CHARLES RICHARD (1790-1874)
• SUMNER, EDWIN VOSE (1797-1863)
• SUMNER, JOHN BIRD (1780-1862)
• SUMNER, WILLIAM GRAHAM (1840-1910)

Sumner's age of such extensive legal knowledge and natural legal See also:

• INTELLECT (Lat. intellectus, from intelligere, to understand)

intellect." Not till many years after Sumner's See also:

• DEATH

death was any other American received so intimately into the best . See also:

• ENGLISH

English circles, social, See also:

• POLITICAL

political and intellectual . In his thirtieth See also:

• YEAR

year, a broadly cultured See also:

• COSMOPOLITAN (Gr. Kbvµos, world, and IroXirgs, citizen)

cosmopolitan, Sumner returned to Boston, resolved to See also:

• SETTLE
• SETTLE, ELKANAH (1648–1724)

settle down to the practice of his profession . But gradually he devoted less of his See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time to practice and more to lecturing in the Harvard Law School, to editing court reports and to contributions to law See also:

• JOURNALS

journals, especially on See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical and See also:

• BIOGRAPHICAL

biographical lines, in which his erudition was unsurpassed .

In his law practice he had disappointed himself and his See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends, and he became despondent as to his future . It was in a 4th of See also:

• JULY

July oration on " The True Grandeur of Nations," delivered in Boston in 1845, that he first found himself . His oration was a tremendous See also:

• ARRAIGNMENT (from Lat. ad, to, and rationare, to reason, call to account)

arraignment of See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war, and an impassioned See also:

• APPEAL

appeal for freedom and for See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace, and proved him an orator of the first See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank . He immediately became one of the most eagerly sought orators for the See also:

• LYCEUM

lyceum and college See also:

• PLATFORM (Fr. plateforme, i.e. ground plan)

platform . His lofty themes and stately eloquence made a profound impression, especially upon See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young men; his platform presence was imposing, for he was six feet and four inches in height and of massive See also:

• FRAME

frame; his See also:

• VOICE (Fr. voix, from Lat. vox)

voice was clear and of See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power; his gestures unconventional and individual, but vigorous and impressive . His See also:

• LITERARY

literary See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style was somewhat florid . Many of his speeches were monuments of erudition, but the See also:

• WEALTH

wealth of detail, of allusion, and of See also:

• QUOTATION

quotation, often from the See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek and Latin, sometimes detracted from their effect . Sumner co-operated effectively with See also:

• HORACE [QuINTus HORATIUS FLACCUS] (65-8 B.C.)

Horace See also:

• MANN, HORACE (1796-1859)

Mann for the improvement of the See also:

• SYSTEM

system of public See also:

• EDUCATION

education in Massachusetts . See also:

• PRISON (derived through the Fr. from the Lat. prehensio, seizure)

Prison reform and peace were other causes to which he gave ardent support . In 1847 the vigour with which Sumner denounced a Boston congressman's See also:

• VOTE

vote in favour of the Mexican War See also:

• BILL

Bill made him the logical See also:

• LEADER, BENJAMIN WILLIAMS (1831– )

leader of the " See also:

• CONSCIENCE (Lat. con-scientia, literally " knowledge of a thing shared with another person " or " complete knowledge," and derivatively " consciousness in general)
• CONSCIENCE, HENDRIK (1812-1883)

Conscience Whigs," but he declined to accept their nomination for Congress . He took an active See also:

• PART

part in the organizing of the See also:

• FREE

Free See also:

• SOIL

Soil party, in revolt at the Whigs' nomination of a slave-holding southerner for the See also:

• PRESIDENCY

presidency; and in 1848 was defeated as a See also:

• CANDIDATE

candidate for the See also:

• NATIONAL

national See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

House of Representatives . In 1851 See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control of the Massachusetts legislature was secured by the Democrats in See also:

• COALITION (Lat. coalitio, the verbal substantive of coalescere, to grow together)

coalition with the Free Soilers, but after filling the See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state offices with their own men, the Democrats refused to vote for Sumner, the Free Soilers' choice for See also:

• UNITED

United States senator, and urged the selection of some less See also:

• RADICAL (Lat. radix, a root)

radical candidate .

