See also:

• SWEDENBORG (or SWEDBERG), EMANUEL (1688-1772)

SWEDENBORG (or SWEDBERG), EMANUEL (1688-1772)  , See also:

• SWEDISH

Swedish scientist, philosopher and mystic, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at Stock-holm on the 29th of See also:

• JANUARY

January 1688 . His See also:

• FATHER

father, Dr Jesper Swedberg, subsequently See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

professor of See also:

• THEOLOGY

theology at See also:

• UPSALA, or UPPSALA

Upsala and See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop of Skara, was a pious and learned See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man, who did not See also:

• ESCAPE (in mid. Eng. eschape or escape, from the O. Fr. eschapper, modern echapper, and escaper, low Lat. escapium, from ex, out of, and cappa, cape, cloak; cf. for the sense development the Gr. iichueoOat, literally to put off one's clothes, hence to sli

escape the See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge of heterodoxy, seeing that he placed more emphasis on the See also:

• CARDINAL (Lat. cardinalis)

cardinal virtues of faith, love and communion with See also:

• GOD

God than on the current dogmas of the Lutheran See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church . Having completed his university course at Upsala, in 1710, See also:

• SWEDENBORG (or SWEDBERG), EMANUEL (1688-1772)

Swedenborg undertook a See also:

• EUROPEAN

European tour, visiting See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, See also:

• HOLLAND
• HOLLAND, CHARLES (1733–1769)
• HOLLAND, COUNTY AND PROVINCE OF
• HOLLAND, HENRY FOX, 1ST BARON (1705–1774)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICH, 1ST EARL OF (1S9o-,649)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICHARD VASSALL FOX, 3RD
• HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT (1819-1881)
• HOLLAND, PHILEMON (1552-1637)
• HOLLAND, RICHARD, or RICHARD DE HOLANDE (fl. 1450)
• HOLLAND, SIR HENRY, BART

Holland, See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France and See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany, studying especially natural See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

philosophy and See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing Latin verses, a collection of which he published in 1710 . In 1715 he returned to Upsala, and devoted himself to natural See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science and various See also:

• ENGINEERING

engineering See also:

• WORKS

works . From 1716 to 1718 he published a scientific periodical, called See also:

• DAEDALUS

Daedalus hyperboreus, a See also:

• RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record of See also:

• MECHANICAL

mechanical and mathematical inventions and discoveries . In 1716 he was introduced to See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles XIL, who appointed him See also:

• ASSESSOR (Lat. assessare, assidere, to sit by)

assessor-extraordinary on the Swedish See also:

• BOARD (O. Eng. bord)

board of mines . His reports on smelting and See also:

• ASSAYING

assaying were remarkable for their detail and for the comparisons See also:

• DRAWN

drawn between Swedish and other methods . Two years later he distinguished himself at the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king's See also:

• SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege of Frederikshall by the invention of See also:

• MACHINES

machines for the transport of boats and galleys overland from Stromstadt to Iddefjord, a distance of 14 M . The same See also:

• YEAR

year he published various mathematical and mechanical works . At the See also:

• DEATH

death of Charles XII . See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

Queen Ulrica elevated him and his See also:

• FAMILY

family to the See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank of See also:

• NOBILITY

nobility, by which his name was changed from Swedberg to Swedenborg, the " en " corresponding to the See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German " von." In the Swedish See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

House of Nobles his contributions to See also:

• POLITICAL

political discussion had See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence, and he dealt with such subjects as the currency, the decimal See also:

• SYSTEM

system, the See also:

• BALANCE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. bilantia, an apparatus for weighing, from bi, two, and lanx, a dish or scale)

balance of See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade and the liquor See also:

• LAWS

laws (where he was the See also:

• PIONEER

pioneer of the See also:

• GOTHENBURG (Swed. Goteborg)

Gothenburg system) with marked ability . He strongly opposed a See also:

• BILL

bill for increasing the See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power of the See also:

• CROWN

crown .

