SWEDISH  LITERATURE Swedish literature, as distinguished from compositions in the See also:

• COMMON

common norraena tunga of old Scandinavia, cannot be said to exist earlier than the 13th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century . Nor until the See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of the See also:

• REFORMATION
• REFORMATION, THE

Reformation was its development in any degree rapid or copious . The See also:

• OLDEST

oldest See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form in which Swedish exists as a written See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language (see SCANDINAVIAN LANGUAGE) iS the See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of See also:

• MANUSCRIPTS

manuscripts known as Landskapslagarne, or " The Common See also:

• LAWS

Laws." These are supposed to be the See also:

• RELICS (Lat, reliquiae, the equivalent of the English " remains " in the sense of a dead body)

relics of a still earlier See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age, and it is hardly believed that we even possess the first that was put down in See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing . The most important and the most See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient of these codes is the " See also:

• ELDER (0. Eng. ellarn; Ger. Holunder; Fr. sureau)
• ELDER (Gr. 1rpev(3iTepos)

Elder See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West See also:

• GOTA

Gota See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

Law," reduced to its See also:

• PRESENT

present form by the law-See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man Eskil about 1230 . Another of See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• INTEREST

interest is See also:

• MAGNUS, HEINRICH GUSTAV (1802-1870)

Magnus Eriksson's " See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

General Common Law," which was written in 1347 . These ancient codes have been collected and edited by the learned jurist, K . J . Schlyter (1795—1888) as Corpus See also:

• JURIS

juris Sveo-Gotorum antiqui (4 vols., 1827—1869) . The See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• ORNAMENT (Lat. ornare, to adorn)

ornament of See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval Swedish literature is See also:

• URN (Lat. urna, either from root of urere, to burn, being made of burnt clay, or connected with urceus, Gr. I5pxa, jar)

Urn styrilse kununga ok hofdinga (" On the Conduct of See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

Kings and Princes "), first printed by command of Gustavus II . See also:

• ADOLPHUS, JOHN LEYCESTER (1795-1862)

Adolphus, in 1634 . The writer is not known; it has been conjecturally dated 1325 . It is a See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand-See also:

• BOOK

book of moral and See also:

• POLITICAL

political teaching, expressed in terse and vigorous language .

St See also:

• BRIDGET, BRIGITTA, BIIGITTA, OF SWEDEN, SAINT (c. 1302-1373)
• BRIDGET, SAINT

Bridget, or Birgitta (1303—1373), an See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical figure of extraordinary interest, has See also:

• LEFT

left her name attached to several important religious See also:

• WORKS

works, in particular to a collection of Uppenbarelser (" Revelations "), in which her visions and ecstatic meditations are recorded, and a version, the first into Swedish, of the five books of See also:

• MOSES (Gr. Mwvo c, Mcoo-i3s)
• MOSES, ASSUMPTION OF

Moses . This latter was undertaken, at her See also:

• DESIRE

desire, by her See also:

• FATHER

father-See also:

• CONFESSOR

confessor Mattias (d . 1350), a See also:

• PRIEST (Ger. Priester, Fr. pretre)

priest at See also:

• LINKOPING

Linkoping . The See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation of the See also:

• BIBLE
• BIBLE, ENGLISH

Bible was continued a century later by a See also:

• MONK (O.Eng. munuc; this with the Teutonic forms, e.g. Du. monnik, Ger. Witch, and the Romanic, e.g. Fr. moine, Ital. monacho and Span. monje, are from the Lat. monachus, adaptedfrom Gr. µovaXos, one living alone, a solitary; Own, alone)
• MONK (or MONCK), GEORGE
• MONK, JAMES HENRY (1784-1856)
• MONK, MARIA (c. 1817—1850)

monk named Johannes Budde (d . 1484) . In See also:

• VERSE (from Lat. versus, literally a line or furrow drawn by turning the plough, from vertere, and afterwards signifying an arrangement of syllables into feet)

verse the earliest Swedish productions were probably the folk-See also:

• SONG

song.l The age of these, however, has been commonly exaggerated . It is doubtful whether any still exist which are as old, in their present form, as the 13th century . The bulk are now attributed to the 15th, and many are doubtless much later still . The last, such as " Axel och Valborg," " Liten Karin," " See also:

• KAMPEN

Kampen Grimborg," and " Habor och Signild," See also:

• DEAL

deal with the adventures of romantic medieval See also:

• ROMANCE

romance . Almost the only See also:

• POSITIVE (or PORTABLE) ORGAN

positive See also:

• CLUE

clue we hold to the date of these poems is the fact that one of the most characteristic of them, ` Engelbrekt," was written by See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas, See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop of Strengnas, who died in 1443• Thomas, who left other poetical pieces, is usually called the first Swedish poet . There are three rhyming See also:

• CHRONICLES, BOOKS OF

chronicles in medieval Swedish, all See also:

• ANONYMOUS

anonymous . The earliest, Erikskronikan,2 is attributed to 1320; the romance of Karl Magnus, Nya Karlskronikan, describing the period between 1387 and 1452, which is sometimes added to the earlier See also:

• WORK

work, See also:

• DATES

dates from the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of the 15th century; and the third, Sturekronikorna, was probably written about 15oo .

The collection of rhymed romances which bears the name of See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

Queen Euphemia's Songs must have been written before the See also:

• DEATH

death of the See also:

• NORWEGIAN

Norwegian queen in 1312 . They are versions of three medieval stories taken from See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French and See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German See also:

• SOURCES

sources, and dealt with the See also:

• CHEVALIER, ALBERT (1861– )
• CHEVALIER, MICHEL (1806-1879)
• CHEVALIER, ULYSSE (1841– )

Chevalier au See also:

• LION
• LION (Lat, leo, leonis; Gr. Mew)

lion, of See also:

• CHRESTIEN, FLORENT (1541—1596)

Chrestien de See also:

• TROYES

Troyes, with See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

Duke See also:

• FREDERICK
• FREDERICK (Mod. Ger. Friedrich; Ital. Federigo; Fr. Frederic and Federic; M.H.G. Friderich; O.H.G. Fridurih, " king or lord of peace," from O.H.G. fridu, A.S. frith, " peace," and rfh " rich," " a ruler," for derivation of which see HENRY)

Frederick of See also:

• NORMANDY

Normandy, and with See also:

• FLORES

Flores and Blancheflor . They possess very slight poetic merit in their Swedish form . A little later the romance of See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander' was translated by, or at the command of, Bo Jonsson Grip; this is more meritorious . Bishop Thomas, who died in 1443, wrote many political songs; and a number of narrative poems date from the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of the century . A brilliant and pathetic relic of the close of the medieval period exists in the Love Letters addressed in 1498 by Ingrid Persdotter, a See also:

• NUN (O. Eng. nunne, from Lat. nonnus, nonna, familiar terms for an old man or woman)

nun of Vadstena, to the See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young See also:

• KNIGHT, CHARLES (1791-1873)
• KNIGHT, DANIEL RIDGWAY (1845– )
• KNIGHT, JOHN BUXTON (1843–1908)

knight Axel See also:

• NILSSON, CHRISTINE (1843– )

Nilsson . The first book printed in the Swedish language appeared in 1495 . The 16th century added but little to Swedish literature, and that little is mostly connected with the newly-founded university of See also:

• UPSALA, or UPPSALA

Upsala . The See also:

• RENAISSANCE, THE

Renaissance scarcely made itself See also:

• FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt in Scandi- navia, and even the Reformation failed to waken the See also:

• GENIUS (from Lat. genere, gignere)

genius of the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country . See also:

• PSALMS, BOOK
• PSALMS, BOOK OF, or PSALTER

Psalms and didactic spiritual poems were the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main products of Swedish letters in the 16th century . Two writers, the See also:

• BROTHERS, RICHARD (1757-1824)

brothers Petri, sons of a See also:

• SMITH
• SMITH, ADAM (1723–1790)
• SMITH, ALEXANDER (183o-1867)
• SMITH, ANDREW JACKSON (1815-1897)
• SMITH, CHARLES EMORY (1842–1908)
• SMITH, CHARLES FERGUSON (1807–1862)
• SMITH, CHARLOTTE (1749-1806)
• SMITH, COLVIN (1795—1875)
• SMITH, EDMUND KIRBY (1824-1893)
• SMITH, G
• SMITH, GEORGE (1789-1846)
• SMITH, GEORGE (184o-1876)
• SMITH, GEORGE ADAM (1856- )
• SMITH, GERRIT (1797–1874)
• SMITH, GOLDWIN (1823-191o)
• SMITH, HENRY BOYNTON (1815-1877)
• SMITH, HENRY JOHN STEPHEN (1826-1883)
• SMITH, HENRY PRESERVED (1847– )
• SMITH, JAMES (1775–1839)
• SMITH, JOHN (1579-1631)
• SMITH, JOHN RAPHAEL (1752–1812)
• SMITH, JOSEPH, JR
• SMITH, MORGAN LEWIS (1822–1874)
• SMITH, RICHARD BAIRD (1818-1861)
• SMITH, ROBERT (1689-1768)
• SMITH, SIR HENRY GEORGE WAKELYN
• SMITH, SIR THOMAS (1513-1577)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM (1813-1893)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM SIDNEY (1764-1840)
• SMITH, SYDNEY (1771-1845)
• SMITH, THOMAS SOUTHWOOD (1788-1861)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (1769-1839)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (c. 1730-1819)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (fl. 1596)
• SMITH, WILLIAM FARRAR (1824—1903)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1808—1872)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1825—1891)
• SMITH, WILLIAM ROBERTSON (1846-'894)

smith at See also:

• OREBRO

Orebro, take an easy prominence in so barren a period . Olaus Petri (1493–1552) and The Petri See also:

• LAURENTIUS, PAUL (1554-1624)

Laurentius Petri (1499–1573) were Carmelite monks who adopted the Lutheran See also:

• DOCTRINE

doctrine while studying at See also:

• WITTENBERG

Wittenberg, and came back to See also:

• SWEDEN
• SWEDEN [Sverige]
• SWEDEN, NORWAY AND

Sweden in 1518 as the apostles of the new faith .

Olaus, who is one of the noblest figures in Swedish See also:

• ANNALS (Annales, from annus, a year)

annals, was of the executive rather than the meditative class . He became See also:

• CHANCELLOR (M. Eng. and Anglo-Fr. canceler, chanceler, Fr. chancelier, Lat. cancellarius)

chancellor to Gustavus See also:

• VASA, or NIKOLAISTAD

Vasa, but his reform- See also:

• ING

ing zeal soon brought him into disgrace, and in 1540 he was condemned to death . Two years later he was pardoned, and allowed to resume his See also:

• PREACHING (Fr. preecher, from Lat. praedicare, to proclaim)

preaching in See also:

• STOCKHOLM

Stockholm . He found See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time, however, to write a Swedish See also:

• CHRONICLE (from Gr. Xpovos, time)

Chronicle, which is the earliest See also:

• PROSE

prose See also:

• HISTORY

history of Sweden, a See also:

• MYSTERY (Gr. µw(Trilpcov, from tcuvrm, an initiate, µfew, to shut the mouth)

mystery-See also:

• PLAY

play, Tobiae comedia, which is the first Swedish See also:

• DRAMA (literally "action," from Gr. Snail, act or do)

drama, and three See also:

• PSALM (from the Gr. word * hXAew, to play the harp)

psalm-books, the best known being published in 1J30 under the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of Nd.gre gudhelige vijsor (" Certain Divine Songs ") . His Chronicle was based on a number of sources, in the treatment of which he showed a discrimination which makes the work still useful . Laurentius Petri, who was a man of calmer temperament, was See also:

• ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

archbishop of all Sweden, and edited or superintended the translation of the 1 Skanska folkvisor, edited by E . G . See also:

• GEIJER, ERIK GUSTAF (1783–1847)

Geijer and A . A . See also:

• AFZELIUS, ADAM (1750-1837)
• AFZELIUS, ARVID AUGUST (1785-1871)

Afzelius (3 vols., Stockholm, 1879) . 2 See Cederschiold, Otn Erikskronikan (1899) . 2 See also:

• EDITIONS

Editions of these chronicles and romances have been issued by the " Svenska Fornskrift Sallskapet " (Stockholm) : See also:

• IVAN (JOHN)

Ivan Lejonriddaren (ed .

See also:

• STEPHENS, ALEXANDER HAMILTON (1812-1883)
• STEPHENS, JOHN LLOYD (1805–1852)

Stephens), Hertig Fredrik of Normandie (ed . Ahlstrand) Flores och Blancheflor (ed . G . E . Klemming), Alexander (ed . Klemming), Carl Magnus (ed . Klemming, in Prosadikter Fran medeltiden) . Bible published at Upsala in 1540 . He also wrote many psalms . Laurentius Andreae, 1552, had previously prepared a translation of the New Testament, which appeared in 1526 . He was a polemical writer of prominence on the See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of the Reformers . Finally, Petrus See also:

• NIGER
• NIGER, GAIUS PESCENNIUS

Niger (Peder Svart), bishop of See also:

• VESTERAS, or WESTERAS

Vesteras (d .

