SUTHERLANDSHIRE  , a See also:

• NORTHERN

northern See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county of See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland, bounded N. and W. by the See also:

• ATLANTIC

Atlantic, E. by See also:

• CAITHNESS

Caithness, S.E. by the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

Sea and S. by the See also:

• SHIRE

shire of See also:

• ROSS
• ROSS, ALEXANDER (1699-1784)
• ROSS, GEORGE WILLIAM (1841- )
• ROSS, JOHN, or KOOESKOOWE (179o-1866)
• ROSS, ROBERT (1766-1814)
• ROSS, SIR HEW DALRYMPLE (1779-1868)
• ROSS, SIR JAMES CLARK (1800-1862)
• ROSS, SIR JOHN (1777-1856)

Ross and See also:

• CROMARTY
• CROMARTY, GEORGE MACKENZIE, 1ST EARL OF (1630-1714)

Cromarty . It has an See also:

• AREA

area of 1,297, 846 acres or 2,028 sq. m., being the fifth largest shire in Scotland . The western and northern shores are much indented and terminate at many points in precipices and rugged headlands . The mountains are distinguished by grandeur of outline . See also:

• BEN (from Old Eng. bennan, within)

Ben More (3273 ft.) in Assynt is the highest in the shire, and next to it in height is Ben Clibreck (3154) . Ben See also:

• HOPE, ANTHONY
• HOPE, THOMAS (c. 1770-1831)

Hope (Icelandic See also:

• HOP (Ger. Hopfen, Fr. houblon)

hop, haven, 3040), in the north, is noted as the only See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place in See also:

• GREAT

Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain where the Alpine Alsine rubella is found, and also for its See also:

• FAUNA

fauna, See also:

• PTARMIGAN (Lagopus mutus or alpinus)

ptarmigan being See also:

• COMMON

common, and even the See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild See also:

• CAT
• CAT, CIVET
• CAT, HOUSE

cat and See also:

• GOLDEN

golden See also:

• EAGLE (Fr. aigle, from the Lat. aquila)

eagle occurring at rare intervals . Other lofty hills include Foinaven (See also:

• WART (Lat. verruca)

wart See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain, 2980) inthe north-See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west; Ben Hee (2864); the highest point in Reay See also:

• FOREST

Forest; the serrated See also:

• RIDGE (a word. common to many Teutonic languages, meaning " back," whether of a man or an animal, cf. German Rucke)
• RIDGE, WILLIAM PETT (1864- )

ridge of Quinag (2653) and Glasven (2541) north, and the See also:

• CONE (Gr. Kwvos)

cone of Canisp (2779) See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south of . See also:

• LOCH, HENRY BROUGHAM LOCH, 1ST BARON (1827-1900)

Loch Assynt; the precipitous Carn Stackie (2630) in Durness; Ben Arkle (2580) and Ben Stack (2364), frowning above Loch Stack; the fantastic peaks of Ben Loyal (the See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

hill of the See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young calves, or See also:

• DEER (O. E. rigor, dfor, a common Teutonic word, meaning a wild animal, cf. Ger. Tier, Du. dier, &c., probably from a root dhus-, to breathe)
• DEER, CHINESE

deer, 2504) in See also:

• TONGUE (O. Eng. lunge)

Tongue; and Suilven (2399) . The greater See also:

• PART

part of the mountainous region consists of wild and desolate moorlands . The See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• RIVER

river is the Oykell, which, rising in Coniveall (3234), a See also:

• PEAK, THE

peak of Ben More, flows south and then south-See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east for 33 m. to See also:

• DORNOCH

Dornoch See also:

• FIRTH, CHARLES HARDING (1857– )
• FIRTH, MARK (1819-1880)

Firth, forming the See also:

• MAJOR
• MAJOR (Lat. for " greater ")
• MAJOR (or MAIR), JOHN (1470-1550)

major part of the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern boundary of the shire . Its See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal See also:

• LEFT

left-See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand tributaries are the Shin and Cassley . Other See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers flowing to Dornoch Firth are the Helmsdale (22 m.), issuing from Loch an Ruathair; the Brora (28 m.), rising in Mt Uaran and pre-serving in its name (See also:

• BRIDGE

bridge river) the fact that its bridge was cnce the only important one in the county; and the See also:

• FLEET

Fleet (17), the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of the See also:

• ESTUARY (from the Lat. aestuarium, a place reached by aestus, the tide)

estuary of which was embanked for See also:

• I000

i000 yds. in 1813 by See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas See also:

• TELFORD, THOMAS (1757—.1834)

Telford, whereby a considerable See also:

• TRACT (from Lat. tractare, to treat of a matter, through Provencal tractat and Ital. trattato)

tract of See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich alluvial See also:

• LAND

land was reclaimed from the sea .