The next years were devoted to the duties and studies connected with his See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office, which involved the visitation of the Swedish, Saxon, Bohemian and See also:

• AUSTRIAN

Austrian mines . In 1724 he was offered the See also:

• CHAIR (in. Mid. Eng. chcere, through O. Fr. chaire or chaiere, from Lat. cathedra, later caledra, Gr. xaOi3pa, seat, cf. "cathedral"; the modern Fr. form chaise, a chair, has been adopted in English with a particular meaning as a form of carriage; chaire

chair of See also:

• MATHEMATICS (Gr. /saBnµar1Kil, Sc. vOcvn or E7rlQTt'µn; from p iN.La, "learning" or "science ")

mathematics in the university of Upsala, which he declined, on the ground that it was a See also:

• MISTAKE (i.e. take amiss)

mistake for mathematicians to be limited to theory . His inquiring and philosophical mind gradually led him to wider studies . As See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early as 1721 he was seeking to See also:

• LAY

lay the See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation of a scientific explanation of the universe, when he published his Prodromus principiorum rerum See also:

• NATURALISM

naturalism, and had already written his Principia in its first See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form . In 1734 appeared in three volumes (See also:

• OPERA (Italian for " work ")

Opera philosophica et mineralia, the first See also:

• VOLUME

volume of which (his Principia) contained his view of the first principles of the universe, a curious mechanical and geometrical theory of the origin of things . The other volumes dealt with (a) See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron and See also:

• STEEL, FLORA ANNIE (1847– )

steel, (b) See also:

• COPPER (symbol Cu, atomic weight 63.1, H=1, or 63.6, O = 16)

copper and See also:

• BRASS
• BRASS (O. Eng. braes)

brass, their smelting, See also:

• CONVERSION (Lat. conversio, from convertere, to turn or ,change)

conversion and assaying, and chemical experiments thereon . There is no doubt that Swedenborg anticipated many scientific facts and positions that are usually regarded as of much more See also:

• MODERN

modern date . It was only towards the end of the 19th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century that his voluminous writings began to be properly collected and examined, with the result of proving that there was hardly one See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department of scientific activity in which he was not far ahead of his See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time . His See also:

• WORK

work on palaeontology shows him the predecessor of all the Scandinavian geologists, and his contributions in this See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field alone would have been sufficient to perpetuate his fame . He was also a great physicist and had arrived at the nebular hypo-thesis theory of the formation of the See also:

• PLANETS, MINOR

planets and the See also:

• SUN
• SUN (0. Eng. sonne, Ger. sonne. Fr. soleil, Lat. sol, Gr. ijXior, from which comes helio- in various English compounds)

sun See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long before See also:

• KANT, IMMANUEL (1724-1804)

Kant and See also:

• LAPLACE, PIERRE SIMON, MARQUIS DE (1749—1827)

Laplace . His theory of Iight and theory of the See also:

• COSMIC (from Gr. Kovµos, order or universe)

cosmic atoms were equally astonishing . He wrote a lucid See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of the phenomena of See also:

• PHOSPHORESCENCE

phosphorescence, and adduced a molecular magnetic theory which anticipated some of the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief features of the See also:

• HYPOTHESIS (from Gr. inrorcOivat, to put under; cf. Lat. suppositio, from sub-ponere)

hypothesis of to-See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day .

The great See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French chemist, See also:

• DUMAS, ALEXANDRE
• DUMAS, ALEXANDRE [" DUMAS FILS"] (1824-1895)
• DUMAS, GUILLAUME MATHIEU, COUNT (1753-1837)
• DUMAS, JEAN BAPTISTE ANDRE (1800-1884)

Dumas, gives him the See also:

• CREDIT (Lat. credere, to believe)

credit for the first See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to establish a system of See also:

• CRYSTALLOGRAPHY
• CRYSTALLOGRAPHY (from the Gr. Kpbo TaXXO , ice, and -ypachew, to write)

crystallography . He was the first to employ See also:

• MERCURY
• MERCURY (MERCU1uus)
• MERCURY (symbol Hg, atomic weight = 2oo)

mercury for the See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air-See also:

• PUMP

pump, and devised a method of determining See also:

• LONGITUDE (from Lat. longitudo, " length ")

longitude at See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea by observations of the See also:

• MOON (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maan, Dan. maane, &c., and cognate with such Indo-Germanic forms as Gr. µlip, Sans. ma's, Irish mi, &c.; Lat. uses luna, i.e. lucna, the shining one, lucere, to shine, for the moon, but preserves the word i
• MOON, SIR RICHARD, 1ST BARONET (1814-1899)

moon among the stars . He suggested the use of experimental tanks for testing the See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers of See also:

• SHIP

ship See also:

• MODELS

models, invented an See also:

• EAR (common Teut.; O.E. are, Ger. Ohr, Du. oor, akin to Lat. auris, Gr. ovs)

ear-See also:

• TRUMPET (Fr. trompette, clairon; Ger. ,Trompete, Klarino, Trummet; Ital. tromba, trombetta, clarino)
• TRUMPET, SPEAKING AND HEARING

trumpet for the See also:

• DEAF

deaf, improved the See also:

• COMMON

common house-See also:

• STOVE

stove of his native See also:

• LAND

land, cured smoky chimneys, took a lively See also:

• INTEREST

interest in See also:

• MACHINE
• MACHINE (through Fr. from Lat. form machina of Gr. µnxavil)

machine-guns and even sketched a flying machine . This flying machine consisted of a See also:

• LIGHT

light See also:

• FRAME

frame covered with strong See also:

• CANVAS

canvas and provided with two large oars or wings moving on a See also:

• HORIZONTAL

horizontal See also:

• AXIS (Lat. for " axle ")

axis, and so arranged that the upstroke met with no resistance while the downstroke provided the lifting power . Swedenborg knew that the machine would not See also:

• FLY (formed on the root of the supposed original Tent. fleugan, to fly)

fly, but suggested it as a start and was confident that the problem would be solved . He said " It seems easier to talk of such a machine than to put it into actuality, for it requires greater force and less See also:

• WEIGHT

weight than exists in a human See also:

• BODY

body . The science of See also:

• MECHANICS

mechanics might perhaps suggest a means, namely, a strong See also:

• SPIRAL

spiral See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring . If these advantages and requisites are observed, perhaps in time to come some one might know how better to utilize our See also:

• SKETCH (directly adapted from Dutch schets, which was taken from Ital. schizzo, a rough draft, Lat. schedium, something hastily made, Gr. oxE&os, sudden, off-hand, axeb6v, near by; Ger. Skizze and Fr. esquisse are from the same source)

sketch and cause some addition to be made so as to accomplish that which we can only suggest . Yet there are sufficient proofs and examples from nature that such flights can take See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place without danger, although when the first trials are made you may have to pay for the experience, and not mind an See also:

• ARM (a common Teutonic word; the Indo-European root is ar, to join or fit; cf. the Lat. armus, shoulder, and the plural word arma, weapons, Gr. apphs, joint, and the reduplicated apapilKSV, to join)

arm or See also:

• LEG
• LEG (a word of Scandinavian origin, from the Old Norwegian leggr, cf. Swed. lagg, Dan. laeg; the O. Eng. word was sceanca, shank)

leg." In 1734 he also published Prodromus philosophiae ratiocinantis de infinito et causa finali creations, which treats of the relation of the finite to the See also:

• INFINITE (from Lat. in, not, finis, end or limit; cf. findere, to deave)

infinite, and of the soul to the body, seeking to establish a nexus in each See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case as a means of overcoming the difficulty of their relation . From this time he applied himself to the problem of discovering the nature of soul and spirit by means of anatomical studies . In all his researches he acknowledged and contended for the existence and the supremacy of the spiritual and the divine . He travelled in Germany, France and See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy, in quest of the most eminent teachers and the best books dealing with the human frame, and published, as the results of his inquiries among other works, his 0economia regni animalis (See also:

• LONDON

London, 1740—1741) and Regnum animale (the See also:

• HAGUE, THE (in Dutch, 's Gravenhage, or, abbreviated, den Haag; in Fr. La Haye; and in Late Lat. Haga Comitis)

Hague, 1744—1745; London, 1745) .

In no field were Swedenborg's researches more noteworthy than in those of physiological science . In 1901, Professor Max Neuberger of See also:

• VIENNA (Ger. Wien; Lat. Vindobona)
• VIENNA, CONGRESS OF (1814-1815)

Vienna called See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention to certain anticipations of modern views made by Swedenborg in relation to the functions of the See also:

• BRAIN (A.S. braegen)

brain . The university of Vienna appealed to the Royal Swedish See also:

• ACADEMY, GREEK
• ACADEMY, ROYAL

Academy for a See also:

• COMPLETE

complete issue of the scientific See also:

• TREATISES

treatises, and this resulted in the formation of a See also:

• COMMITTEE (from commute, an Anglo-Fr. past participle of commettre, Lat. committere, to entrust; the modern Fr. equivalent comite is derived from the Eng.)

committee of experts who have been entrusted with the task . It is clear that Swedenborg showed (150 years before any other scientist) that the See also:

• MOTION (Lat. motio, from movere, to move)
• MOTION, LAWS OF

motion of the brain was synchronous with the respiration and not with the See also:

• ACTION

action of the See also:

• HEART
• HEART, LUNG

heart and the circulation of the See also:

• BLOOD

blood, a See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery the full See also:

• BEARINGS

bearings of which are still far from being realized . He had arrived at the modern conception of the activity of the brain as the combined activity of its individual cells . The cerebral cortex, and, more definitely, the cortical elements (See also:

• NERVE (Lat. nervus, Gr. vevpov, a bowstring)

nerve cells), formed the seat of the activity of the soul, and were ordered into departments according to various functions . His views as to the physiological functions of the See also:

• SPINAL

spinal See also:

• CORD (derived through the Fr. corde, from the Lat. chorda, Gr. xop(5rt, the string of a musical instrument)

cord are also in agreement with See also:

• RECENT

recent See also:

• RESEARCH (O. Fr. recerche, from recercher, re- and cercer, mod. chercher, to search; Late Lat. circare, to go round in a circle, to explore)

research, and he anticipated many of the pre-eminent offices of the ductless glands which students of the See also:

• PRESENT

present time are only beginning to discover . Up to See also:

• MIDDLE

middle See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age Swedenborg's position was that of a See also:

• SCHOLAR, SCHOLARSHIP

scholar, a scientist, a See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical See also:

• ADMINISTRATOR

administrator, a legislator, and a man of affairs . But a profound See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change was coming over him, which led him to leave the domain of See also:

• PHYSICAL

physical research for that ofpsychical and spiritual inquiry . Neither by geometrical, nor physical, nor metaphysical principles had he succeeded in reaching and grasping the infinite and the spiritual, or in elucidating their relation to man and man's organism, though he had caught glimpses of facts and methods which he thought only required See also:

• CONFIRMATION (Lat. confirmatio, from confirmare, to establish, make firm)

confirmation and development . See also:

• LATE

Late in See also:

• LIFE

life he wrote to See also:

• OETINGER, FRIEDRICH CHRISTOPH (1702-1782)

Oetinger that " he was introduced by the See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord first into the natural sciences, and thus prepared, and, indeed, from the year 1710 to 1745, when See also:

• HEAVEN (0. Eng. hefen, heofon, heofone; this word appears in O.S. hevan; the High. Ger. word appears in Ger. Himmel, Dutch hemel; there does not seem to be any connexion between the two words, and the ultimate derivation of the word is unknown; the sugges

heaven was opened to him." This latter great event is described by him in a See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter to See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas See also:

• HARTLEY, DAVID (1705–1757)
• HARTLEY, JONATHAN SCOTT (1845– )
• HARTLEY, SIR CHARLES AUGUSTUS (1825– )

Hartley, See also:

• RECTOR (Lat. for " ruler," " guide," &c., from regere, " rule ")

rector of Winwick, as " the opening of his spiritual sight," " the manifestation of the Lord to him in See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person," " his introduction into the spiritual See also:

• WORLD

world." Before his See also:

• ILLUMINATION

illumination he had been instructed by dreams, and enjoyed extraordinary visions, and heard mysterious conversations . According to his own account, the Lord filled him with His spirit to See also:

• TEACH [THATCH OR THACH], EDWARD (d. 1718)

teach the doctrines of the New Church by the word from Himself; He commissioned him to do this work, opened the sight of his spirit, and so let him into the spiritual world, permitting him to see the heavens and the hells, and to converse with angels and See also:

• SPIRITS

spirits for years; but he never received anything See also:

• RELATING

relating to. the doctrines of tie church from any See also:

• ANGEL

angel but from the Lord alone while he was See also:

• READING

reading the word (True See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

Religion, No .

779) . He elsewhere speaks of his office as principally an opening of the spiritual sense of the word . His friend Robsahm reports, from Swedenborg's own account to him, the circumstances of the first extraordinary See also:

• REVELATION, BOOK OF

revelation of the Lord, when He appeared to him and said, " I am God the Lord, the Creator and Redeemer of the world . I have chosen thee to unfold the spiritual sense of the See also:

• HOLY

Holy Scripture . I will Myself dictate to thee what See also:

• THOU, JACQUES AUGUSTE DE [THUANUS] (1553-1617)
• THOU, NOM

thou shalt write." From that time he gave up all worldly learning and laboured solely to expound spiritual things . In the year 1747, to the great regret of his colleagues, he resigned his See also:

• POST

post of assessor of the board of mines that he might devote himself to his higher vocation, requesting only to be allowed to receive as a See also:

• PENSION (Lat. pensio, a payment, from pendere, to weigh, to pay)

pension the See also:

• HALF

half of his See also:

• SALARY

salary . He took up afresh his study of See also:

• HEBREW

Hebrew, and began his voluminous works on the See also:

• INTERPRETATION (from Lat. interpretari, to expound, explain, inter pres, an agent, go-between, interpreter; inter, between, and the root pret-, possibly connected with that seen either in Greek 4 p4'ew, to speak, or irpa-rrecv, to do)

interpretation of the Scriptures . His life from 1747 was spent alternately in See also:

• SWEDEN
• SWEDEN [Sverige]
• SWEDEN, NORWAY AND

Sweden, Holland and London, in the See also:

• COMPOSITION
• COMPOSITION (Lat. compositio, from componere, to put together)

composition of his works and their publication, till his death, which took place in London on the 29th of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1772 . He was buried in the Swedish church in Princes Square, in the See also:

• PARISH (Gr. irapouda, district, neighbourhood; 7r&poucos, one dwelling near or beside, from crap&, OtKOS, house; Lat. paroecur, Late Lat. parochia; cf. Fr. paroisse)

parish of St See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George's-in-the-See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East, and on the 7th of See also:

• APRIL

April xgo8 his remains were removed at the See also:

• REQUEST, LETTERS OF

request of the Swedish See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government to See also:

• STOCKHOLM

Stockholm . Swedenborg was a man who won the respect, confidence and love of all who came into contact with him . Though See also:

• PEOPLE

people might disbelieve in his visions, they feared to ridicule them in his presence . Those who talked with him See also:

• FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt that he was truth itself .

He never disputed on matters of religion, and if obliged to defend himself, did it with gentleness and in a few words . His manner of life was See also:

• SIMPLE

simple in the extreme; his See also:

• DIET

diet consisted chiefly of See also:

• BREAD

bread and See also:

• MILK (0. Eng. meoluc; from a common Indo-European root, cf. Lat. mulgere, Gr. ?t dXyetv)

milk and large quantities of See also:

• COFFEE (Fr: cafe, Ger. Kaffee)

coffee . He paid no attention to the distinction of day and See also:

• NIGHT

night, and sometimes lay for days together in a See also:

• TRANCE (through the French, from Lat. transitus, from transire, to cross, pass over)

trance, while his servants were often disturbed at night by See also:

• HEARING (formed from the verb " to hear," O. Eng. hyran, heron, &c., a common Teutonic verb; cf. Ger. Koren, Dutch hooren, &c.; the O. Tent. form is seen in Goth. hausjan; the initial h makes any connexion with " ear," Lat. audire, or Gr. &Kobew very doub

hearing what he called his conflicts with evil spirits . But his intercourse with spirits was often perfectly See also:

• CALM

calm, in broad daylight, and with all his faculties awake . Three extraordinary instances are produced by his See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends and followers in See also:

• PROOF (in M. Eng. preove, proeve, preve, &°c., from O. Fr . prueve, proeve, &c., mod. preuve, Late. Lat. proba, probate, to prove, to test the goodness of anything, probus, good)

proof of his seership and See also:

• ADMISSION

admission into the unseen world . But there exists no account at first See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand of the exact facts, and Swedenborg's own reference to one of these instances admits of another explanation than the supernatural one . Immanuel Kant was struck by them in 1763, but in 1765, after further inquiries, concluded that two of them had " no other foundation than common See also:

• REPORT (O.Fr. report or raport, modern rapport, from O.Fr. reporter, mod. rap porter, Lat. reportare, to bring back, in poetical use only, of bringing back an account, news, &c.)

report (gemeine See also:

• SAGE, RUSSELL (1816-1906)

Sage)." See Kehrbach's edition of Kant's Traume eines Geistersehers (See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig, 188o) . As a theologian Swedenborg never attempted to preach or to found a See also:

• SECT

sect . He believed that members of all the churches could belong to the New Church without forming a See also:

• SEPARATE

separate organization . His theological writings roughly fall into four See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

groups: (I) books of spiritual philosophy, including The Divine Love and See also:

• WISDOM, BOOK OF, or WISDOM OF SOLOMON (Sept. Io4ia IaXwµwvos; Lat. Vulg. Liber sapientiae)

Wisdom, The Divine See also:

• PROVIDENCE

Providence, The Intercourse between the Soul and the Body, Conjugial Love; (2) Expository, including Arcane Celestia (giving the spiritual sense of See also:

• GENESIS
• GENESIS (Gr. 'ybeo-es, becoming; the term being used in English as a synonym for origin or process of coming into being)

Genesis and See also:

• EXODUS, BOOK OF
• EXODUS, THE

Exodus), The See also:

• APOCALYPSE
• APOCALYPSE (Gr. aaoKaXvti/hr, disclosure)
• APOCALYPSE, KNIGHTS OF THE