1562), wrote a chronicle of the See also:

• LIFE

life of Gustavus I. up to 1533, in excel-See also:

• LENT (0. Eng. lenclen, " spring," M. Eng. lenten, lente, lent; cf. Dut. lente, Ger. Lenz, " spring," 0. H. Ger. lenzin, lengizin, lenzo, probably from the same root as " long " and referring to " the lengthening days ")

lent prose . The same writer left unpublished a history of the bishops of Vesteras,' his predecessors . The latter See also:

• HALF

half of the 16th century is a See also:

• BLANK (from the Fr. blanc, white)

blank in Swedish literature . With the See also:

• ACCESSION (from Lat. accedere, to go to, to approach)

accession of See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles IX., and the consequent development of Swedish greatness, literature began to assert itself in more vigorous forms . The See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long life of the royal librarian, Johannes Bure or Buraeus (1568–1652), t3uraces. formed a See also:

• LINK

link between the age of the Petri and that of See also:

• STJERNHJELM, GEORG (1598–1672)

Stjernhjelm . Buraeus studied all the sciences then known to mankind, and confounded them all in a sort of Rabbinical cultus of his own invention, a universal See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

philosophy in a multitude of unread-able volumes.' But he was a patient See also:

• ANTIQUARY

antiquary, and advanced the knowledge of ancient Scandinavian See also:

• MYTHOLOGY

mythology and language very considerably . He awakened curiosity and roused a public sympathy with letters; nor was it without significance that two of the greatest Swedes of the century, Gustavus Adolphus and the poet Stjernhjelm, were his pupils . The reign of Charles IX. saw the rise of See also:

• SECULAR (Lat. saecularis, of or belonging to an age or generation, saeculum)

secular drama in Sweden . The first See also:

• COMEDY

comedy was the Tisbe of Magnus Olai Asteropherus (d . 1647), a coarse but witty piece on the See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

story of Pyramus and Thisbe, acted by the schoolboys of the See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

college of Arboga in 161o . This play is the See also:

• RALPH (d. 1122)

Ralph Roister Doister of Swedish literature . A greater dramatist was Johannes Messenius (1579–1636), who was the son of a See also:

• MILLER, HUGH (1802–1856)
• MILLER, JOAQUIN (CINCINNATUS HEINE) (1841- )
• MILLER, JOE (JosEPH or JosIAS( (1684-1738)
• MILLER, SAMUEL FREEMAN (1816-1890)
• MILLER, WILLIAM (1782-1849)
• MILLER, WILLIAM (1795-1861)
• MILLER, WILLIAM (1796–1882)
• MILLER, WILLIAM HALLOWES (18o1–188o)

miller near Vadstena and had been carefully educated abroad by the See also:

• JESUITS

Jesuits .

Being discovered plotting against the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government during the See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence of Gustavus in See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia, he was condemned to imprisonment for life—that is, for twenty years . Before this disaster he had been See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

professor of See also:

• JURISPRUDENCE (Lat. jurisprudenlia, knowledge of law, from jus, right, and prudentia, from providere, to foresee)
• JURISPRUDENCE, COMPARATIVE

jurisprudence in Upsala, where his first historical comedy Disa was performed in 1611 and the tragedy of Signill in 1612 . The See also:

• DESIGN (Fr. desiin, drawing; Lat. designare, to mark out)

design of Messenius was to write the history of his country in fifty plays; he completed and produced six . These dramas 5 are not particularly well arranged, but they form a little See also:

• BODY

body of theatrical literature of singular interest and value . Messenius was a genuine poet; the lyrics he introduces have something of the See also:

• CHARM (through the Fr. from the Lat. carmen, a song)

charm of the old See also:

• BALLADS

ballads . He wrote abundantly in See also:

• PRISON (derived through the Fr. from the Lat. prehensio, seizure)

prison; his magnum See also:

• OPUS ('O7rois)

opus was a history of Sweden in Latin, but he has also left, in Swedish, two important See also:

• RHYME

rhyme-chronicles . Messenius was imitated by a little See also:

• CROWD, CROUTH, CROWTH

crowd of playwrights . Nikolaus Holgeri Catonius (d . 1655) wrote a See also:

• FINE

fine tragedy on the Trojan See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War, Troijenborgh, in which he excelled Messenius as a dramatist . Andreas Prytz, who died in 16J5 as bishop of Linkoping, produced several religious chronicle plays from Swedish history . Jacobus Rondeletius (d . 1662) wrote a curious " See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian tragi-comedy " of Judas redivivus, which contains some amusing scenes from daily Swedish life .