The longest rivers flowing to the north See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast are the Dionard (14) to Kyle of Durness, the Naver (17) to Torrisdale See also:

• BAY

Bay, and the Halladale (22), rising in Knockfin on the See also:

• BORDERS, THE

borders of Caithness and entering the sea to the east of Portskerry . Much of the See also:

• SURFACE

surface in the See also:

• DISTRICT

district of Assynt is honeycombed with lakes and tarns, but the only large See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

lake is Loch Assynt, which is 63 m . Iong, lies 215 ft. above the sea, has a drainage area of 43 sq. m., and a greatest See also:

• DEPTH

depth of 282 ft., and empties into the sea by the Inver . Other lakes are Loch Crocach, little more than 1 m. See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long by a m. wide, in which the ratio of the area of islands to the See also:

• TOTAL

total area of the loch is greater than in any other See also:

• BRITISH

British lake; Loch Shin (17 M. long); Loch Loyal (4 m.); Loch Hope (6 rn.); Loch Naver (6 m.); and Loch More (4 m.) . The principal inlets of the sea are, on the north coast, Kyle of Tongue--on the east See also:

• SHORE

shore of which stands Tongue See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

House, once the See also:

• PROPERTY

property of the Reay See also:

• FAMILY

family, now a seat of the See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

• SUTHERLAND, EARLS AND DUKES OF

Sutherland—Loch Eriboll and Kyle of Durness; on the west, Lochs Inchard, Laxford (See also:

• SALMON
• SALMON, GEORGE (1819-1904)

salmon See also:

• FJORD, or FIORD

fjord), Cairnbawn, Glendhu, Glencoul, Eddrachilis Bay and Loch Inver; and, on the south-east, Loch Fleet . There are many waterfalls in the county . Those of Escuallin, near the head of Glencoul, are among the finest in Great Britain . There are three principal capes—Strathy Point on the north; Cape Wrath at the extreme north-west; and Ru Stoer, near which is the Old See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

Man of Stoer, a detached See also:

• PILLAR (0. Fr. piler, Mod. pilier, Late Lat. pilare, from pila, column)

pillar of See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock about 250 ft. high . On its seaward See also:

• FACE (from Lat. fades, derived either from facere, to make, or from a root fa-, meaning " appear "; cf. Gr. cbatvstv)

face Cape Wrath (a corruption of the Icelandic hvarf, turning-point) rises in precipitous cliffs to a height of 300 ft . The See also:

• GNEISS

gneiss rocks are scored with See also:

• PINK

pink See also:

• GRANITE (adapted from the Ital. granite, grained; Lat. granum, grain)

granite . Sunken reefs keep the sea almost always in tumult . Of the larger islands Handa, usually visited from Scourie on the west coast, has magnificent cliff scenery, distinguished for its beautiful coloration, its caverns and the richness and variety of the See also:

• BIRD

bird See also:

• LIFE

life, especially on the north-west, where the See also:

• TORRIDONIAN

Torridonian See also:

• SANDSTONE

sandstone rocks are 406 ft. high .

The See also:

• CAVE (Lat. cavea, from caves, hollow)
• CAVE, EDWARD (1691–1754)
• CAVE, WILLIAM (1637–1713)

cave of Smoo (Icelandic smuga, hole: same See also:

• ROOT (late O.E. rot, adopted from Scand., cf. Norw. and Swed. rot, Dan. rod; the true O.E. word was wyrt, plant, represented in Ger. Wurz or Wurzel; the ultimate root is the same in both words, and is seen in Lat. radix)
• ROOT, ELIHU (1845– )

root as smuggle) on the north coast, 1 m. east of Durness, is the most famous cavern in the shire; it consists of three See also:

• CHAMBERS (the Fr. chambre, from Lat. camera, a room)
• CHAMBERS, EPHRAIM (d. 1740)
• CHAMBERS, GEORGE (1803-1840)
• CHAMBERS, ROBERT (18oz-1871)
• CHAMBERS, SIR WILLIAM (1726-1796)

chambers hollowed out of the See also:

• LIME
• LIME (O. Eng. lim, Lat. limes, mud, from linere, to smear)

lime-See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone; the entrance See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

hall, 33 ft. high and 203 ft. long, is separated from the inner chamber, 70 ft. long by 30 ft. wide, by a ledge of rock beneath which pours a stream that descends as a See also:

• CATARACT (from the Lat. form cataracta of the Gr. Karapplucrgss, a floodgate, or waterfall, properly something which rushes down)

cataract from a hole in the roof, 8o ft. above . Behind the See also:

• WATERFALL

waterfall is the third chamber, 120 ft. long by 8 ft. wide, which can only be seen by artificial See also:

• LIGHT

light . See also:

• GEOLOGY (from Gr. yp7, the earth, and Abyor, science)

Geology.—A very irregular See also:

• LINE

line from Loch Eriboll on the north coast to the neighbourhood of Cromalt near the southern boundary separates the two rock See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

groups that See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form the See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation of the major portion of the county . On the western See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of this line are See also:

• TILE (0. Eng. tigel, Fr. tuile, connected with Lat. tegula)

tile See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient gneisses and See also:

• SCHISTS (Gr. vxq'ecv, to split)

schists (the Lewisian gneiss) ; these are penetrated by innumerable basic and See also:

• ACID (from the Lat. root ac-, sharp; acere, to be sour)

acid dikes which generally have a north-west to south-east trend . On the eastern side of the line, occupying the whole of the remaining area except the eastern fringe of the county, is a younger See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of metamorphic rocks, the Moine schists . Resting with marked unconformability upon the old gneiss near Cape Wrath, at Ru Stoer, Quinag, Canisp and Suilven are the dark red conglomerates, breccias and sandstones of Torridonian See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age: See also:

• CAMBRIAN

Cambrian rocks succeed the Torridonian, again with strong unconformity; they are represented in ascending See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order by (i) false bedded See also:

• QUARTZITE

quartzite, (2) quartzite with annelid burrows, the " See also:

• PIPE

pipe rock," (3) the fucoid beds with Olenellus See also:

• BAND

band, (4) serpulite grit, (5) Durness See also:

• LIMESTONE

limestone and See also:

• DOLOMITE

dolomite and their marmorized equivalents . The See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white quartzite that has been left as a cap on such dark Torridonian hills as Quinag and Canisp forms a striking feature in the landscape . These Cambrian rocks occupy a very irregular See also:

• BELT (a word common to Teutonic languages, the Old Ger. form being bale, from which the Lat. balteus probably derived)
• BELT, THOMAS (1832-1878)

belt along the line above mentioned; the broadest tract is in the neighbourhood of Loch Assynt, another large area lies about the southern end of Loch Eriboll and the Durness limestone is extensively See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed near the loch of that name . Along the belt of Cambrian rocks there is abundant See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence of crustal deformation on the most extensive See also:

• SCALE
• SCALE (1) A

scale; one after another great slices of rock, often See also:

• MILES, NELSON APPLETON (1839— )

miles in extent, have been sheared off and pushed forward by thrusts from a south-easterly direction, so that in several places it is possible to find the Lewisian gneiss dragged up and carried forward right on to the Cambrian; in the Durness district the eastern schists have been so transported from a distance of 10 m . The most striking of the planes of thrusting is that known as the Moine, others of great magnitude occur to the west of it, such as those by Glencoul and Ben More . Masses of granite appear in the eastern schists on the county boundary by Strath Halladale,at Ben Laoghal, Ben Stomino and east of Lairg . The Old Red Sandstone forms some elevated ground around Dornoch and Golspie and patches occur at Portskerra and elsewhere .

A narrow See also:

• STRIP

strip of Mesozoic strata lies along the coast from Golspie See also:

• BURN, RICHARD (1709-1785)

Burn to Ord . Triassic marls are seen in the Golspie stream; these are succeeded northwards, near Dun-See also:

• ROBIN

robin See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

Castle, by See also:

• LIAS

Lias, then by Great Oolite, with the Brora See also:

• COAL

coal, followed by See also:

• OXFORDIAN

Oxfordian, See also:

• CORALLIAN (Fr. Corallun)

Corallian and See also:

• KIMERIDGIAN

Kimeridgian beds . Evidence of See also:

• ICE (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Eis)

ice See also:

• ACTION

action is everywhere apparent, the striations show that the ice travelled towards the north-west and north, and from the eastern part of the county, towards See also:

• MORAY

Moray Firth . See also:

• CLIMATE

Climate and See also:

• AGRICULTURE
• AGRICULTURE (from Lat. ages, field, and colere, to cultivate)
• AGRICULTURE, BOARD OF

Agriculture.—The rainfall varies greatly, being lowest on the south-east and highest in the mountainous See also:

• HINTERLAND (German for " the land behind ")

hinterland of the west, with an See also:

• ANNUAL

annual mean of 44.7 in . The See also:

• AVERAGE

average temperature for the See also:

• YEAR

year is47° F., for See also:

• JANUARY

January 38.5°F.,for See also:

• JULY

July 56.5°F . Only one-fortieth of the total area is under cultivation, the shire ranking lowest in Scotland in this respect . The great See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass of the surface is grazing ground and deer forest . The best land adjoins Dornoch Firth, where farming is in an advanced See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition, but there are fertile patches along the river valleys . At the beginning of the 19th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century the crofters occupied almost every cultivable spot, and were more numerous than the See also:

• SOIL

soil could support . The first duke of Sutherland (then See also:

• MARQUIS

marquis of See also:

• STAFFORD
• STAFFORD, EARLS AND MARQUESSES OF

Stafford) adopted a policy of wholesale clearance . Between 1811 and 1820 fifteen thousand peasants were evicted from their holdings in the interior and transferred tq the coast . The duke incurred great obloquy, but persisted in his re-forms, which included reduction of See also:

• RENT

rent, improvement in the well-being of the See also:

• PEOPLE

people, reclamation of thousands of acres, and abolition of the tacksman or middleman, so that tenants should hold directly of himself .

He also did much to open up the shire generally . Between 1812—when there was only one bridge and no road in Sutherland—and 1832, he See also:

• BORE

bore See also:

• HALF

half the cost, the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government contributing the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest, of constructing 450 M. of road, 134 See also:

• BRIDGES
• BRIDGES, ROBERT (1844– )

bridges, some of considerable See also:

• SIZE

size, and the See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron bridge at See also:

• BONAR, HORATIUS (1808-1889)

Bonar of 15o ft. span . The 3rd duke (1828–1892) carried out a large See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan of reclamation . Attempts have been made to repeople some of the glens (Strath-'laver, for example) depopulated by the clearances . Crofters still largely predominate, nearly two-thirds of the holdings being under 5 acres —the highest proportion in Scotland . The chief See also:

• GRAIN (derived through the French from Lat. granum, seed, from an Aryan root meaning " to wear down," which also appears in the common Teutonic word " corn ")

grain crops are oats and See also:

• BARLEY (Hordeum sativum)

barley, the chief See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

green crops turnips (including swedes) and potatoes . The raising of livestock is the See also:

• STAPLE

staple business of the county . The See also:

• SHEEP
• SHEEP (from the Anglo-Saxon sceap, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; e.g. the German Schaf)

sheep are mostly Cheviots. the See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle West Highland, shorthorn and crossbred . Horses—principally ponies, though Clydesdales are used on the bigger farms—are almost wholly kept for agricultural purposes, and pigs are also reared . The deer forests belonging to the duke of Sutherland are Reay, 64,600 acres; Ben Armine and Coirna-fearn, 35,840; Glen Canisp, 34,490; and Dun-robin, 12,180--in all 147,110 acres, or more than one-ninth of the whole area . Excepting the south-See also:

• CAST (from the verb meaning " to throw "; the word is Scand. in origin, cf. Dan. kaste, and Swed. kasta; " cast " in Middle Eng. took the place of the A.S. weor pan, cf. Ger. werf en)

cast coast, the valley of the Shin, and a considerable portion of Strath Oykell, there are very few districts under See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood . Other See also:

• INDUSTRIES

Industries.—Next to agriculture, the deep-sea See also:

• FISHERY (LAW OF)

fishery and the salmon See also:

• FISHERIES

fisheries in the rivers are the most important See also:

• INTEREST

interest .

