See also:

• SURPLICE (Late Lat. superpelliceum; Fr. super, over, and pellis, fur; Span. sobrepellice; Fr. surplis; in Ital. cotta and Ger. Chorrock, choir coat)

SURPLICE (See also:

• LATE

Late See also:

• LAT

Lat. superpelliceum; Fr. super, over, and pellis, See also:

• FUR (connected with O. Fr. forre, a sheath or case; so " an outer covering ")

fur; Span. sobrepellice; Fr. surplis; in Ital. See also:

• COTTA
• COTTA, BERNHARD VON (1808—1879)
• COTTA, GAIUS AURELIUS (c. 124—73 B.c.)

cotta and Ger. Chorrock, See also:

• CHOIR (0. Fr. cuer from Lat. chorus; pronounced quire, and until the end of the 17th century so spelt, the spelling being altered to agree with the Fr. chceur)

choir coat)  , a liturgical vestment of the See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church . It is a See also:

• TUNIC (0. Eng. tunice, tunical, taken, before the Norman con-quest, directly from Lat. tunica, of which the origin is unknown)

tunic of See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white See also:

• LINEN

linen or See also:

• COTTON
• COTTON (Fr. coton; from Arab. qutun)
• COTTON, CHARLES (163o–1687)
• COTTON, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH (1813–1866)
• COTTON, JOHN (1585–1652)
• COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE

cotton material, with wide or moderately wide sleeves, reaching—according to the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman use—barely to the hips and elsewhere in the churches of the Roman communion to the See also:

• KNEE (O. E. cneow, a word common to Indo-European languages, cf. Ger. Knie, Fr. genou, Span. hinojo, Lat. genu, Gr. ybvv, Sansk. janu)

knee It is usually decorated witl*See also:

• LACE (corresponding to Ital. merletto, trina; Genoese Pizzo; Ger. spitzen; Fr. dentelle; Dutch kanten; Span. encaje; the English word owes something to the Fr. lassis or laces, but both are connected with the earlier Lat. laqueus; early French laces were

lace, but in See also:

• MODERN

modern times—in See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany at least —also with embroidered bordures . The See also:

• SURPLICE (Late Lat. superpelliceum; Fr. super, over, and pellis, fur; Span. sobrepellice; Fr. surplis; in Ital. cotta and Ger. Chorrock, choir coat)

surplice originally reached to the feet, but as See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early as the 13th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century it began to be shortened, though as See also:

• LATE

late as the 15th century it still See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell to the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of the shin, and it was not till the 17th and 18th centuries that it was considerably shortened . More drastic were other modifications which it underwent in course of See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time in several localities, which led to the See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance of various subsidiary forms alongside of the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original type . Such were the sleeveless surplice, which was provided at the sides with holes to put the arms through; the surplice with slit-up arms or lappels (so-called " wings ") instead of sleeves; the surplice of which not only the sleeves but the See also:

• BODY

body of the garment itself were slit up the sides, precisely like the modern See also:

• DALMATIC (Lat. dalmatica, tunica dalmatica)

dalmatic; and, finally, a sort of surplice in the See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of a See also:

• BELL
• BELL, ALEXANDER MELVILLE (1819—1905)
• BELL, ANDREW (1753—1832)
• BELL, GEORGE JOSEPH (1770-1843)
• BELL, HENRY (1767-1830)
• BELL, HENRY GLASSFORD (1803-1874)
• BELL, JACOB (1810-1859)
• BELL, JOHN (1691-178o)
• BELL, JOHN (1763-1820)
• BELL, JOHN (1797-1869)
• BELL, ROBERT (1800-1867)
• BELL, SIR CHARLES (1774—1842)

bell-shaped See also:

• MANTLE

mantle, with a hole for the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head, which necessitated the arms being See also:

• STUCK, FRANZ (1863— )

stuck out under the hem . The first two of these forms were very early See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed; and, in spite of their See also:

• PROHIBITION (Lat. prohibere, to prevent)

prohibition by synods here and there (e.g. that of See also:

• LIEGE
• LIEGE (Walloon, Lige, Flemish, Luik, Ger. Lilltich)

Liege in 1287), they survive in various places to the See also:

• PRESENT

present See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day . The latter two only appeared after the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of the middle ages: the first of them in See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South Germany, the second more especially in See also:

• VENETIA

Venetia, where its use is attested by numerous pictorial records . As a See also:

• RULE

rule, however, these subsidiary forms of surplice were worn mostly by the See also:

• LOWER

lower See also:

• CLERGY (M.E. clergie, O. Fr. clergie, from Low Lat. form clericia [Skean, by assimilation with O. Fr. clergie, Fr. clerge,from Low Lat. clericatus)
• CLERGY, BENEFIT OF

clergy . They were the result partly of the 'See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of the See also:

• SECULAR (Lat. saecularis, of or belonging to an age or generation, saeculum)

secular fashions, but more particularly of considerations of convenience . The surplice belongs to the vestes sacrae, though it requires no See also:

• BENEDICTION (Lat. benedictio, from benedicere, to bless)

benediction . It is proper to all clerics, even to those who have only received the See also:

• TONSURE (Lat. tonsura, from tondere, to shave)

tonsure, the See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop himself vesting with it those who have been newly tonsured by him . Its use in divine service is very varied .

It is worn in See also:

• CHOIR (0. Fr. cuer from Lat. chorus; pronounced quire, and until the end of the 17th century so spelt, the spelling being altered to agree with the Fr. chceur)

choir at the See also:

• SOLEMN (Lat. sollemnis, sollemnis, less correctly solennis, yearly, annual; from sollus = totus, whole, entire, Gr. Mos., and annus, year)

solemn offices; it is the See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official sacral See also:

• DRESS (from the Fr. dresser, to set out, arrange, formed from Lat. directus, arranged, dirigere, to direct, arrange)

dress of the lower clergy in their liturgical functions; it is worn by the See also:

• PRIEST (Ger. Priester, Fr. pretre)

priest when administering the sacraments, undertaking benedictions, and the like; the use of the See also:

• ALB (Lat. alba, from albus, white)

alb being nowadays almost exclusively confined to the See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass and functions connected with this . In See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general it may be said that this was, in all See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main particulars, the See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom so early as the 14th century . The older See also:

• HISTORY

history of the surplice is obscured by lack of exact See also:

• INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

information . Its name is derived, as Durandus and Gerland also affirm, from the fact that it was formerly put on over the See also:

• FUR (connected with O. Fr. forre, a sheath or case; so " an outer covering ")

fur garments which used to he worn in church and at divine service as a See also:

• PROTECTION

protection against the See also:

• COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold . It has been maintained that the surplice was known in the 5th century, the See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence being the garments worn by the two clerics in attendance on Bishop Maximian represented in the mosaics of S . Vitale at See also:

• RAVENNA
• RAVENNA, EXARCHATE OF

Ravenna; in this See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case, however, the dalmatic has been confused with the surplice . In all See also:

• PROBABILITY (Lat. probabilis, probable or credible)

probability the surplice is no more than an expansion of the See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary liturgical alb, due to the See also:

• NECESSITY (Lat. necessitas)

necessity for wearing it over thick furs . It is first mentioned in the rith century, in a See also:

• CANON

canon of the See also:

• SYNOD
• SYNOD (Gr. vbvobos)

synod of Coyaca in See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain (1050) and in an See also:

• ORDINANCE
• ORDINANCE, or ORDONNANCE

ordinance of See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King See also:

• EDWARD

Edward the See also:

• CONFESSOR

Confessor . In See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome it was known at least as early as the 12th century . It probably originated outside Rome, and was imported thence into the Roman use . Originally only a choir vestment and See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar to lower clergy, it gradually—certainly no later than the 13th century —replaced the alb as the vestment proper to the administering of the sacraments and other sacerdotal functions . In the See also:

• ORIENTAL

Oriental See also:

• RITES

rites there is no surplice, nor any analogous vestment .

