See also:

• SWEARING (O. Eng. swerian, to swear, originally to speak aloud, cf. andswerian, to answer, Ger. schworen, Dan. svaerge, &c., all from root sorer-, to make a sound, cf. " swarm," properly the buzzing of bees, Lat. susurrus)

SWEARING (O. Eng. swerian, to swear, originally to speak aloud, cf. andswerian, to See also:

• ANSWER (derived from and, against, and the same root as swear)

answer, Ger. schworen, See also:

• DAN

Dan. svaerge, &c., all from See also:

• ROOT (late O.E. rot, adopted from Scand., cf. Norw. and Swed. rot, Dan. rod; the true O.E. word was wyrt, plant, represented in Ger. Wurz or Wurzel; the ultimate root is the same in both words, and is seen in Lat. radix)
• ROOT, ELIHU (1845– )

root sorer-, to make a See also:

• SOUND
• SOUND, THE (Danish Oresund)

sound, cf. " swarm," properly the buzzing of bees, See also:

• LAT

Lat. susurrus)  , the See also:

• AFFIRMATION (from Lat. affirmare, to assert)

affirmation or uttering of a See also:

• SOLEMN (Lat. sollemnis, sollemnis, less correctly solennis, yearly, annual; from sollus = totus, whole, entire, Gr. Mos., and annus, year)

solemn See also:

• DECLARATION (from Lat. declarare, to make fully clear, clams)

declaration with an See also:

• APPEAL

appeal to the Deity, some See also:

• HOLY

holy personage or sacred See also:

• OBJECT

object as See also:

• CONFIRMATION (Lat. confirmatio, from confirmare, to establish, make firm)

confirmation, hence the See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act of declaring the truth of a statement upon See also:

• OATH (0. Eng. ddh)

oath (see OATH and See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

EVIDENCE) . The See also:

• COMMON

common use of the word is for the uttering of profane oaths or curses . In See also:

• ENGLISH

English See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law, while See also:

• BLASPHEMY (through the Fr. from Gr. PXaa4o ta, profane language, slander, probably derived from root of )3X

blasphemy (q.v.) was at common law an indictable offence, cursing or See also:

• SWEARING (O. Eng. swerian, to swear, originally to speak aloud, cf. andswerian, to answer, Ger. schworen, Dan. svaerge, &c., all from root sorer-, to make a sound, cf. " swarm," properly the buzzing of bees, Lat. susurrus)

swearing was See also:

• LEFT

left to the ecclesiastical courts . The Profane Oaths Act 1745 inflicted a sliding See also:

• SCALE
• SCALE (1) A

scale of fines for the use of profane oaths according to the See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank of the offender, Is. for a common labourer, soldier or See also:

• SEAMAN, OWEN (1861– )

seaman, 2S. for everyone below the rank of See also:

• GENTLEMAN (from Lat. gentilis, " belonging to a race or gens," and " man "; Fr. gentilhomme, Span. gentil hombre, Ital. gentil huomo, in its original and strict signification, a term denoting a man of good family, the Lat. generosus (its invariable transl

gentleman and 5s. for those of or above that rank; See also:

• PROCEDURE (Fr. procedure, from Lat. procedere, to go for-ward)

procedure under this act is regulated by the See also:

• SUMMARY

Summary See also:

• JURISDICTION
• JURISDICTION, CRIMINAL LAW, DIVORCE

Jurisdiction Acts . By s . 8 of the See also:

• TOWN

Town See also:

• POLICE (Fr. police, government, civil administration, a police force, Gr. sroXumeia, constitution, condition of a state, roars, city, state)

Police Clauses Act 1847 the use of profane or obscene See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language is an offence punishable on summary conviction by a See also:

• FINE

fine not exceeding 4os. or imprisonment not exceeding 14 days . The offence must be committed in a See also:

• STREET
• STREET, GEORGE EDMUND (1824-1881)

street and the act is confined to See also:

• URBAN
• URBAN (Urbanus)

urban sanitary districts or to such rural districts to which s . 276 of the Public See also:

• HEALTH

Health Act 1875 has extended it . By s . 12 of the See also:

• METROPOLITAN (Lat. metropolitanus, Gr. µnrpoiroXtrns)

Metropolitan Police See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

Court Acts 1839 a similar offence is punishable in the metropolitan police See also:

• AREA

area, and various districts have put in force by-See also:

• LAWS

laws for punishing swearing, cursing, or causing annoyancein public places . The restriction as to the See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place where the offence must be committed to be liable to See also:

• PUNISHMENT (from Lat. punire, to punish, from poena, punishment, Gr. 7rocvil)

punishment has led to the enforcement on occasions of the Profane Oaths Act, which applies to the whole of See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England and See also:

• WALES (Cymru, Gwalia, Cambria)

Wales and is not limited to cursing in the streets . It should not, however, apply to obscene language .