Another See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good play was an anonymous Holofernes and See also:

• JUDITH, THE BOOK OF

Judith (edited at Upsala, 1895, by O . Sylwan) . These plays were all acted by schoolboys and university youths, and when they went out of See also:

• FASHION (adapted from Fr. facon, agon, Lat. factio, making, facere, to do or make)

fashion among these classes the drama in Sweden almost entirely ceased to exist . Two historians of the reign of Charles IX., Erik Goransson Tegel (d . 1636) and Aegidius Girs (d . 1.639), deserve mention . The chancellor Magnus See also:

• GABRIEL (Heb. SKns, man of God)

Gabriel de la Gardie (1622-1686) did much to promote the study of Swedish antiquities . He founded the College of Antiquities at Upsala in 1667, and bought back the See also:

• GOTHIC

Gothic Codex argenteus which he presented to the university library . The reign of Gustavus Adolphus was adorned by one great writer, the most considerable in all the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early history of Sweden . The title of " the Father of Swedish See also:

• POETRY

poetry " hasSt/ernhIetm. been universally awarded to Goran Lilja, better known by his adopted name of Georg Stjernhjelm (q.v.; 1598–1672) . Stjernhjelm was a man of almost universal attainment, but it is mainly in verse that he has left his See also:

• STAMP (from " to stamp," to strike or tread heavily, hence to impress, O. Eng. stempen, Du. stampen, Ger. stampfen, whence, O. Fr. estamper, mod. etamper)

stamp upon 4 Selections from his writings were edited by G . E .

Klemming, (Upsala, 1883-1885) . 5 Edited for a learned society (Upsala, 1886, &c.) by H . See also:

• SCHACK, ADOLF FRIEDRICH, GRAF VON (1815-1894)

Schack . the literature of his country . He found the language rough and halting, and he moulded it into perfect smoothness and See also:

• ELASTICITY

elasticity . His See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master, Buraeus, had written a few Swedish hexameters by way of experiment . Stjernhjelm took the form and made it See also:

• NATIONAL

national . The claim of Stjernhjelm to be the first Swedish poet may be contested by a younger man, but a slightly earlier writer, Rosennane.Gustaf Rosenhane (1619-1684), who was a reformer on quite other lines . If Stjernhjelm studied Opitz, Rosenhane took the French poets of the Renaissance for his See also:

• MODELS

models, and in 165o wrote a See also:

• CYCLE
• CYCLE (Gr. KUK)^os, a circle)

cycle of one See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred sonnets, the earliest in the language; these were published under the title Venerid in 1680 . Rosenhane printed in 1658 a " Complaint of the Swedish Language " in thirteen hundred rattling rhyming lines, and in 1682 a collection of eighty songs . He was a metrist of the See also:

• ARTISTIC

artistic See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order, skilful, learned and unimpassioned . His zeal for the improvement of the literature of his country was beyond question .

Most of the young poets, however, followed Stjernhjelm rather than Rosenhane . As See also:

• PERSONAL

personal See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends and pupils of the former, the brothers See also:

• COLUMBUS
• COLUMBUS, CHRISTOPHER [in Spanish CRISTOBAL COLON] (c. 1446, or perhaps rather 1451, -15o6)

Columbus deserve See also:

• SPECIAL

special See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention . They were sons of a musician and poet, See also:

• JONAS, JUSTUS (1493–1555)

Jonas Columbus (1586-1663) . Each wrote copiously in verse, but Johan (164o-1684), who was professor of poetry at Upsala, almost entirely in Latin, while See also:

• SAMUEL

Samuel (1642-1679), especially in his Odae sveticae, showed himself an See also:

• APT

apt and fervid imitator of the Swedish hexameters of Stjernhjelm, to whom he was at one time secretary, and whose See also:

• HERCULES
• HERCULES (0. Lat. Hercoles, Hercles)