Apocalypse Revealed, The Apocalypse Explained; (3) Doctrinal, including The New See also:

• JERUSALEM (Heb. ^S0-r, Yerushalaim, pronounced as a dual)
• JERUSALEM, SYNOD OF (1672)

Jerusalem and its Heavenly Doctrines, The Four Chief Doctrines, The See also:

• DOCTRINE

Doctrine of Charity, The True Christian Religion, Canons of the New Church; (4) Eschatological, including . Heaven and See also:

• HELL (0. Eng. hel, a Teutonic word from a root meaning " to cover," cf. Ger. Holle, Dutch hel)

Hell, and The Last See also:

• JUDGMENT

Judgment . About See also:

• FORTY

forty volumes are available in See also:

• ENGLISH

English, and many have been translated into most of the European See also:

• LANGUAGES

languages as well as into Arabic, See also:

• HINDI, EASTERN
• HINDI, WESTERN

Hindi and See also:

• JAPANESE

Japanese .

Swedenborg's theosophic system is most briefly and comprehensively presented in his Divine Love and Wisdom . The point of view from which God must be regarded is that of His being the Divine Man . His esse is infinite love; His manifestation, form or body is infinite wisdom . Divine love is the self-subsisting life of the universe . From God emanates a divine See also:

• SPHERE (Gr. vclsa?pa, a ball or globe)

sphere, which appears in the spiritual world as a sun, and from this spiritual sun again proceeds the sun of the natural world . The spiritual sun is the source of love and intelligence, or life, and the natural sun the source of nature or the receptacles of life; the first is alive, the second dead . The two worlds of nature and spirit are perfectly distinct, but they are intimately related by analogous substances, laws and forces . Each has its atmospheres, See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters and earths, but in the one they are natural and in the other spiritual . In God there are three infinite and uncreated " degrees " of being, and in man and all things corresponding three degrees, finite and created . They are love, wisdom, use; or end, cause and effect . The final ends of all things are in the Divine Mind, the causes of all things in the spiritual world, and their effects in the natural world . By a love of each degree man comes into See also:

• CONJUNCTION (from Lat. conjungere, to join together)

conjunction with them and the worlds of nature, spirit and God .

The end of creation is that man may have this conjunction and become the See also:

• IMAGE (Lat. imago, perhaps from the same root as imitari, copy, imitate)

image of his Creator and creation . In man are two receptacles for God—the will for divine love and the understanding for divine wisdom—that love and wisdom flowing into both so that they become human . Before the fall this influx was See also:

• FREE

free and unhindered, and the See also:

• CON

con-junction of man with God and the creation complete, but from that time the connexion was interrupted and God had to interpose by successive dispensations . At last the power and influence of the spirits of darkness, with whom man associates himself by his See also:

• SIN
• SIN (O. Eng. syn: a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zonde, Ger. Siinde)

sin, became so great that the existence of the human See also:

• RACE

race was threatened, and See also:

• JEHOVAH (YAHWEH2)

Jehovah was necessitated to descend into nature to restore the connexion between Himself and man . He could not come in His unveiled divinity, for the " hells " would have then perished, whom he did not seek to destroy but only to subjugate . Another purpose of Jehovah's incarnation was the manifestation of His divine love more fully than ever before . Swedenborg wholly rejects the orthodox doctrine of See also:

• ATONEMENT

atonement; and the unity of God, as opposed to his See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea of the trinity of the church, is an essential feature of his teaching . Another distinctive feature is that Jehovah did not go back to heaven without leaving behind him a visible representative of Himself in the word of the Scripture . This word is an eternal incarnation, with its threefold sense—natural, spiritual, See also:

• CELESTIAL, OR STELLAR

celestial . And Swedenborg is the divinely commissioned expounder of this threefold sense of the word, and so the founder of the New Church, the paraclete of the last See also:

• DISPENSATION

dispensation . That he might perceive and understand the spiritual and the celestial senses of the word he enjoyed immediate revelation from the Lord, was admitted into the angelic world, and had committed to him the See also:

• KEY
• KEY (in O. Eng. tang; the ultimate origin of the word is unknown; it appears only in Old Frisian kei of other Teutonic languages; until the end of the 17th century the pronunciation was kay, as in other words in O. Eng. ending in aeg; cf. daeg, day; clang
• KEY (the phraseograms being indicated by hyphens)
• KEY, SIR ASTLEY COOPER (1821-1888)
• KEY, THOMAS HEWITT (1799-1875)

key of " correspondences " with which to unlock the divine treasures of wisdom . Swedenborg claimed also to have learnt by his admission into the spiritual world the true states of men in the next life, the scenery and occupations of heaven and hell, the true doctrine of Providence, the origin of evil, the sanctity and See also:

• PERPETUITY (Lat. perpetuus, continuous)

perpetuity of See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage and to have been a See also:

• WITNESS
• WITNESS (from O. Eng. witan, to know)

witness of the " last judgment," or the second coming of the Lord, which is a contemporary event .