Of the non-Roman Churches in the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West the surplice has continued in See also:

• REGULAR

regular use only in the Lutheran churches of See also:

• DENMARK
• DENMARK (Danmark)

Denmark, See also:

• NORWAY
• NORWAY (Norge)

Norway and See also:

• SWEDEN
• SWEDEN [Sverige]
• SWEDEN, NORWAY AND

Sweden, and in the Church of See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England (see below) . (J . BRA.) Church of England.—The surplice was prescribed by the second See also:

• PRAYER (from Lat. precari, entreat; Ital. pregaria, Fr. priere)
• PRAYER, BOOK OF COMMON

Prayer-See also:

• BOOK

Book of Edward VI., as, with the tippet or the academical See also:

• HOOD,
• HOOD, JOHN BELL (1831–1879)
• HOOD, SAMUEL HOOD, VISCOUNT (1724–1816)
• HOOD, SIR SAMUEL (1762-1814)
• HOOD, THOMAS (1799-1845)
• HOOD, TOM (1835–1874)

hood, the See also:

• SOLE (Solea)

sole vestment of the See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister of the church at " all times of their ministration," the See also:

• ROCHET (Lat. rochettum, from the late Lat. roccus, connected with the O.H.Ger. rock, roc and the A.S. rocc; Fr. rocket, Ital. rocchetto, Sp. roquete, Ger. Rochett, Chorkleid)

rochet being practically regarded as the episcopal surplice . Its use was furiously assailed by the extremer Reformers but, in spite of their efforts, was retained by See also:

• ELIZABETH
• ELIZABETH (1533-1603)
• ELIZABETH (1596-1662)
• ELIZABETH (1635–1650)
• ELIZABETH [ AMELIE EUGENIE ] (1837—1898)
• ELIZABETH [1lisabeth Philippine Marie Helene of France] (1764—1794)
• ELIZABETH [PAULINE ELIZABETH OTTILIE LOUISE] (1843– )
• ELIZABETH [PETROVNA] (1709-1762), EMPRESS
• ELIZABETH, SAINT (1207-1231)

Elizabeth's See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

Act of Uniformity, and enforced by the advertisements and injunctions issued under her authority, which ordered the " massing See also:

• VESTMENTS

vestments " —chasubles, albs, stoles and the like—to be destroyed . It has since remained, with the exception of the See also:

• COPE
• COPE (M.E. cape, cope, from Med. Lat. capa, cappa)
• COPE, EDWARD DRINKER (1840-1897)
• COPE, EDWARD MEREDITH (1818-1873)

cope (q.v.), the sole vestment authorized by See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law for the ministers, other than bishops, of the Church of England (for the question of the vestments prescribed by the " Ornaments See also:

• RUBRIC (Fr. rubrique, Lat. rubrica, Tuber, red)

Rubric " see VESTMENTS) . Its use has never been confined to clerks in See also:

• HOLY

holy orders, and it has been worn since the See also:

• REFORMATION
• REFORMATION, THE

Reformation by all the " ministers " (including vicars-choral and choristers) of See also:

• CATHEDRAL

cathedral and collegiate churches, as well as by the See also:

• FELLOWS, SIR CHARLES (1799-1860)

fellows and scholars of colleges in See also:

• CHAPEL

chapel . The distinctive See also:

• MARK
• MARK, CARL (1858– )
• MARK, GOSPEL OF ST
• MARK, ST

mark of the clergy (at least of the more dignified) has been the tippet or See also:

• SCARF

scarf above mentioned, a broad See also:

• BAND

band of See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black See also:

• SILK

silk worn See also:

• STOLE (Lat. stela and orarium, Fr. etole, It. stola, Sp. estola, Ger. Stela)

stole-See also:

• WISE, HENRY ALEXANDER (1806-1876)
• WISE, ISAAC MAYER (1819-1900)

wise, but not to be confused with the stole, since it has no liturgical significance and was originally no more than See also:

• PART

part of the clerical outdoor dress (see STOLE) . The surplice was formerly only worn by the clergy when conducting the service, being exchanged during the See also:

• SERMON (Lat. sermo, a discourse)

sermon for the " black See also:

• GOWN

gown," i.e. either a See also:

• GENEVA
• GENEVA (Fr. Geneve, Ger. Genf, Ital. Ginevra, Late Lat. Gebenna, though Genava in good Latin)
• GENEVA, LAKE OF

