WILLIAM

See also:

• GRAHAM, SIR GERALD (1831–1899)
• GRAHAM, SIR JAMES ROBERT GEORGE
• GRAHAM, SYLVESTER (1794-1851)
• GRAHAM, THOMAS (1805-1869)

GRAHAM

See also:

• SUMNER, CHARLES (1811--1874)
• SUMNER, CHARLES RICHARD (1790-1874)
• SUMNER, EDWIN VOSE (1797-1863)
• SUMNER, JOHN BIRD (1780-1862)
• WILLIAM GRAHAM SUMNER (1840-1910)

SUMNER (1840-1910)  , American economist, was born, of English parentage, in Paterson, New Jersey, on the 3oth of October 184o . He was brought up in Hartford, Connecticut, graduated at Yale College in 1863, studied French and Hebrew in Geneva in 1863-1864 and divinity and history at Gottingen in 1864-1866, and in 1866-1869 was a tutor at Yale . He was ordained a priest of the Protestant Episcopal Church in 1869, was assistant rector of Calvary Church, New York City, and in 1870-1872 was rector of the Church of the Redeemer, Morristown, New Jersey . From 1872 to 1909, when he became professor emeritus, he was professor of political and social science at Yale . In 1909 he was president of the American Sociological Society . He died at Englewood, New Jersey, on the 12th of April 191o . He was notable especially as an opponent of protectionism, and was a great teacher . He wrote: History of American Currency (1874); Lectures on the History of Protection in the United States (1875) ; Life of Andrew Jackson (1882), in the " American Statesmen Series "; What Social Classes Owe to Each Other (1883); Collected Essays in Political and Social Sciences (1885) ; Protectionism (1885) ; Alexander Hamilton (1891), and Robert Morris (1891), in the" Makers of America Series "; The Financier and Finances of the American . Revolution (a vols., 1891) ; A History of Banking in the United States (1896); and Folkways: a Study of the Sociological Importance of Usages, Manners, Customs, Mores and Morals (1907), a valuable sociological summary .