Helmsdale (pop . 12J9) is the only See also:

• PORT

port of any consequence . Her-rings are the principal catch, but See also:

• COD

cod, See also:

• LING, PER HENRIK (1776-1839)

ling and other fishes are also taken . See also:

• WHISKY, or WHISKEY

Whisky is distilled at Clyne and Brora; some woollens are manufactured at Rogart ; coal is See also:

• MINED

mined at Brora, See also:

• MARBLE (from Lat. marmor, Gr. pApµapos, shining stone)

marble quarried iu Assynt and limestone and sandstone in several districts . The exceptional facilities offered by the deer forests, See also:

• MOORS (Lat. Mauri; Gr. Mavpot, dark men)
• MOORS, KABYLES, MZABITES

moors and the many lochs and rivers attract large See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers of sportsmen whose See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom is valuable to the inhabitants; and Dornoch and Lochinver are in growing repute as See also:

• HOLIDAY

holiday resorts . The Highland railway enters the county at Invershin, goes northward to Lairg, then east to Brora and north-east to Helmsdale, whence it runs north-west to Kildonan, and north to Forsinard, where it shortly afterwards leaves the shire . The See also:

• GLASGOW

Glasgow steamers See also:

• CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call at Lochinver once a See also:

• WEEK (from A.S. wicu, Germanic *wikon, probably=change, turn)

week, and See also:

• MAIL

mail-cars run periodically from Lairg to Lochinver and Scourie in the west and to Durness and Tongue in the north; from Helmsdale,by the coast, to Berriedale, Dunbeath, Latheron and Lybster; and from Tongue to See also:

• THURSO

Thurso . Considering its scanty and scattered See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population and mountainous See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character, the county is well intersected by roads, many of which were constructed by successive See also:

• DUKES
• DUKES, LEOPOLD (1810-1891)

dukes of Sutherland, who own four-fifths of the shire . Population and See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

Administration.—In 1891 the population amounted to 21,896, and in 1901 it was 21,440, or 11 persons to the square mile, the least populous of Scottish counties . Several islands See also:

• LIE, JONAS LAURITZ EDEMIL (1833—1908)
• LIE, MARIUS SOPHUS (1842–1899)

lie off the west and north coast, but only See also:

• ROAN (0. Fr. rouan, rouen; Ital. roano, rovano; perhaps connected with rufus, red)

Roan, at the entrance to Kyle of Tongue, is inhabited (67) . In 1901 there were 469 persons speaking Gaelic only, 14,083 who spoke Gaelic and See also:

• ENGLISH

English . The county returns a member to See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament, and Dornoch, the county See also:

• TOWN

town, belongs to the See also:

• WICK

Wick See also:

• GROUP

group of See also:

• PARLIAMENTARY

parliamentary burghs .

Sutherland forms a See also:

• JOINT (through Fr. from Lat. junctum, jungere, to join)

joint sheriffdom with Ross and Cromarty, and a See also:

• SHERIFF

sheriff-substitute presides at Dornoch . The county is under school-See also:

• BOARD (O. Eng. bord)

board See also:

• JURISDICTION
• JURISDICTION, CRIMINAL LAW, DIVORCE

jurisdiction; some of the See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools See also:

• EARN

earn the See also:

• GRANT (from A.-Fr. graunter, O. Fr. greanter for creanter, popular Lat. creantare, for credentare, to entrust, Lat. credere, to believe, trust)
• GRANT, ANNE (1755-1838)
• GRANT, CHARLES (1746-1823)
• GRANT, GEORGE MONRO (1835–1902)
• GRANT, JAMES (1822–1887)
• GRANT, JAMES AUGUSTUS (1827–1892)
• GRANT, ROBERT (1814-1892)
• GRANT, SIR ALEXANDER
• GRANT, SIR FRANCIS (1803-1878)
• GRANT, SIR JAMES HOPE (1808–1895)
• GRANT, SIR PATRICK (1804-1895)
• GRANT, U
• GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON (1822-1885)

grant for higher See also:

• EDUCATION

education, and the " See also:

• RESIDUE (through the French, from the Lat. residuum, a remainder, from residere, to remain)

residue " grant is expended in bursaries . The Sutherland See also:

• COMBINATION (Lat. combinare, to combine)

combination poorhouse is situated in Creich and there is a See also:

• HOSPITAL (Lat. haspitalis, the adjective of hospes, host or guest)

hospital, the See also:

• LAWSON, CECIL GORDON (1851—1882)
• LAWSON, SIR JOHN (d. 1665)
• LAWSON, SIR WILFRID

Lawson Memorial, in Golspie . See also:

• HISTORY

History and Antiquities.—Of the Picts, the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original inhabitants, there are considerable remains in the form of broths (or See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round towers), numerous and widely scattered, Picts' houses, tumuli, See also:

• CAIRNS
• CAIRNS, HUGH MC CALMONT CAIRNS, 1ST EARL (1819-1885)
• CAIRNS, JOHN (1818–1892)

cairns and hut circles . Dun Dornadilla, in the See also:

• PARISH (Gr. irapouda, district, neighbourhood; 7r&poucos, one dwelling near or beside, from crap&, OtKOS, house; Lat. paroecur, Late Lat. parochia; cf. Fr. paroisse)

parish of Durness, 4 M. south of Loch Hope, is a See also:

• TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

tower, 150 ft. in circumference, still in See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good preservation . The Norse jarl Thorfinn overran the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country in 1034 and the Scandinavian colonists called it, in relation to their settlements in the Orkneys and Shetlands, Sudrland, the " southern land," or Sutherland . After the See also:

• CONQUEST

conquest of the district by the Scottish See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings, Sutherland was conferred on See also:

• HUGH
• HUGH, ST

Hugh Freskin (a descendant of Freskin of See also:

• MORAVIA (Ger., Ma/wen; Czech, Morava)

Moravia or Moray), whose son See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William was created See also:

• EARL

earl of Sutherland in 1228 by See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander II . Assynt was peopled by a See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch of the Macleods of See also:

• LEWIS, HENRY CARVILL
• LEWIS, JOHN FREDERICK (180 1876)
• LEWIS, MATTHEW GREGORY (1775-1818)
• LEWIS, MERIWETHER (1774-1809)
• LEWIS, SIR GEORGE CORNEWALL, BART

Lewis, till they were dispossessed by the Mackenzies, who sold the territory to the earl of Sutherland about the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of the 18th century . The vast tract of the Reay country, belonging to the Mackays, an ancient See also:

• CLAN (Gaelic clann, O. Ir. cland, connected with Lat. planta, shoot or scion, the ancient Gaelic or Goidelic substituting k for p)

clan, also See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell piece by piece into the hands of the Sutherland family . See also:

• KILLIN

Killin, on the east See also:

• BANK

bank of Loch Brora, was the site of an old See also:

• CHAPEL

chapel dedicated to St See also:

• COLUMBA, SAINT (Irish, Colum)

Columba, an association commemorated in the name of Kilcolmkill House, hard by . On the south shore of Helmsdale See also:

• CREEK
• CREEK (Mid. Eng. crike or creke, common to many N. European languages)

creek stand the ruins of the castle in which the 11th earl of Sutherland and his wife were poisoned by his See also:

• UNCLE

uncle's widow in 1567, with a view to securing the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title for her only See also:

• CHILD
• CHILD, FRANCIS JAMES (1825-1896)
• CHILD, L
• CHILD, LYDIA MARIA (1802-1880)
• CHILD, SIR FRANCIS (1642-1713)
• CHILD, SIR JOHN (d. 1690)
• CHILD, SIR JOSIAH (163o - 1699)

child who was next of See also:

• KIN (0. E. cyn, a word represented in nearly all Teutonic languages, cf. Du. kunne, Dan. and Swed. kon, Goth kuni, tribe; the Teutonic base is kunya; the equivalent Aryan root gan- to beget, produce, is seen in Gr. 'yEvos, Lat. genus, cf. "kind")

kin to the earl and his son . Ardvreck Castle, now in ruins, at the east end of Loch Assynt, was the See also:

• PRISON (derived through the Fr. from the Lat. prehensio, seizure)

prison of the marquis of See also:

• MONTROSE
• MONTROSE, JAMES GRAHAM, MARQUESS OF (1612—1650)
• MONTROSE, MARQUESSES AND DUKES OF

Montrose after his defeat at Invercarron (1650), whence he was delivered up by Neil See also:

• MACLEOD, HENRY DUNNING (1821-1902),
• MACLEOD, NORMAN (1812-1872)

Macleod of Assynt for See also:

• EXECUTION (from Lat. ex-sequor, exsecutus, follow or carry out)

execution at See also:

• EDINBURGH

Edinburgh .

In the graveyard of the old See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church of Durness is a See also:

• MONUMENT (Lat. monumentum or monumentum; from monere, to advise, bring to mind, remind; the German equivalent is Denkmal)

monument to See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert See also:

• MACKAY
• MACKAY, CHARLES (1814–1889)
• MACKAY, HUGH (c. 164o-169z)
• MACKAY, JOHN WILLIAM (1831–1902)

Mackay, called Rob Donn (the See also:

• BROWN
• BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
• BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
• BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
• BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
• BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
• BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
• BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
• BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
• BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
• BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
• BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
• BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
• BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
• BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
• BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
• BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
• BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
• BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
• BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
• BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
• BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
• BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)

brown), the Gaelic poet (1714-1778) .