Geneva gown or the gown of an academical degree . This custom has, however, as a result of the High Church See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement, fallen almost completely obsolete . The "black gown," considered wrongly as the See also:

• ENSIGN (through the Fr. enseigne from the Latin plural insignia)

ensign of See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

Low Church views, survives in comparatively few of even " evangelical " churches; it is still, however, the custom for preachers of university sermons to See also:

• WEAR

wear the gown of their degree . The traditional form of the surplice in the Church of England is that which survived from pre-Reformation times, viz. a wide-sleeved, very full, See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain, white linen tunic, pleated from the yoke, and reaching almost, or quite, to the feet . Towards the end of the 17th century, when large wigs came into See also:

• FASHION (adapted from Fr. facon, agon, Lat. factio, making, facere, to do or make)

fashion, it came for convenience to be constructed gown-wise, open down the front and buttoned at the See also:

• NECK (O. Eng. hnecca; the word appears in many Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch ride, Ger. Nacken; in O. E. the common word was heals; cf. Ger. Hals)

neck, a fashion which still partially survives, notably at the See also:

• UNIVERSITIES

universities .

In general, however, the tendency has been, under See also:

• CONTINENTAL

continental influence, to curtail its proportions . The ample vestment with beautiful falling folds has thus in many churches given See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place to a scanty, unpleated garment scarce reaching to the knee . In. the more " extreme "churches the surplices are See also:

• FRANK, JAKOB (1726-1791)

frank imitations of the Roman See also:

• COTTA
• COTTA, BERNHARD VON (1808—1879)
• COTTA, GAIUS AURELIUS (c. 124—73 B.c.)

cotta . (W . A . P.) SURRENDER, in law, a mode of See also:

• ALIENATION (from Lat. alienus, belonging to another)

alienation of real See also:

• ESTATE (through O. Fr. estat, mod. flat, from Lat. status, state, condition, position, stare, to stand)

estate . It is defined by See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord See also:

• COKE (a northern English word, possibly connected with " colk," core)
• COKE, SIR EDWARD (1552-1634)
• COKE, SIR JOHN (1563-1644)
• COKE, THOMAS (1747-1814)

Coke to be " the yielding up of an estate for See also:

• LIFE

life or years to him that hath an immediate estate in reversion or See also:

• REMAINDER, REVERSION

remainder " (Coke upon See also:

• LITTLETON (or LYTTELTON), EDWARD, BARON (1589—1645)
• LITTLETON, SIR THOMAS DE (c. 1407-1481)

Littleton, 337 b) . It is the converse of See also:

• RELEASE (O.Fr. reles, variant of relais, from relaisser, to release, let go, Lat. relaxare)

release, which is a See also:

• CONVEYANCE

conveyance by the reversioner or remainder-See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man to the See also:

• TENANT (from Lat. tenere, to hold)

tenant of the particular estate . A surrender is the usual means of effecting the alienation of copyholds . The surrender is made to the lord, who grants admittance to the purchaser, an entry of the surrender and admittance being made upon the See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court rolls . Formerly a devise of copyholds could only have been made by surrender to the use of the testator's will followed by admittance of the devisee . The See also:

• WILLS, WILLIAM GORMAN (1828-1891)

Wills Act of 1837 now allows the devisee of copyholds without surrender, though admittance of the devisee is still necessary .

A surrender must, since the Real See also:

• PROPERTY

Property Act 1845, be by See also:

• DEED (in O. Eng. dead, from the stem of the verb " to do ")

deed, except in the case of copyholds and of surrender by operation of law . Surrender of the latter See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind generally takes place by See also:

• MERGER (Fr. merger, to sink)

merger, that is, the See also:

• COMBINATION (Lat. combinare, to combine)

combination of the greater and less estate by descent or other means without the act of the party (see REMAINDER) . In Scots law surrender in the case of a See also:

• LEASE (derived through the Fr. from the Lat. laxare, to loosen)

lease is represented by renunciation . The nearest approach to surrender of a See also:

• COPYHOLD

copyhold is resignation in remanentiam (to the lord) or resignation in favorem (to a purchaser) . These modes of conveyance were practically superseded by the simpler forms introduced by the See also:

• CONVEYANCING

Conveyancing Act 1874 .