A deadlock of more than three months ensued, finally resulting in the See also:

• ELECTION
• ELECTION (from Lat. eligere, to pick out)

election (See also:

• APRIL

April 24) of Sumner by a See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority of a single vote . Sumner thus stepped front the lecture platform to the See also:

• SENATE (Lat. senatus, from root sen-, as in senex, old; the root is the Sanskrit sana, cf. Gr. 'vos; the same element appears in senor, seigneur, seneschal)

Senate, with no preliminary training . At first he prudently abstained from trying to force the issues in which he was interested, while he studied the See also:

• TEMPER (from Lat. temperare, to mingle or compound in due proportion, to qualify, rule, regulate, to be moderate, formed from tempos, time, fit or due season)

temper and See also:

• PROCEDURE (Fr. procedure, from Lat. procedere, to go for-ward)

procedure of the Senate . In the closing See also:

• HOURS, CANONICAL

hours of his first session, in spite of strenuous efforts to prevent it, Sumner delivered (Aug . 26, 1852) a speech, " Freedom national; See also:

• SLAVERY

Slavery sectional," which it was immediately See also:

• FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt marked a new era in American history . The conventions of both the great parties had just affirmed the finality of every See also:

• PROVISION (Lat. provisio)

provision of the See also:

• COMPROMISE (pronounced compromize; through Fr. from Lat. compromittere)

Compromise of 185o . Reckless of political expediency, Sumner moved that the Fugitive Slave See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

Act be forthwith repealed; and for more than three hours he denounced it as a violation of the constitution, an affront to the public conscience. and an offence against the divine law . The speech provoked a See also:

• STORM (in O. Eng..storm, and so in Du. and Low Ger.; in O. H. Ger. and mod. Ger. Sturm; the root is probably that seen in " stir," to rouse, move, disturb, cf. Ger. storen)
• STORM, THEODOR WOLDSEN (1817-1888)

storm of anger in the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South, but the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North was heartened to find at last a leader whose courage matched his conscience . In 1856, at the very time when " border ruffians " were See also:

• DRAWING

drawing their lines closer about the doomed See also:

• TOWN

town of See also:

• LAWRENCE
• LAWRENCE (LAURENTIUS, LORENZO), ST
• LAWRENCE, AMOS (1786—1852)
• LAWRENCE, AMOS ADAMS (1814–1886)
• LAWRENCE, GEORGE ALFRED (1827–1876)
• LAWRENCE, JOHN LAIRD MAIR LAWRENCE, 1ST BARON (1811-1879)
• LAWRENCE, SIR HENRY MONTGOMERY (1806–1857)
• LAWRENCE, SIR THOMAS (1769–1830)
• LAWRENCE, STRINGER (1697–1775)

Lawrence, See also:

• KANSAS (known as the Sunflower State ")

Kansas, Sumner in the Senate (May 19–20) laid See also:

• BARE

bare the " See also:

• CRIME (Lat. crimen, accusation)

Crime against Kansas." He denounced the Kansas-See also:

• NEBRASKA

Nebraska Bill as in every respect a swindle, and held its authors, See also:

• STEPHEN
• STEPHEN (1097?-1154)
• STEPHEN (ISTVAN) BATHORY (1533-1586)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES (1789-1859)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES FITZJAMES, BART
• STEPHEN, SIR LESLIE (1832-1904)

Stephen A . See also:

• DOUGLAS
• DOUGLAS, GAVIN (1474?-1522)
• DOUGLAS, JOHN (1721—1807.)
• DOUGLAS, SIR CHARLES
• DOUGLAS, SIR HOWARD
• DOUGLAS, STEPHEN ARNOLD (18,3–1861)

Douglas and See also:

• ANDREW (Gr. 'AvBp4as, manly)
• ANDREW, JOHN ALBION (1818-1867)

Andrew P . See also:

• BUTLER
• BUTLER (or BOTELER), SAMUEL (1612–168o)
• BUTLER (through the O. Fr. bouteillier, from the Late Lat. buticularius, buticula, a bottle)
• BUTLER, ALBAN (1710-1773)
• BUTLER, BENJAMIN FRANKLIN (1818-1893)
• BUTLER, CHARLES (1750–1832)
• BUTLER, GEORGE (1774-1853)
• BUTLER, JOSEPH (1692-1752)
• BUTLER, NICHOLAS MURRAY (1862– )
• BUTLER, SAMUEL (1774-1839)
• BUTLER, SAMUEL (1835-1902)
• BUTLER, SIR WILLIAM FRANCIS (1838– )
• BUTLER, WILLIAM ARCHER (1814-1848)

Butler, up to the scorn of the See also:

• WORLD

world as the See also:

• DON
• DON (anc. Tanais)

Don Quixote and Sancho Panza of " the harlot, Slavery!' Two days later (May 22) See also:

• PRESTON
• PRESTON, JOHN (1587-1628)

Preston S . See also:

• BROOKS, CHARLES WILLIAM SHIRLEY (1816-1874)
• BROOKS, PHILLIPS (1835-1893)

Brooks (1819–1857), a congressman from South Carolina, suddenly confronted Sumner as he sat See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing at his See also:

• DESK (from Lat. discus, quoit, in med. sense of " table," cf. " dish " and Ger. Tisch, table, from same source)

desk in the Senate chamber, denounced his speech as a See also:

• LIBEL

libel upon his state and upon Butler, his relative, and before Sumner, pinioned by his desk, could make the slightest resistance, rained See also:

• BLOW, JOHN (1648-1708)

blow after blow upon his See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head, till his victim sank bleeding and unconscious upon the See also:

• FLOOR (from O. Eng. flor, a word common to many Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch vloer, and Ger. Flur, a field, in the feminine, and a floor, masculine)

floor .