" All religion," he said, " has relation to life, and the life of religion is to do See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good." " The See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom of Heaven is a kingdom of uses." He exercised a great influence over S . T . See also:

• COLERIDGE, HARTLEY (1796-1849)
• COLERIDGE, JOHN DUKE COLERIDGE, 1ST BARON
• COLERIDGE, SAMUEL TAYLOR (1772-1834)
• COLERIDGE, SARA (1802–1852)
• COLERIDGE, SIR JOHN TAYLOR (1790-1876)

Coleridge, See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert and See also:

• ELIZABETH
• ELIZABETH (1533-1603)
• ELIZABETH (1596-1662)
• ELIZABETH (1635–1650)
• ELIZABETH [ AMELIE EUGENIE ] (1837—1898)
• ELIZABETH [1lisabeth Philippine Marie Helene of France] (1764—1794)
• ELIZABETH [PAULINE ELIZABETH OTTILIE LOUISE] (1843– )
• ELIZABETH [PETROVNA] (1709-1762), EMPRESS
• ELIZABETH, SAINT (1207-1231)

Elizabeth See also:

• BROWNING, ELIZABETH BARRETT (z8o6-r861)
• BROWNING, OSCAR (1837- )
• BROWNING, ROBERT (1812-1889)

Browning, See also:

• COVENTRY, SIR JOHN (d. 1682)
• COVENTRY, SIR WILLIAM (c. 1628-1686)
• COVENTRY, THOMAS COVENTRY, 1ST BARON (2578–1640)

Coventry See also:

• PATMORE, COVENTRY KERSEY DIGHTON (1823-1896)

Patmore, See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry See also:

• WARD
• WARD, ADOLPHUS WILLIAM (1837- )
• WARD, ARTEMUS
• WARD, EDWARD MATTHEW (1816-1879)
• WARD, ELIZABETH STUART PHELPS (1844-1911)
• WARD, JAMES (1769--1859)
• WARD, JAMES (1843– )
• WARD, JOHN QUINCY ADAMS (1830-1910)
• WARD, LESTER FRANK (1841– )
• WARD, MARY AUGUSTA [MRS HUMPHRY WARD]
• WARD, WILLIAM (1766-1826)
• WARD, WILLIAM GEORGE (1812-1882)

Ward See also:

• BEECHER, CHARLES EMERSON (1856-1904)
• BEECHER, HENRY WARD (1813-1887)
• BEECHER, LYMAN (1775—1863)

Beecher and Thomas See also:

• CARLYLE, ALEXANDER (1722-1805)
• CARLYLE, JOSEPH DACRE (1759-18o4)
• CARLYLE, THOMAS (1795-1881)

Carlyle . And the attention of modern psychologists is now being drawn to his doctrine of the relation of the elements of the universe to the membranes of the body . Swedenborgianism, as professed by Swedenborg's followers, is based on the belief of Swedenborg's claims to have witnessed the last judgment, or the second See also:

• ADVENT (Lat. Adventus, sc. Redemptoris, " the coming of the Saviour ")

advent of the Lord, with the inauguration of the New Church, through the new system of doctrine promulgated by him and derived from the Scriptures, into the true sense of which he was the first to be introduced . The " doctrines " of the New Church as given in the See also:

• LITURGY (Low Lat. liturgia; Gr. X€Zros, public, and Epyov, work; )Aetrovpy6s, a public servant)

Liturgy (which also contains the " Creed " and " Articles of Faith ") are as follows: i . That there is one God, in whom there is a Divine Trinity; and that He is the Lord Jesus See also:

• CHRIST (Gr. X pLQTOS, Anointed)
• CHRIST, WILHELM VON (1831-1906)

Christ . 2 . That a saving faith is to believe on Him . 3 . That evils are to be shunned, because they are of the See also:

• DEVIL (Gr. &a,3oXos, " slanderer," from &ctflisXX sty, to slander)

devil and from the devil . 4 .

