See also:

• SIR

SIR See also:

• JOSEPH
• JOSEPH, COMTE DE (1785-1870)
• JOSEPH, FATHER (FRANCOIS LECLERC DU TREMBLAY) (1577-1638)

JOSEPH See also:

• WILSON, ALEXANDER (1766-1813)
• WILSON, HENRY (1812–1875)
• WILSON, HORACE HAYMAN (1786–1860)
• WILSON, JAMES (1742—1798)
• WILSON, JAMES (1835— )
• WILSON, JAMES HARRISON (1837– )
• WILSON, JOHN (1627-1696)
• WILSON, JOHN (178 1854)
• WILSON, ROBERT (d. 1600)
• WILSON, SIR DANIEL (1816–1892)
• WILSON, SIR ROBERT THOMAS (1777—1849)
• WILSON, SIR WILLIAM JAMES ERASMUS
• WILSON, THOMAS (1663-1755)
• WILSON, THOMAS (c. 1525-1581)
• WILSON, WOODROW (1856— )

WILSON See also:

• SWAN (A. S. swan and swan, Icel. svanr, Du. zwaart, Ger. Schwan)
• SWAN, J
• SWAN, JOHN MACALLAN (1847-1910)
• SIR JOSEPH WILSON SWAN (1828– )

SWAN (1828– )  , See also:

• ENGLISH

English physicist and electrician, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• SUNDERLAND
• SUNDERLAND, CHARLES SPENCER, 3RD EARL OF (c. 1674-1722)
• SUNDERLAND, ROBERT SPENCER, 2ND EARL OF (1640-17o2); English politician, was the only son of Henry Spencer (162o--1643)

Sunderland on the 31st of See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1828 . After serving his See also:

• APPRENTICESHIP (from Fr. apprendre, to learn)

apprenticeship with a chemist in his native See also:

• TOWN

town, he became first assistant and later partner in a See also:

• FIRM

firm of manufacturing chemists in See also:

• NEWCASTLE
• NEWCASTLE, DUKES OF

Newcastle . Among its operations this firm included the manufacture of photographic plates, and thus See also:

• SWAN (A. S. swan and swan, Icel. svanr, Du. zwaart, Ger. Schwan)
• SWAN, J
• SWAN, JOHN MACALLAN (1847-1910)
• SWAN, SIR JOSEPH WILSON (1828– )

Swan was led to one of the advances in See also:

• PHOTOGRAPHY (Gr. bias, light, and ypa w, to write)
• PHOTOGRAPHY, CELESTIAL

photography with which his name is associated—the See also:

• PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

production of extremely rapid dry plates, which were the outcome of an See also:

• ORIGINAL

original observation made by him on the effect of See also:

• HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat in increasing the sensitiveness of a gelatino-bromide of See also:

• SILVER

silver emulsion . In 1862 he patented the first commercially practicable See also:

• PROCESS

process for See also:

• CARBON (symbol C, atomic weight 12)

carbon See also:

• PRINTING (from Lat. imprimere, O. Fr. empreindre)

printing in photography . This depended on the fact that when gelatine is exposed to See also:

• LIGHT

light in the presence of bichromate salts it is rendered insoluble and non-absorbent of See also:

• WATER

water . Swan took a See also:

• SURFACE

surface of gelatine, dusted over with lampblack and sensitized with bichromate of ammonium, and exposed it to light below a photographic negative; the result was to make the gelatine from the surface downwards insoluble to a See also:

• DEPTH

depth depending on the intensity, and therefore- penetration, of the light which had reached it through the negative . In this operation the surface of the gelatine was also rendered insoluble, and it therefore became necessary to get at its back in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to be able to See also:

• WASH, THE

wash away the portions that still remained soluble; this was effected by cementing the insoluble surface to a fresh See also:

• SHEET

sheet of See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper by means of indiarubber See also:

• SOLUTION (from Lat. solvere, to loosen, dissolve)

solution, and then detaching the original support . It thus became possible to reach the soluble portions with water and to obtain a See also:

• REPRESENTATION

representation of the picture, though reversed as to right and See also:

• LEFT

left, in See also:

• RELIEF

relief on the pigmented gelatine . This process has been simplified and improved by subsequent workers, but in its essential features it forms the basis of some of the methods of photographic See also:

• REPRODUCTION

reproduction most widely used at the See also:

• PRESENT

present See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day . But Swan's name deserves remembrance even more in connexion with the invention of the incandescent electric See also:

• LAMP (from Gr. Xag ras, a torch, Xaµaav, to shine)

lamp than with improvements in photographic technique . He was one of the first to undertake the production of an electric lamp in which the light should be produced by the passage of an electric current through a carbon filament, and he was almost certainly far ahead, in point of See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time, of any other worker in the same See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field in realizing the conditions to be met and the difficulties to be overcome . So far back as 186o he constructed an electric lamp with a carbon filament, which was formed by, packing pieces of paper or card with See also:

• CHARCOAL

charcoal See also:

• POWDER (through O. Fr. puldre, modern poudre, from Lat. pulvis, pulveris, dust)

powder in a crucible and subjecting the whole to a high temperature .

The carbonized paper thus obtained he mounted in the See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of a See also:

• FINE

fine See also:

• STRIP

strip in a vacuous See also:

• GLASS
• GLASS (O.E. glees, cf. Ger. Glas, perhaps derived from an old Teutonic root gla-, a variant of glo-, having the general sense of shining, cf. " glare," " glow ")
• GLASS, STAINED

glass See also:

• VESSEL (O. Fr. vaissel, from a rare Lat. vascellum, dim. of vas, vase, urn)

vessel and connected it with a See also:

• BATTERY (Fr. batterie, from battles, to beat)

battery of See also:

• GROVE (O.E. graf, cf. O.E. gr(efa, brushwood, later" greave "; the word does not appear in any other Teutonic language, and the New English Dictionary finds no Indo-European root to which it can be referred; Skeat considers it connected with " grave," to
• GROVE, SIR GEORGE (182o-1900)
• GROVE, SIR WILLIAM ROBERT (1811-1896)

Grove's cells, which though not strong enough to raise it to See also:

• COMPLETE

complete incandescence, were sufficient to make it red-het . This was substantially the method adopted by See also:

• EDISON, THOMAS ALVA (1847– )

Edison nearly twenty years later, after various fruitless efforts to make a See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical lamp with a filament of See also:

• PLATINUM [symbol Pt, atomic weight 145.0 (0=16)]

platinum or a platinum alloy had convinced him of the unsuitability of that See also:

• METAL
• METAL (through Fr. from Lat. metallum, mine, quarry, adapted from Gr. µATaXAov, in the same sense, probably connected with ,ueraAAdv, to search after, explore, µeTa, after, aAAos, other)

metal for the purpose—a conclusion which Swan had reasoned out for himself many years before . By the time Edison had See also:

• HIT

hit upon the See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea of carbonizing paper or See also:

• BAMBOO

bamboo by heat to form the filament, Swan had devised the further improvement of using See also:

• COTTON
• COTTON (Fr. coton; from Arab. qutun)
• COTTON, CHARLES (163o–1687)
• COTTON, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH (1813–1866)
• COTTON, JOHN (1585–1652)
• COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE

cotton See also:

• THREAD (0. Eng. praed, literally, that which is twisted, prawan, to twist, to throw, cf. " throwster," a silk-winder, Ger. drehen, to twist, turn, Du. draad, Ger. Draht, thread, wire)

thread " parchmentized " by the See also:

• ACTION

action of sulphuric See also:

• ACID (from the Lat. root ac-, sharp; acere, to be sour)

acid, and it was by the aid of such carbon filaments that on the 2oth of October 188o he gave at Newcastle the first public See also:

• EXHIBITION

exhibition and literature . Scientifically it is usually known as See also:

• CYGNUS (" The Swan ")

Cygnus olor . Its large See also:

• SIZE

size, its spotless See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white plumage, its See also:

• ORANGE
• ORANGE (Citrus Aurantium)
• ORANGE, HOUSE OF

orange-red See also:

• BILL

bill, surmounted by a See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black knob (technically the "See also:

• BERRY, CHARLES ALBERT (1852-1899)
• BERRY, CHARLES FERDINAND
• BERRY, JOHN, DUKE OF (1340-1416)
• BERRY, or BERRI

berry ") larger in the male than in the See also:

• FEMALE

female, its black legs and stately See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance on the water are See also:

• FAMILIAR (through the Fr. familier, from Lat. familiaris, of or belonging to the familia, family)

familiar, either from figures innumerable or from See also:

• DIRECT

direct observation, to almost every one . When left to itself its See also:

• NEST

nest is a large See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass of aquatic See also:

• PLANTS

plants, often piled to the height of a couple of feet and possibly some six feet in See also:

• DIAMETER (from the Cr. &a, through, µErpov, measure)

diameter . In the midst of this is a hollow which contains the eggs, generally from five to nine in number, of a greyish-See also:

• OLIVE (Olea europaea)

olive See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour . The See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of See also:

• INCUBATION

incubation is between five and six See also:

• WEEKS, EDWIN LORD (1849-1903)

weeks, and the See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young when hatched are clothed in sooty-See also:

• GREY, CHARLES GREY, 2ND EARL (1764-1845)
• GREY, HENRY GREY, 3RD EARL (1802-1894)
• GREY, LADY JANE (1537-1554)
• GREY, SIR EDWARD
• GREY, SIR GEORGE (1812–1898)

grey down, which is succeeded by feathers of sooty-See also:

• BROWN
• BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
• BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
• BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
• BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
• BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
• BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
• BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
• BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
• BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
• BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
• BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
• BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
• BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
• BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
• BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
• BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
• BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
• BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
• BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
• BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
• BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
• BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)

brown . This suit is gradually replaced by white, but the young birds are more than a twelve-See also:

• MONTH
• MONTH (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maand, Dan. maaned, &c., and cognate with Lat. mensis, Gr. µi7v, &c., in other branches of the Indo-Germanic family; all ultimately from the root seen in the word for the moon in nearly all those languages

month old before they lose all trace of colouring and become wholly white . It was, however, noticed by See also:

• PLOT
• PLOT, ROBERT (164o-1696)

Plot (N.H . See also:

• STAFFORDSHIRE

Staffordshire, p . 228) more than 20o years ago that certain swans on the See also:

• TRENT
• TRENT (Lat. Tridentum; Ital. Trento; Ger. relent)
• TRENT, COUNCIL OF

Trent had white cygnets; and it was subsequently observed of such birds that both parents and progeny had legs of a paler colour, while the young had not the " See also:

• BLUE (common in different forms to most European languages)

blue bill " of See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary swans at the same See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age that has in some parts of the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country given them a name, besides offering a few other See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

minor See also:

• DIFFERENCES, CALCULUS OF (Theory of Finite Differences)

differences .

These, being examined by W . See also:

• YARRELL, WILLIAM (1784–1856)

Yarrell led him to announce (Proc . Zool . Society, 1838, p . 19) the birds presenting them as forming a distinct See also:

• SPECIES

species, C. immutabilis, to which the English name of " See also:

• POLISH

Polish " swan had already been attached by the See also:

• LONDON

London poulterers,) but which is now regarded merely as a variety, not in any way specially associated with See also:

• POLAND (Polish Polska, Ger. Polen), (see POLAND, RUSSIAN, below)
• POLAND, RUSSIAN

Poland but possibly a dimorphic form . The whooper, whistling or See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild swan2 of See also:

• MODERN

modern usage, Cygnus musicus, which was doubtless always a See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter-visitant to See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain, though nearly as bulky and quite as purely white in its adult plumage, is at once recognizable from the species which has been See also:

• HALF

half domesticated by its wholly different but equally graceful See also:

• CARRIAGE

carriage, and its bill—which is black at the tip and See also:

• LEMON
• LEMON, MARK (1809-1870)

lemon-yellow for a See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• PART

part of its See also:

• BASE

base . This entirely distinct species is a native of See also:

• ICELAND (Dan. Island)

Iceland, eastern See also:

• LAPLAND, or LAPPLAND

Lapland and See also:

• NORTHERN

northern See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia, whence it wanders southward in autumn, and the musical tones it utters (contrasting with the silence that has caused its relative to be often called the See also:

• MUTE (Lat. tnutus, dumb)

mute swan) have been celebrated from the time of See also:

• HOMER, WINSLOW (1836-191o)

Homer to our own . Otherwise in a See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general way there is little difference between the habits of the two, and very closely allied to the whooper is a much smaller species, with very well marked characteristics, known as See also:

• BEWICK, THOMAS (1753-1828)

Bewick's Swan, C. bewicki . This was first indicated as a variety of the last by P . S . See also:

• PALLAS, PETER SIMON (1741–1811)

Pallas, but its specific validity is now fully established . Apart from size, it may be externally distinguished from the whooper by the bill having only a small patch of yellow, which inclines to an orange rather than a lemon tint; while internally the difference of the vocal See also:

• ORGANS

organs is well marked, and its cry, though melodious enough, is unlike .

It has a more easterly See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home in the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north than the whooper, but in winter not infrequently occurs in Britain . Both the species last mentioned have their representatives in North See also:

• AMERICA

America, and in each See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case the transatlantic See also:

• BIRD

bird is considerably larger than that of the Old See also:

• WORLD

World . The first is the See also:

• TRUMPETER

trumpeter-swan, C. buccinator, which has the bill wholly black, and the second the C. columbianus—greatly resembling Bewick's swan, but with the coloured patches on the bill of less extent and deepening almost into See also:

• SCARLET

scarlet . See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South America produces two very distinct birds commonly regarded as swans, Cygnus melanocoryphus, the black-necked swan, and that which is called Coscoroba . This last, C. candida, which inhabits the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern extremity of the See also:

• CONTINENT (from Lat. continere, "to hold together "; hence " connected," " continuous ")

continent to See also:

• CHILE, or CHILI (derived, it is said, from the Quichua chin , cold, or tchili, snow)

Chile and the See also:

• ARGENTINE

Argentine territory and visits the See also:

• FALKLAND
• FALKLAND, LUCIUS CARY

Falkland Islands, is the smallest species known—pure white in colour except the tip of its primaries, but having a red bill and red feet.3 The former, if not discovered by earlier navigators, was M . Gerbe, in his edition of Degland's Ornithologie Europeenne (ii . 477), makes the amusing See also:

• MISTAKE (i.e. take amiss)

mistake of attributing this name to the fourreurs (furriers) of London, and of See also:

• READING

reading it Cygne du See also:

• POLE (FAMILY)
• POLE, REGINALD (1500-1558)
• POLE, RICHARD DE LA (d. 1525)
• POLE, WILLIAM (1814—1900)

pole (polar, and not Polish, swan) ! 2 In some districts it is called by wild-fowlers " See also:

• ELK

elk," which perhaps may be cognate with the Icelandic Alit and the Old See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German Elbs or Elps (cf . See also:

• GESNER
• GESNER, ABRAHAM (1797-1864)
• GESNER, JOHANN MATTHIAS (1691—1761)

Gesner, Ornithologia, pp . 358, 359), though by modern Germans Etb-schwan seems to be used for the preceding species . 3 Dr Stejneger (Proc . U .