SWEATING-SICKNESS . A remarkable See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of disease. not known in England before, attracted See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention at the very beginning of the reign of See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry VII . It was known indeed a few days after the landing of Henry at See also:

• MILFORD

Milford Haven on the 7th of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1485, as there is clear evidence of its being spoken of before the See also:

• BATTLE

battle of See also:

• BOSWORTH, JOSEPH (1789–1876)

Bosworth on the 22nd of August . Soon after the arrival of Henry in See also:

• LONDON

London on the 28th of August it See also:

• BROKE, or BROOKE, ARTHUR (d. 1563)
• BROKE, SIR PHILIP BOWES VERE, BART

broke out in the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital, and caused See also:

• GREAT

great mortality . This alarming malady soon became known as the sweating-sickness . It was regarded as being quite distinct from the See also:

• PLAGUE (in Gr. Xotµos; in Lat. pestis, pestilentia)

plague, the pestilential See also:

• FEVER (Lat. febris, connected with fervere, to burn)

fever or other epidemics previously known, not only by the See also:

• SPECIAL

special symptom which gave it its name, but also by its extremely rapid and fatal course . From 1485 nothing more was heard of it till 1507, when the second outbreak occurred, which was much less fatal than the first . In 1517 was a third and much more severe epidemic . In See also:

• OXFORD
• OXFORD, EARLS OF
• OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
• OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
• OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
• OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
• OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST

Oxford and See also:

• CAMBRIDGE
• CAMBRIDGE, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• CAMBRIDGE, RICHARD OWEN (1717-1802)

Cambridge it was very fatal, as well as in other towns, where in some cases See also:

• HALF

half the See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population are said to have perished . There is evidence of the disease having spread to See also:

• CALAIS

Calais and See also:

• ANTWERP
• ANTWERP (Fr. Anvers)

Antwerp, but with these exceptions it was confined to England . In 1528 the disease recurred for the See also:

• FOURTH

fourth See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time, and with great severity . It first showed itself in London at the end of May, and speedily spread over the whole of England, though not into See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland or See also:

• IRELAND
• IRELAND, CHURCH
• IRELAND, CHURCH OF
• IRELAND, JOHN (1761-1842)
• IRELAND, JOHN (1838- )
• IRELAND, WILLIAM HENRY (1777-1835)

Ireland .

In London the mortality was very great; the court was broken up, and Henry VIII. left London, frequently changing his See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence . The most remark-able fact about this epidemic is that it spread over the See also:

• CONTINENT (from Lat. continere, "to hold together "; hence " connected," " continuous ")

Continent, suddenly appearing at See also:

• HAMBURG

Hamburg, and spreading so rapidly that in a few See also:

• WEEKS, EDWIN LORD (1849-1903)

weeks more than a thousand persons died . Thus was the terrible sweating-sickness started on a destructive course, during which it caused fearful mortality throughout eastern See also:

• EUROPE

Europe . See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy and the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern countries were spared . It spread much in the same way as See also:

• CHOLERA (from the Gr. Xo)du, tile, and Map, to flow)

cholera, passing, in one direction, from See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north to See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south, arriving at See also:

• SWITZERLAND

Switzerland in See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December, in another northwards to See also:

• DENMARK
• DENMARK (Danmark)

Denmark, See also:

• SWEDEN
• SWEDEN [Sverige]
• SWEDEN, NORWAY AND

Sweden and See also:

• NORWAY
• NORWAY (Norge)

Norway, also eastwards to Lithuania, See also:

• POLAND (Polish Polska, Ger. Polen), (see POLAND, RUSSIAN, below)
• POLAND, RUSSIAN

Poland and See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia, and westwards to See also:

• FLANDERS (Flem. Vlaanderen)

Flanders and See also:

• HOLLAND
• HOLLAND, CHARLES (1733–1769)
• HOLLAND, COUNTY AND PROVINCE OF
• HOLLAND, HENRY FOX, 1ST BARON (1705–1774)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICH, 1ST EARL OF (1S9o-,649)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICHARD VASSALL FOX, 3RD
• HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT (1819-1881)
• HOLLAND, PHILEMON (1552-1637)
• HOLLAND, RICHARD, or RICHARD DE HOLANDE (fl. 1450)
• HOLLAND, SIR HENRY, BART

Holland, unless indeed the epidemic, which declared itself simultaneously at Antwerp and See also:

• AMSTERDAM
• AMSTERDAM (NEw AMSTERDAM)

Amsterdam on the See also:

• MORNING

morning of the 27th of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September, came from England See also:

• DIRECT

direct . In each place which it affected it prevailed for a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short time only—generally not more than a fortnight . By the end of the See also:

• YEAR

year it had entirely disappeared, except in eastern Switzerland, where it lingered into the next year;' and the terrible " English sweat " has never appeared again, at least in the same form, on the Continent . England was, however, destined to suffer from one more out-break of the disease, which occurred in 1551, and with regard to this we have the great See also:

• ADVANTAGE

advantage of an See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account by an See also:

• EYE
• EYE (O. Eng. edge, Ger. Auge; derived from an Indo-European root also seen in Lat. oc-ulus, the organ of vision (q.v.)

eye-See also:

• WITNESS
• WITNESS (from O. Eng. witan, to know)

witness, See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John See also:

• KAYE, SIR JOHN WILLIAM (1814-1876)

Kaye or See also:

• CAIUS
• CAIUS [Anglice KEES, KEYS, etc.], JOHN (1510-1573)

Caius, the eminent physician . Symptoms.—The symptoms as described by Caius and others were as follows . The disease began very suddenly with a sense of See also:

• APPREHENSION (Lat. ad, to; prehendere, to seize)

apprehension, followed by See also:

• COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold shivers (sometimes very violent), giddiness, headache and severe pains in the See also:

• NECK (O. Eng. hnecca; the word appears in many Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch ride, Ger. Nacken; in O. E. the common word was heals; cf. Ger. Hals)

neck, shoulders and limbs, with great prostration . After the cold See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage, which might last from half-an-See also:

• HOUR

hour to three See also:

• HOURS, CANONICAL

hours, followed the stage of See also:

• HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat and sweating . The characteristic sweat broke out suddenly, and, as it seemed to those accustomed to the disease, without any obvious cause .

With the sweat, or after that was poured out, came a sense of heat, and with this headache and See also:

• DELIRIUM (a Latin medical term for madness, from delirare, to be mad, literally to wander from the lira, or furrow)

delirium, rapid See also:

• PULSE

pulse and intense thirst . Palpitation and See also:

• PAIN (from Lat. poena, Gr. robin, penalty, that which must be paid: O. Fr. peine)
• PAIN, BARRY (1867– )

pain in the See also:

• HEART
• HEART, LUNG

heart were frequent symptoms . No eruption of any See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind on the skin was generally observed; Caius makes no allusion to such a symptom . In the later stages there was either See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general prostration and collapse, or an irresistible tendency to See also:

• SLEEP (0. Eng. slcepan; Ger. schlafen; cf. Lat. labi, to glide, and " slip ")

sleep, which was thought to be fatal if the patient were permitted to give way to it . The malady was ' Guggenbtihl, Der englische Schweiss in der Schweiz (Lichtensteig, 1838) . remarkably rapid in its course, being sometimes fatal even in two or three hours, and some patients died in less than that time . More commonly it was protracted to a See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of twelve to twenty-four hours, beyond which it rarely lasted . Those who survived for twenty-four hours were considered safe . The disease, unlike the plague, was not especially fatal to the poor, but rather, as Caius affirms, attacked the richer sort and those who were See also:

• FREE

free livers according to the See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom of England in those days . " They which had this sweat sore with peril of See also:

• DEATH

death were either men of See also:

• WEALTH

wealth, ease or welfare, or of the poorer sort, such as were idle persons, See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good See also:

• ALE

ale drinkers and taverne haunters." Causes.—Some attributed the disease to the English See also:

• CLIMATE

climate, its moisture and its fogs, or to the intemperate habits of the English See also:

• PEOPLE

people, and to the frightful want of cleanliness in their houses and surroundings which is noticed by See also:

• ERASMUS, DESIDERIUS (1466–1536)

Erasmus in a well-known passage, and about which Caius is equally explicit . But we must conclude that climate, See also:

• SEASON (0. Fr. seson, seison, mod. saison, Lat. satio, sowing time, the spring, from serere, to sow; in Late Lat. the word is found with its present meaning, the spring being considered as particularly the season of the year)

season, and manner of See also:

• LIFE

life were not adequate, either separately or collectively, to produce the disease, though each may have acted sometimes as a predisposing cause . The sweating-sickness was in fact, to use See also:

• MODERN

modern language, a specific infective disease, in the same sense as plague, typhus, scarlatina or See also:

• MALARIA

malaria .

The only disease of modern times which bears any resemblance to the sweating-sickness is that known as miliary fever (" Schweissfriesel," " suette miliaire " or the " See also:

• PICARDY (La Picardie)

Picardy sweat "), a malady which has been repeatedly observed in France, Italy and southern See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany, but not in the See also:

• UNITED

United See also:

• KINGDOM

Kingdom . It is characterized by intense sweating, and occurs in limited epidemics, not lasting in each place more than a See also:

• WEEK (from A.S. wicu, Germanic *wikon, probably=change, turn)

week or two (at least in an intense form) . On the other See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, the attack lasts longer than the sweating-sickness did, is always accompanied by eruption of vesicles, and is not usually fatal . The first clearly described epidemic was in 1718 (though probably it existed before), and the last in 1861 . Between these See also:

• DATES

dates some one See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred and seventy-five epidemics have been counted in France alone .