That good actions are to be done, because they are of God and from God . 5 . That these are to be done by a man as from himself ; but that it ought to be believed that they are done from the Lord with him and by him . Swedenborgians now constitute a widely spread and considerable society, with a regularly constituted ecclesiastical organization and a zealous missionary activity (see NEw JERUSALEM CHURCH) . See R . L . Tafel, Documents concerning the Life and See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

Character of Swedenborg, collected, translated and annotated (3 vols., Swedenborg Society, 1875-1877) ; J . See also:

• HYDE
• HYDE, THOMAS (1636-1703)

Hyde, A Bibliography of the Works of Emanuel Swedenborg (743 pp., Swedenborg Society) . Of Englishlives the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal are those by J . J . G . See also:

• WILKINSON, JAMES (1757–1825)
• WILKINSON, JAMES JOHN GARTH (1812-1899)
• WILKINSON, JOHN (1728-1808)
• WILKINSON, SIR JOHN GARDNER (1797—1875)
• WILKINSON, TATE (1739—1803)

Wilkinson (London, 1849) ; E .

See also:

• PAXTON, SIR JOSEPH (1801-1865)

Paxton See also:

• HOOD,
• HOOD, JOHN BELL (1831–1879)
• HOOD, SAMUEL HOOD, VISCOUNT (1724–1816)
• HOOD, SIR SAMUEL (1762-1814)
• HOOD, THOMAS (1799-1845)
• HOOD, TOM (1835–1874)

Hood (London, 1854); See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

White (1856, rewritten in 1867 and in 1868) ; G . Trobridge (London, 1907) ; also Emanuel Swedenborg, the Spiritual See also:

• COLUMBUS
• COLUMBUS, CHRISTOPHER [in Spanish CRISTOBAL COLON] (c. 1446, or perhaps rather 1451, -15o6)

Columbus, a Sketch, by U . S . E . (2nd ed., London, 1877) . Some of his writings, e.g . The Divine Providence and Heaven and Hell have been published in popular See also:

• EDITIONS

editions . A useful handbook of Swedenborg's theology is the Compendium of the Theo-logical Writings of Emanuel Swedenborg by the Rev . See also:

• SAMUEL

Samuel See also:

• WARREN
• WARREN, GOUVERNEUR KEMBLE (183o-1882)
• WARREN, JOSEPH (1741—1775)
• WARREN, MERCY (1728—1814)
• WARREN, MINTON (1850-1907)
• WARREN, SAMUEL (1807-1877)
• WARREN, SIR JOHN BORLASE, BART
• WARREN, WILLIAM (1812-1888)

Warren (London, 1885) . Summaries of his system and writings are given in all the above See also:

• BIOGRAPHIES

biographies, also in See also:

• EDMUND
• EDMUND, or EADMUND (c. 980-1016)
• EDMUND, SAINT [EDMUND RICE] (d. 1240)

Edmund See also:

• SWIFT
• SWIFT, JONATHAN (1667—1745)

Swift, See also:

• MANUAL

Manual of the Doctrines of the New Church (London, 1885) ; and T . See also:

• PARSONS
• PARSONS (or PERSONS), ROBERT (1546-161o)
• PARSONS, THEOPHILUS (1750-1813)

Parsons, Out-lines of Swedenborg's Religion and Philosophy . Important critiques from See also:

• INDEPENDENT

Independent points of view are " The Mystic," in R .

W . See also:

• EMERSON, RALPH WALDO (1803-1882)
• EMERSON, WILLIAM (1701-1782)

Emerson's Representative Men (1850) ; Kant's Trdume eines Geistersehers (1766; the best edition by Kehrbach, Leipzig, 188o); J . G . See also:

• HERDER, JOHANN GOTTFRIED VON (1744-1803)

Herder's " Emanuel Swedenborg," in his Adrastea (Werke zur Phil. and Gesch., xii . 110-125) ; J . J. von Goerres's Emanuel Swedenborg, See also:

• SEINE
• SEINE (Lat. Sequana)
• SEINE, or SEAN (O. Fr. seigne, mod. seine, Lat. sagena, Gr. vaytivrl, a draw-net)

seine Visionen and sein Verhaltniss zur Kirche (1827) ; A . See also:

• DORNER, ISAAC AUGUST (1809-1884)

Dorner's Geschichte der protestantischen Theologie, pp . 662-667 (See also:

• MUNICH (Ger. Munchen)

Munich, 1867) . See also Transactions of the See also:

• INTERNATIONAL, THE

International Swedenborg See also:

• CONGRESS (Lat. congressus, coming together, from congredi; cum, with, and gradus, step)

Congress (London, 1910), summarized in The New Church See also:

• MAGAZINE

Magazine (See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August, 1910) . (A . J .