S . Nat . Museum, 1882, pp . 177–179) has been at much pains to show that this is no swan at all, but merely a large Anatine form . Further See also:

• RESEARCH (O. Fr. recerche, from recercher, re- and cercer, mod. chercher, to search; Late Lat. circare, to go round in a circle, to explore)

research may prove that his views are well founded, and that this, with another very imperfectly known species, C. davidi, described by Swinhoe (Proc . Zool . See also:

• SOC

Soc.,observed by Narbrough on the 2nd of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1670 in the Strait of See also:

• MAGELLAN, FERDINAND (in Sp. FERNANDO MAGALLANES, in Port. FERNAO DE MAGALHAES) (c. 1480-152I)

Magellan, as announced in 1694 in the first edition of his Voyage (p . 52) . It was subsequently found on the Falkland Islands during the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

settlement there in 1764–1765, as stated by Pernetty (Voyage, 2nd ed., ii . 26, 99), and was first technically described in 1782 by See also:

• MOLINA, LUIS (1535-1600)

Molina (Saggio See also:

• SULLA, LUCIUS CORNELIUS (138–78 B.C.)

sulla See also:

• STAR

star. nat. del Chile, pp . 234, 344) . Its range seems to be much the same as that of the Coscoroba, except that it comes farther to the northward, to the See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast of southern See also:

• BRAZIL
• BRAZIL, or BRASIL

Brazil on the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east, and perhaps into See also:

• BOLIVIA

Bolivia on the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west .

It is a very handsome bird, of large size, with a See also:

• BRIGHT, JOHN (1811-188g)
• BRIGHT, SIR CHARLES TILSTON

bright red nasal knob, a black See also:

• NECK (O. Eng. hnecca; the word appears in many Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch ride, Ger. Nacken; in O. E. the common word was heals; cf. Ger. Hals)

neck and the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of its plumage pure white . It has been introduced into See also:

• EUROPE

Europe, and breeds freely in confinement . A greater See also:

• INTEREST

interest than attaches to the South See also:

• AMERICAN

American birds last mentioned is that which invests the black swan of See also:

• AUSTRALIA

Australia, Chenopis atrata . Considered for so many centuries to be an impossibility, the knowledge of its existence seems to have impressed (more perhaps than anything else) the popular mind with the notion of the extreme divergence—not to say the contrariety—of the organic products of that country . By a singular stroke of See also:

• FORTUNE, ROBERT (1813-188o)

fortune we are able to name the precise day on which this unexpected See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery was made . The Dutch navigator Willem de Vlaming, visiting the west coast of Zuidland (Southland), sent two of his boats on the 6th of See also:

• JANUARY

January 1697 to explore an See also:

• ESTUARY (from the Lat. aestuarium, a place reached by aestus, the tide)

estuary he had found . There their crews saw at first two and then more black swans, of which they caught four, taking two of them alive to See also:

• BATAVIA

Batavia; and Valentyn, who several years later recounted this voyage, gives in his See also:

• WORK

work' a See also:

• PLATE

plate representing the See also:

• SHIP

ship, boats and birds, at the mouth of what is now known from this circumstance as Swan See also:

• RIVER

river, the most important stream of the thriving See also:

• COLONY (Lat. colonia, from colonus, a cultivator)

colony of West Australia, which has adopted this very bird as its armorial See also:

• SYMBOL (Gr. o-uµ(3oXov, a sign)

symbol . Valentyn, however, was not the first to publish this interesting discovery . See also:

• NEWS

News of it soon reached See also:

• AMSTERDAM
• AMSTERDAM (NEw AMSTERDAM)

Amsterdam, and the burgomaster of that See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city, Witsen by name, himself a See also:

• FELLOW

fellow of the Royal Society, lost no time in communicating the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief facts ascertained, and among them the finding of the black swans, to See also:

• MARTIN (Martinus)
• MARTIN, BON LOUIS HENRI (1810-1883)
• MARTIN, CLAUD (1735-1800)
• MARTIN, FRANCOIS XAVIER (1762-1846)
• MARTIN, HOMER DODGE (1836-1897)
• MARTIN, JOHN (1789-1854)
• MARTIN, LUTHER (1748-1826)
• MARTIN, SIR THEODORE (1816-1909)
• MARTIN, SIR WILLIAM FANSHAWE (1801–1895)
• MARTIN, ST (c. 316-400)
• MARTIN, WILLIAM (1767-1810)

Martin See also:

• LISTER, JOSEPH LISTER
• LISTER, MARTIN (c. 1638-1712)

Lister, by whom they were laid before that society in October 1698, and printed in its Philosophical Transactions, xx . 361 . Subsequent voyagers, See also:

• COOK
• COOK, ALBERT STANBURROUGH (1853– )
• COOK, EDWARD DUTTON (1829–1883)
• COOK, ELIZA (1818–1889)
• COOK, JAMES (1728-1779)
• COOK, THOMAS (1808-1892)

Cook and others, found that the range of the species extended over the greater part of Australia, in many districts of which it was abundant . It has since rapidly decreased in See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers, but is not likely soon to cease to exist as a wild bird, while its singular and ornamental appearance will probably preserve it as a modified See also:

• CAPTIVE (from Lat. capere, to take)

captive in most civilized countries .

The species scarcely needs description: the sooty black of its general plumage is relieved by the snowy white of its See also:

• FLIGHT

flight-feathers and its See also:

• CORAL

coral-like bill banded with See also:

• IVORY (Fr. ivoire, Lat. ebur)
• IVORY, SIR JAMES (1765-1842)

ivory . The Cygninae admittedly form a well-defined See also:

• GROUP

group of the See also:

• FAMILY

family Anatidae, and there is now no doubt as to its limits, except in the case of the Coscoroba above mentioned . This bird would seem to be, as is so often found in members of the South American See also:

• FAUNA

fauna, a more generalized form, presenting several characteristics of the Anatinac, while the rest, even its black-necked compatriot and the almost wholly black swan of Australia, have a higher morphological See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank . Excluding from See also:

• CONSIDERATION (from Lat. considerare, to look at closely, examine, generally taken to be from con-, and the base seen in sidus, sideris, a star, the word being supposed to be originally an astrological or astronomical term)

consideration the little-known C. davidi, of the five or six species of the northern hemisphere four present the curious See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character, somewhat analogous to that found in certain See also:

• CRANES (so called from the resemblance to the long neck of the bird, cf. Gr. 'y pavor, Fr. grue)

cranes (q.v.), of the penetration of the sternum by the trachea nearly to the posterior end of the See also:

• KEEL

keel, whence it returns forward and upward again to revert and enter the lungs; but in the two larger of these species, when adult, the See also:

• LOOP

loop of the trachea between the walls of the keel takes a See also:

• VERTICAL (from Lat. vertex, highest point)

vertical direction, while in the two smaller the See also:

• BEND

bend is See also:

• HORIZONTAL

horizontal, thus affording an easy mode of recognizing the respective species of each . Fossil remains of more than one species of swan have been found . The most remarkable is C. fatconeri, which was nearly a third larger than the mute swan, and was described from a Maltese See also:

• CAVE (Lat. cavea, from caves, hollow)
• CAVE, EDWARD (1691–1754)
• CAVE, WILLIAM (1637–1713)

cave by W . K . See also:

• PARKER, JOHN HENRY (1806-1884)
• PARKER, JOSEPH (183o-1902)
• PARKER, MARTIN (c. 1600-c. 1656)
• PARKER, MATTHEW (1504-1575)
• PARKER, SAMUEL (164o-1688)
• PARKER, SIR GILBERT (1862— )
• PARKER, SIR HYDE, BART
• PARKER, THEODORE (1810-186o)

Parker in the Zoological Society's Transactions, vi . 119-124, pl . 30 . (A .