SWEARING (O. Eng. swerian, to swear, originally to speak aloud, cf. andswerian, to

See also:

• ANSWER (derived from and, against, and the same root as swear)

answer, Ger. schworen,

See also:

• DAN

Dan. svaerge, &c., all from

See also:

• ROOT (late O.E. rot, adopted from Scand., cf. Norw. and Swed. rot, Dan. rod; the true O.E. word was wyrt, plant, represented in Ger. Wurz or Wurzel; the ultimate root is the same in both words, and is seen in Lat. radix)
• ROOT, ELIHU (1845– )

root sorer-, to make a

See also:

• SOUND
• SOUND, THE (Danish Oresund)

sound, cf. " swarm," properly the buzzing of bees,

See also:

• LAT

Lat. susurrus)  , the affirmation or uttering of a solemn declaration with an appeal to the Deity, some holy personage or sacred object as confirmation, hence the act of declaring the truth of a statement upon oath (see OATH and EVIDENCE) . The common use of the word is for the uttering of profane oaths or curses . In English law, while blasphemy (q.v.) was at common law an indictable offence, cursing or swearing was left to the ecclesiastical courts . The Profane Oaths Act 1745 inflicted a sliding scale of fines for the use of profane oaths according to the rank of the offender, Is. for a common labourer, soldier or seaman, 2S. for everyone below the rank of gentleman and 5s. for those of or above that rank; procedure under this act is regulated by the Summary Jurisdiction Acts . By s . 8 of the Town Police Clauses Act 1847 the use of profane or obscene language is an offence punishable on summary conviction by a fine not exceeding 4os. or imprisonment not exceeding 14 days . The offence must be committed in a street and the act is confined to urban sanitary districts or to such rural districts to which s . 276 of the Public Health Act 1875 has extended it . By s . 12 of the Metropolitan Police Court Acts 1839 a similar offence is punishable in the metropolitan police area, and various districts have put in force by-laws for punishing swearing, cursing, or causing annoyancein public places . The restriction as to the place where the offence must be committed to be liable to punishment has led to the enforcement on occasions of the Profane Oaths Act, which applies to the whole of England and Wales and is not limited to cursing in the streets . It should not, however, apply to obscene language .

SWEATING-SICKNESS . A remarkable

form of disease. not known in England before, attracted attention at the very beginning of the reign of Henry VII . It was known indeed a few days after the landing of Henry at Milford Haven on the 7th of August 1485, as there is clear evidence of its being spoken of before the battle of Bosworth on the 22nd of August . Soon after the arrival of Henry in London on the 28th of August it broke out in the capital, and caused great mortality . This alarming malady soon became known as the sweating-sickness . It was regarded as being quite distinct from the plague, the pestilential fever or other epidemics previously known, not only by the special symptom which gave it its name, but also by its extremely rapid and fatal course . From 1485 nothing more was heard of it till 1507, when the second outbreak occurred, which was much less fatal than the first . In 1517 was a third and much more severe epidemic . In Oxford and Cambridge it was very fatal, as well as in other towns, where in some cases half the population are said to have perished . There is evidence of the disease having spread to Calais and Antwerp, but with these exceptions it was confined to England . In 1528 the disease recurred for the fourth time, and with great severity . It first showed itself in London at the end of May, and speedily spread over the whole of England, though not into Scotland or Ireland .

In London the mortality was very great; the court was broken up, and Henry VIII. left London, frequently changing his

residence . The most remark-able fact about this epidemic is that it spread over the Continent, suddenly appearing at Hamburg, and spreading so rapidly that in a few weeks more than a thousand persons died . Thus was the terrible sweating-sickness started on a destructive course, during which it caused fearful mortality throughout eastern Europe . France, Italy and the southern countries were spared . It spread much in the same way as cholera, passing, in one direction, from north to south, arriving at Switzerland in December, in another northwards to Denmark, Sweden and Norway, also eastwards to Lithuania, Poland and Russia, and westwards to Flanders and Holland, unless indeed the epidemic, which declared itself simultaneously at Antwerp and Amsterdam on the morning of the 27th of September, came from England direct . In each place which it affected it prevailed for a short time only—generally not more than a fortnight . By the end of the year it had entirely disappeared, except in eastern Switzerland, where it lingered into the next year;' and the terrible " English sweat " has never appeared again, at least in the same form, on the Continent . England was, however, destined to suffer from one more out-break of the disease, which occurred in 1551, and with regard to this we have the great advantage of an account by an eye-witness, John Kaye or Caius, the eminent physician . Symptoms.—The symptoms as described by Caius and others were as follows . The disease began very suddenly with a sense of apprehension, followed by cold shivers (sometimes very violent), giddiness, headache and severe pains in the neck, shoulders and limbs, with great prostration . After the cold stage, which might last from half-an-hour to three hours, followed the stage of heat and sweating . The characteristic sweat broke out suddenly, and, as it seemed to those accustomed to the disease, without any obvious cause .

With the sweat, or after that was poured out, came a sense of heat, and with this headache and

delirium, rapid pulse and intense thirst . Palpitation and pain in the heart were frequent symptoms . No eruption of any kind on the skin was generally observed; Caius makes no allusion to such a symptom . In the later stages there was either general prostration and collapse, or an irresistible tendency to sleep, which was thought to be fatal if the patient were permitted to give way to it . The malady was ' Guggenbtihl, Der englische Schweiss in der Schweiz (Lichtensteig, 1838) . remarkably rapid in its course, being sometimes fatal even in two or three hours, and some patients died in less than that time . More commonly it was protracted to a period of twelve to twenty-four hours, beyond which it rarely lasted . Those who survived for twenty-four hours were considered safe . The disease, unlike the plague, was not especially fatal to the poor, but rather, as Caius affirms, attacked the richer sort and those who were free livers according to the custom of England in those days . " They which had this sweat sore with peril of death were either men of wealth, ease or welfare, or of the poorer sort, such as were idle persons, good ale drinkers and taverne haunters." Causes.—Some attributed the disease to the English climate, its moisture and its fogs, or to the intemperate habits of the English people, and to the frightful want of cleanliness in their houses and surroundings which is noticed by Erasmus in a well-known passage, and about which Caius is equally explicit . But we must conclude that climate, season, and manner of life were not adequate, either separately or collectively, to produce the disease, though each may have acted sometimes as a predisposing cause . The sweating-sickness was in fact, to use modern language, a specific infective disease, in the same sense as plague, typhus, scarlatina or malaria .

The only disease of modern times which bears any resemblance to the sweating-sickness is that known as miliary fever (" Schweissfriesel," " suette miliaire " or the "

Picardy sweat "), a malady which has been repeatedly observed in France, Italy and southern Germany, but not in the United Kingdom . It is characterized by intense sweating, and occurs in limited epidemics, not lasting in each place more than a week or two (at least in an intense form) . On the other hand, the attack lasts longer than the sweating-sickness did, is always accompanied by eruption of vesicles, and is not usually fatal . The first clearly described epidemic was in 1718 (though probably it existed before), and the last in 1861 . Between these dates some one hundred and seventy-five epidemics have been counted in France alone .