EARLS AND See also:

• DUKES
• DUKES, LEOPOLD (1810-1891)

DUKES OF See also:

• EARLS AND DUKES OF SUTHERLAND

SUTHERLAND  . The first See also:

• EARL

earl of See also:

• SUTHERLAND, EARLS AND DUKES OF

Sutherland was a certain See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William (d . 1284), whose See also:

• FATHER

father, See also:

• HUGH
• HUGH, ST

Hugh Freskin (d . 1204), acquired the See also:

• DISTRICT

district of Sutherland about 1197 . Probably about 1230 William was created earl of Sutherland . His descendant William, the 4th earl (d . 1370), was a See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person of some importance in the See also:

• HISTORY

history of See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland; he married See also:

• MARGARET
• MARGARET (1283–1290)
• MARGARET (1353-1412)
• MARGARET (1489–1541)
• MARGARET, ST (c. 1045–1093)
• MARGARET, ST (SANCTA MARGARITA)

Margaret (d . 1358), daughter of See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert See also:

• BRUCE
• BRUCE, ALEXANDER BALMAIN (1831-1899)
• BRUCE, JAMES (1930-1794)
• BRUCE, MICHAEL (1746-1767)

Bruce . His descendant See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John, the 9th earl, a See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man of weak See also:

• INTELLECT (Lat. intellectus, from intelligere, to understand)

intellect, died unmarried in 1514 . John's See also:

• SISTER

sister See also:

• ELIZABETH
• ELIZABETH (1533-1603)
• ELIZABETH (1596-1662)
• ELIZABETH (1635–1650)
• ELIZABETH [ AMELIE EUGENIE ] (1837—1898)
• ELIZABETH [1lisabeth Philippine Marie Helene of France] (1764—1794)
• ELIZABETH [PAULINE ELIZABETH OTTILIE LOUISE] (1843– )
• ELIZABETH [PETROVNA] (1709-1762), EMPRESS
• ELIZABETH, SAINT (1207-1231)

Elizabeth (d . 1535) married See also:

• ADAM
• ADAM (or ADAN) DE LE HALE (died c. 1288)
• ADAM, ALEXANDER (1741–1809)
• ADAM, JULIETTE (1836– )
• ADAM, LAMBERT SIGISBERT (1700-1759)
• ADAM, MELCHIOR (d. 1622)
• ADAM, PAUL (1862– )
• ADAM, ROBERT (1728—1792)
• ADAM, SIR FREDERICK (1781-1853)
• ADAM, WILLIAM (1751-1839)

Adam See also:

• GORDON
• GORDON, ADAM LINDSAY (1833—1870)
• GORDON, ALEXANDER (c. 1692—c. 1754)
• GORDON, CHARLES GEORGE (1833-'885)
• GORDON, LEON
• GORDON, LORD GEORGE (1751-1793)
• GORDON, PATRICK (1635–1699)
• GORDON, SIR JOHN WATSON (1788—1864)

Gordon (d . 1537), a younger son of See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George Gordon, 2nd earl of See also:

• HUNTLY
• HUNTLY, EARLS AND MARQUESSES OF

Huntly, and a See also:

• GRANDSON (Ger. Grandsee)

grandson of King See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James I., and before 1516 Gordon be-came earl of Sutherland by right of his wife .

He was succeeded by his grandson John (c . 1526-1567), the 2nd earl of his See also:

• LINE

line, who played his See also:

• PART

part in the turbulent politics of the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time and was poisoned at the instigation of George See also:

• SINCLAIR
• SINCLAIR, SIR JOHN, BART

Sinclair, 4th earl of See also:

• CAITHNESS

Caithness . His See also:

• GREAT

great-grandson John, the 5th earl (1609-1663), was a strong Covenanter, being called by his associates " the See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good Earl John "; he fought against See also:

• MONTROSE
• MONTROSE, JAMES GRAHAM, MARQUESS OF (1612—1650)
• MONTROSE, MARQUESSES AND DUKES OF

Montrose at Auldearn, but afterwards he rendered good service to See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles II . John Gordon (c . 1660-1733), who became the seventh earl in 1703, supported the revolution of 1688 and was a See also:

• COMMISSIONER

commissioner for the See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

union of See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England and Scotland . He was a Scottish representative peer in four parliaments, See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president of the See also:

• BOARD (O. Eng. bord)

board of See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade and manufactures, and See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

lord-See also:

• LIEUTENANT

lieutenant of the eight See also:

• NORTHERN

northern counties of Scotland . He was active in putting down the rising of 1715 . This earl, who took the name of Sutherland instead of that of Gordon, was succeeded by his grandson William (c . 1708-1750), a representative peer, who helped to suppress the See also:

• REBELLION

rebellion of 1745 . William, the next earl, died without male issue in 1766 . This earl's daughter Elizabeth (1765–1839) claimed the See also:

• PEERAGE
• PEERAGE (Fr. pairage, med. Lat. paragium; M.E. Pere, 0. Fr. per, peer, later pair; Lat. Paris, " equal ")

peerage, and although her See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title thereto was See also:

• CON

con-tested by See also:

• SIR

Sir Robert Gordon, See also:

• BART, JEAN (1651-1702)

Bart., a descendant of the first Gordon earl, it was confirmed by the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

House of Lords in 1771 . Established in the See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of the title and the vast estates of the earldom, the countess of Sutherland was married in 1785 to George See also:

• GRANVILLE
• GRANVILLE, GRANVILLE
• GRANVILLE, JOHN CARTERET, EARL (1690-1763)

Granville Leveson-See also:

• GOWER
• GOWER, JOHN (d. 1408)

Gower (1758-1833), who succeeded his father as second See also:

• MARQUESS (1760-1842)
• MARQUESS, or MARQUIS (Fr. marquis, Ital. marchese; from med. Lat. marchio, marchisus, i.e. comes marchiae, " count of the March ")

marquess of See also:

• STAFFORD
• STAFFORD, EARLS AND MARQUESSES OF

Stafford in 1803 .

In addition to the estates of the marquessate of Stafford, Leveson-Gower inherited the See also:

• BRIDGEWATER, FRANCIS EGERTON, 3RP DUKE OF (1736-1803)
• BRIDGEWATER, FRANCIS HENRY EGERTON

Bridgewater See also:

• CANAL
• CANAL (from Lat. canalis, " channel " and " kennel " being doublets of the word)

Canal and estates from his maternal See also:

• UNCLE

uncle, See also:

• FRANCIS
• FRANCIS (FRarrcols) OF SALES, ST (1567-1622)
• FRANCIS (Lat. Franciscus, Ital. Francesco, Span. Francisco, Fr. Francois, Ger. Franz)
• FRANCIS, SIR PHILIP (174o-1818)

Francis See also:

• EGERTON, SIR PHILIP DE MALPAS GREY

Egerton, and See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of Bridgewater, and these properties, together with his wife's estates, which included almost the whole of the See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county of Sutherland, made him a " See also:

• LEVIATHAN

leviathan of See also:

• WEALTH

wealth," as he is called by Charles Greville . In 1833 he was created duke of Sutherland . Leveson-Gower was a member of See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament from 1778 to 1784 and again from 1787 to 1798 and was See also:

• BRITISH

British See also:

• AMBASSADOR (also EMBASSADOR, the form sometimes still used in America; from the Fr. ambassadeur, with which compare Ital. ambasciatore and Span. embajador, all variants of the Med. Lat. ambassiator, ambassiator, ambasator, &c., derived from Med. Lat. amba

ambassador in See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris from 1790 to 1792 . From 1799 to 1810 he was See also:

• JOINT (through Fr. from Lat. junctum, jungere, to join)

joint postmaster-See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general . He was a See also:

• COLLECTOR

collector of paintings, and See also:

• PURCHASED

purchased Stafford House, still the See also:

• LONDON

London See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence of the See also:

• DUKES
• DUKES, LEOPOLD (1810-1891)

dukes of Sutherland . As a landlord he greatly improved his estates in See also:

• STAFFORDSHIRE

Staffordshire and See also:

• SHROPSHIRE (SALOP)

Shropshire and then turned his See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention to those of his wife in See also:

• SUTHERLANDSHIRE

Sutherlandshire . He was responsible for the construction of about 450 M. of road and of many See also:

• BRIDGES
• BRIDGES, ROBERT (1844– )

bridges, but his policy of removing a large number of his tenants from the interior to the See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast aroused bitterness and See also:

• CRITICISM
• CRITICISM (from the Gr. KpiTrlS, a judge, Kpivew, to decide, to give an authoritative opinion)

criticism . However, he reduced rents and brought thousands of acres into cultivation . He died at Dunrobin See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

Castle on the 5th of See also:

• JULY

July 1833 . His See also:

• ELDER (0. Eng. ellarn; Ger. Holunder; Fr. sureau)
• ELDER (Gr. 1rpev(3iTepos)

elder son, George Granville (1786-1861), became the 2nd duke, but the valuable Bridgewater estates passed to his younger son, Lord Francis Leveson-Gower, who was created earl of See also:

• ELLESMERE

Ellesmere in 1846 . The 2nd duke's wife, Harriet Elizabeth Georgiana (18o6–1868), a daughter of George See also:

• HOWARD (FAMILY)
• HOWARD, CATHERINE (d. 1542)
• HOWARD, JOHN (1726-1790)
• HOWARD, LORD WILLIAM (1563–1640)
• HOWARD, OLIVER OTIS (1830-19o9)
• HOWARD, SIR ROBERT (1626–1698)

Howard, 6th earl of See also:

• CARLISLE
• CARLISLE, EARLS OF

Carlisle, was one of See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

Queen See also:

• VICTORIA
• VICTORIA (or VITTORIA), TOMMASSO LUDOVICO DA (C. I540-C. 1613)
• VICTORIA [ALEXANDRINA VICTORIA]

Victoria's most intimate See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends . She was See also:

• MISTRESS

mistress of the See also:

• ROBES (Fr. robe, Late Lat. roba, raupa, meaning (1)

robes to the queen, whose refusal to part with her in 1839 led to a ministerial crisis .

Some of her letters are published in Stafford House Letters, edited by her son Lord Ronald Gower (1891) . George Granville William, the 3rd duke (1828-1892), spent large sums in improving his estates . His wife See also:

• ANNE (1665-1714)
• ANNE (1693-1740)

Anne (1829-1888), daughter of John See also:

• HAY
• HAY (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Heu, Dutch hooi; the root from which it is derived, meaning " to cut," is also seen in " to hew "; cf. " hoe ")
• HAY, GEORGE (1729—1811)
• HAY, GILBERT
• HAY, JOHN (1838–1905)

Hay See also:

• MACKENZIE
• MACKENZIE, ALEXANDER (1822-1892)
• MACKENZIE, HENRY (1745-1831)
• MACKENZIE, SIR ALEXANDER (c. 1755-1820)
• MACKENZIE, SIR ALEXANDER CAMPBELL (1847— )
• MACKENZIE, SIR GEORGE (1636-1691)
• MACKENZIE, SIR MORELL (1837-1892)
• MACKENZIE, WILLIAM LYON (1795-1861)

Mackenzie, was created countess of Cromartie in 1861, and the earldom descended to her second son Francis (1852-1893) . When he died without sons the earldom See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell into See also:

• ABEYANCE (O. Fr. abeance, " gaping")

abeyance, but this was terminated in 1895 in favour of his (See also:

• LAUGHTER

laughter Sibell Lilian (b . 1878), the author of The Days of See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

Fire and other books . In 1892 Cromartie Leveson-Gower (b . 1851), who had been M.P. for Sutherlandshire, became 4th duke of Sutherland . His wife, Millicent Fanny, daughter of the 4th earl of See also:

• ROSSLYN, ALEXANDER WEDDERBURN, 1ST EARL OP (1733-1805)
• ROSSLYN, EARLS OF

Rosslyn, became well known in See also:

• LITERARY

literary as well as in social and philanthropic circles .