That brutal See also:

• ASSAULT (from Lat. ad, to or on, and saltare, to leap)

assault cost Sumner three years of heroic struggle to restore his shattered See also:

• HEALTH

health—years during which Massachusetts loyally re-elected him, in the belief that in the Senate chamber his vacant See also:

• CHAIR (in. Mid. Eng. chcere, through O. Fr. chaire or chaiere, from Lat. cathedra, later caledra, Gr. xaOi3pa, seat, cf. "cathedral"; the modern Fr. form chaise, a chair, has been adopted in English with a particular meaning as a form of carriage; chaire

chair was the most eloquent pleader for free speech and resistance to slavery . Upon returning to his See also:

• POST

post, in 1859, the approaching presidential See also:

• CAMPAIGN

campaign of 186o did not deter him from delivering a speech, entirely free from See also:

• PERSONAL

personal rancour, on " The Barbarism of Slavery "—to this See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day one of the most comprehensive and scathing indictments of American slavery ever presented . In the See also:

• CRITICAL (in alphabetical order of authors)

critical months following See also:

• LINCOLN
• LINCOLN, ABRAHAM (1809-1865)
• LINCOLN, EARLS OF

Lincoln's election Sumner was an unyielding foe to every See also:

• SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)

scheme of compromise . After the withdrawal of the See also:

• SOUTHERN

Southern senators, Sumner was made chair-man of the See also:

• COMMITTEE (from commute, an Anglo-Fr. past participle of commettre, Lat. committere, to entrust; the modern Fr. equivalent comite is derived from the Eng.)

committee on See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign relations (See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 8, 1861), a position for which he was pre-eminently fitted by his years of intimate acquaintance with See also:

• EUROPEAN

European politics and statesmen . While the war was in progress his letters from See also:

• COBDEN, RICHARD (1804-1865)

Cobden and See also:

• BRIGHT, JOHN (1811-188g)
• BRIGHT, SIR CHARLES TILSTON

Bright, from See also:

• GLADSTONE
• GLADSTONE, JOHN HALL (1827-1902)
• GLADSTONE, WILLIAM EWART (1809–1898)

Gladstone and the See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

• ARGYLL, EARLS AND DUKES OF

Argyll, at Lincoln's See also:

• REQUEST, LETTERS OF

request were read by Sumner to the See also:

• CABINET

cabinet, and formed a See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief source of See also:

• LIGHT

light as to political thought in England . In the turmoil over the " ` See also:

• TRENT
• TRENT (Lat. Tridentum; Ital. Trento; Ger. relent)
• TRENT, COUNCIL OF

Trent' affair," it was Sumner's word that convinced Lincoln that See also:

• MASON, FRANCIS (1799—1874)
• MASON, GEORGE (1725—1792)
• MASON, GEORGE HEMMING (1818–1872)
• MASON, JAMES MURRAY (1798-1871)
• MASON, JOHN (1586-1635)
• MASON, JOHN YOUNG (1799-1859)
• MASON, LOWELL (1792—1872)
• MASON, SIR JOHN (1503–1566)
• MASON, SIR JOSIAH (1795-1881)
• MASON, WILLIAM (1725—1797)

Mason and See also:

• SLIDELL, JOHN (1793-1871)

Slidell must be given up, and that reconciled the public to that inevitable step . Again and again Sumner used the power incident to his chairmanship to See also:

• BLOCK
• BLOCK (from the Fr. bloc, and possibly connected with an Old Ger. Block, obstruction, cf. " baulk ")
• BLOCK, MAURICE (1816–19or)

block See also:

• ACTION

action which threatened to embroil the United States in war with England and See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France . Sumner openly and boldly advocated the policy of emancipation . Lincoln described Sumner as " my See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea of a See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop," and used to consult him as an embodiment of the conscience of the American See also:

• PEOPLE

people . The war had hardly begun when Sumner put forward his theory of reconstruction. that the seceded states by their own act had " become felo de se," had " committed state See also:

• SUICIDE (from Lat. sui, of oneself, and cidium, from cued ere, to kill)

suicide," and that their status and the conditions of their readmission to membership in the See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

Union See also:

• LAY

lay absolutely at the determination of Congress, as if they were Territories and had never been states . He resented the initiative in Reconstruction taken by Lincoln, and later by See also:

• JOHNSON, ANDREW
• JOHNSON, ANDREW (1808–1875)
• JOHNSON, BENJAMIN (c. 1665-1742)
• JOHNSON, EASTMAN (1824–1906)
• JOHNSON, REVERDY (1796–1876)
• JOHNSON, RICHARD (1573–1659 ?)
• JOHNSON, RICHARD MENTOR (1781–1850)
• JOHNSON, SAMUEL (1709-1784)
• JOHNSON, SIR THOMAS (1664-1729)
• JOHNSON, SIR WILLIAM (1715–1774)
• JOHNSON, THOMAS

Johnson, as an encroachment upon the See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers of Congress . Throughout the war Sumner had constituted himself the See also:

• SPECIAL

special See also:

• CHAMPION (Fr. champion, Late Lat. campio from campus; a field or open space, i.e. one " who takes the field " or fights; cf. Ger. Kampf, battle, and Kampfer, fighter)

champion of the See also:

• NEGRO (from Lat. eager, black)

negro, being the most vigorous See also:

• ADVOCATE (Lat. advocatus, from advocare, to summon, especially in law to call in the aid of a counsel or witness, and so generally to summon to one's assistance)

advocate of emancipation, of enlisting the blacks in the Union See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army, and of the See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment of the Freedmen's See also:

• BUREAU (a Fr. word from burel or bureau, a coarse cloth used for coverings)

Bureau The See also:

• CREDIT (Lat. credere, to believe)

credit or the blame for imposing equal See also:

• SUFFRAGE (Lat. suffragium)

suffrage rights for negroes upon the Southern states as a See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition of Reconstruction must See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest with See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles Sumner more than with any other one man Heedless of the teachings of See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science as to the slow See also:

• EVOLUTION

evolution of any See also:

• RACE

race's capacity for self-government, he insisted on putting the See also:

• BALLOT (from Ital. ballotta, dim. of balla, a ball)

ballot forthwith into the hands of even the most ignorant blacks, lest their rights be taken from them by their former masters and the fruits of the war be lost .

But it must be remembered that in Sumner's See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan equal suffrage wasto be accompanied by free homesteads and free See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools for negroes . In the See also:

• IMPEACHMENT (O. Fr. empeahement, empeschement, from em pecher or empescher, to hinder, Late Lat. impedicare, to entangle, pedica, fetter, pes, foot)

impeachment proceedings against Johnson, Sumner was one of the See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president's most implacable assailants . Sumner's opposition to See also:

• GRANT (from A.-Fr. graunter, O. Fr. greanter for creanter, popular Lat. creantare, for credentare, to entrust, Lat. credere, to believe, trust)
• GRANT, ANNE (1755-1838)
• GRANT, CHARLES (1746-1823)
• GRANT, GEORGE MONRO (1835–1902)
• GRANT, JAMES (1822–1887)
• GRANT, JAMES AUGUSTUS (1827–1892)
• GRANT, ROBERT (1814-1892)
• GRANT, SIR ALEXANDER
• GRANT, SIR FRANCIS (1803-1878)
• GRANT, SIR JAMES HOPE (1808–1895)
• GRANT, SIR PATRICK (1804-1895)
• GRANT, U
• GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON (1822-1885)

Grant's pet scheme for the See also:

• ANNEXATION (Lat. ad, to, and nexus, joining)

annexation of See also:

• SAN

San Domingo (1870), after the president mistakenly supposed that he had secured a See also:

• PLEDGE

pledge of support, brought upon him the president's See also:

• BITTER, KARL THEODORE FRANCIS (1867– )

bitter resentment . Sumner had always prized highly his popularity in England, but he unhesitatingly sacrificed it in taking his stand as to the See also:

• ADJUSTMENT (from late Lat. ad juxtare, derived from juxta, near, but early confounded with a supposed derivation from justus, right)

adjustment of claims against England for breaches of See also:

• NEUTRALITY

neutrality during the war . Sumner laid great stress upon " national claims." He held that England's according the rights of belligerents to the Confederate states had doubled the duration of the war, entailing inestimable loss . He therefore insisted that England should be required not merely to pay See also:

• DAMAGES (through O. Fr. damage, mod. Fr. dommage, from Lat. damnum, loss)

damages for the havoc wrought by the " See also:

• ALABAMA

Alabama " and other cruisers fitted out for Confederate service in her ports, but that, for " that other damage, immense and See also:

• INFINITE (from Lat. in, not, finis, end or limit; cf. findere, to deave)

infinite, caused by the prolongation of the war," the withdrawal of the See also:

• BRITISH

British See also:

• FLAG (or " FLAGGE," a common Teutonic word in this sense, but apparently first recorded in English)

flag from this hemisphere could " not be abandoned as a condition or preliminary of such a See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

settlement as is now proposed." (At the See also:

• GENEVA
• GENEVA (Fr. Geneve, Ger. Genf, Ital. Ginevra, Late Lat. Gebenna, though Genava in good Latin)
• GENEVA, LAKE OF

Geneva See also:

• ARBITRATION (Lat. arbitrari, to examine or judge)
• ARBITRATION, INTERNATIONAL

arbitration See also:

• CONFERENCE

conference these " national claims " were abandoned.) Under pressure from the president, on the ground that Sumner was no longer on speaking terms with the secretary of state, he was deposed on the loth of March 1871 from the chairmanship of the committee on foreign relations, in which he had served with great distinction and effectiveness throughout the critical years since 1861 . Whether the chief cause of this humiliation was Grant's vindictiveness at Sumner's opposition to his San Domingo project or a genuine fear that the impossible demand, which he insisted should be made upon England, would See also:

• WRECK

wreck the prospect of a speedy and See also:

• HONOURABLE (Fr. honorable, from Lat. honorabilis, worthy of honour)

honourable adjustment with that See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country, cannot be determined . In any See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case it was a cruel blow to a man already broken by racking illness and domestic sorrows . Sumner's last years were further saddened by the misconstruction put upon one of his most magnanimous acts . In 1872 he introduced in the Senate a See also:

• RESOLUTION

resolution providing that the names of battles with See also:

• FELLOW

fellow citizens should not be placed on the regimental See also:

• COLOURS, MILITARY

colours of the United States . The Massachusetts legislature denounced this See also:

• BATTLE

battle-flag resolution as " an insult to the loyal soldiery of the nation " and as " See also:

• MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)

meeting the unqualified condemnation of the people of the See also:

• COMMONWEALTH

Commonwealth.'' For more than a year all efforts—headed by the poet See also:

• WHITTIER, JOHN GREENLEAF (1807-1892)

Whittier—to rescind that censure were without avail, but See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early in 1874 it was annulled . On the loth of March, against the See also:

• ADVICE (Fr. avis, from Lat. ad, to, and visum, viewed)

advice of his physician, Sumner went to the Senate—it was the day on which his colleague was to See also:

• PRESENT

present the rescinding resolution .

With those grateful words of vindication from Massachusetts in his ears Charles Sumner See also:

• LEFT

left the Senate chamber for the last time . That See also:

• NIGHT

night he was stricken with an acute attack of angina pectoris, and on the following day he died . Sumner was the See also:

• SCHOLAR, SCHOLARSHIP

scholar in politics . He could never be induced to suit his action to the political expediency of the moment . " The slave of principles, I See also:

• CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call no party See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master," was the proud avowal with which he began his service in the Senate . For the tasks of Reconstruction he showed little aptitude . He was less a builder than a See also:

• PROPHET (Irpo4i ri7s)

prophet . His was the first clear See also:

• PROGRAMME, or PROGRAM

programme proposed in Congress for the reform of the See also:

• CIVIL

civil service . It was his dauntless courage in denouncing compromise, in demanding the See also:

• REPEAL (O.F. rapel, modern rappel, from rapeler, rappeler, revoke, re and appeler, appeal)

repeal of the Fugitive Slave Act, and in, insisting upon emancipation, that made him the chief initiating force in the struggle that put an end to slavery . See Sumner's See also:

• WORKS

Works (15 vols., Boston, 187o-1883), and See also:

• EDWARD

Edward L . See also:

• PIERCE, FRANKLIN (1804—1869)

Pierce's Memoir and Letters of Charles Sumner (4 vols., . Boston, 1877-1893) .

Briefer See also:

• BIOGRAPHIES

biographies have been written by See also:

• ANNA
• ANNA (Hindustani ana)
• ANNA, BALDASARRE

Anna L . See also:

• DAWES, HENRY LAURENS (1816-1903)
• DAWES, RICHARD (1708-1766)

Dawes (New See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York, 1892) ; Moorfield See also:

• STOREY (equivalents are Fr. etage, Ital. piano, Ger. Stock)

Storey (Boston, 190o) ; and See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George H . Haynes (See also:

• PHILADELPHIA

Philadelphia, 1909) .