Hercules he dramatized . His works were included by P . Hanselli in vol. ii. of Samlade vitterhets arbeten, &c . Of a rhyming See also:

• FAMILY

family of Hjarne, it is enough to mention one member, See also:

• URBAN
• URBAN (Urbanus)

Urban Hjarne (1641-1724), who introduced the new form of classical tragedy from See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, in a See also:

• SPECIES

species of transition from the masques of Stjernhjelm to the later See also:

• REGULAR

regular rhymed dramas . His best play was a Rosimunda . Lars Johansson (1642-1674), who called himself "Lucidor the Unfortunate," has been the subject of a whole See also:

• TISSUE (Fr. tissu, tissue, participle of tisser, Lat. texere, to weave)

tissue of romance, most of which is fabulous . It is true, however, that he was stabbed, like See also:

• MARLOWE, CHRISTOPHER (1564-1593)
• MARLOWE, JULIA [SARAH FRANCES FROST] (1870– )

Marlowe, in a midnight brawl at a See also:

• TAVERN

tavern . His poems were posthumously collected as See also:

• FLOWERS, ARTIFICIAL

Flowers of See also:

• HELICON
• HELICON (Fr. helicon, bombardon circulaire; Ger. Helikon)

Helicon, Plucked and Distributed on various occasions by Lucidor the Unfortunate . Stripped of the myth which had attracted so much attention to his name, Lucidor proves to be an occasional rhymester of a very See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low order .

Haquin Spegel (1645-1714), the famous See also:

• ARCH
• ARCH, JOSEPH (1826– )

arch-bishop of Upsala, wrote a long didactic epic in alexandrines, See also:

• GOD

God's Labour and See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

Rest, with an See also:

• INTRODUCTORY

introductory See also:

• ODE (Gr. uiSri, from aei&ew, to sing)

ode to the Deity in rhymed hexameters . He was also a good writer of See also:

• HYMNS

hymns . Another ecclesiastic, the bishop of Skara, Jesper Svedberg (1653-1735), wrote sacred verses, but is better remembered as the father of See also:

• SWEDENBORG (or SWEDBERG), EMANUEL (1688-1772)

Swedenborg . See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

Peter Lagerlof (1648-1699) cultivated a See also:

• PASTORAL (from Lat. pastor, a shepherd)

pastoral vein in his ingenious lyrics Elisandra "and Lyci!lis; he was professor of poetry, that is to say, of the See also:

• ART

art of writing Latin verses, at Upsala . Olof Wexionius (1656-169o?) published his Sinne-Afvel, a collection of graceful See also:

• MISCELLANEOUS

miscellaneous pieces, in 1684, in an edition of only too copies . Its existence was presently forgotten, and the name of Wexionius had dropped out of the history of literature, when Hanselli recovered a copy and reprinted its contents in 1863 . We have hitherto considered only the followers of Stjernhjelm; we have now to speak of an important writer who followed in t)adtsyeroathe footsteps of Rosenhane . Gunno Eurelius, afterwards ennobled with the name of See also:

• DAHLSTJERNA, GUNNO (1661-1709)

Dahlstjerna (q.v.; 1661-1709), early showed an interest in the poetry of See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy . In 1690 he translated See also:

• GUARINI
• GUARINI, GIOVANNI BATTISTA (1537-1612)

Guarini's Pastor Fido, and in or just after 1697 published, in a See also:

• FOLIO (properly the ablative case of the Lat. folium, leaf, but also frequently an adaptation of the Ital. foglio)

folio See also:

• VOLUME

volume without a date, his Kunga=Skald, the first See also:

• ORIGINAL

original poem in ottava rima produced in Swedish . This is a bombastic and vainglorious epic in See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour of Charles XI., whom Eurelius adored; it is not, however, without great merits, richness of language, flowing See also:

• METRE ((terpuc?, sc. rFxvf, from Gr. Or poi', measure)

metre, and the breadth of a genuine poetic See also:

• ENTHUSIASM

enthusiasm . He published a little collection of lamentable sonnets when his great master died . Johan See also:

• PAULINUS (d. 644)
• PAULINUS, GAIUS SUETONIUS (1st century A.D.)

Paulinus Liljenstedt (1655-1732), a Finn, was a graceful imitator of See also:

• RONSARD, PIERRE DE (1524-1585)

Ronsard and Guarini .

Johan Runius (1679-1713), called the " See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

Prince of Poets," published a collection entitled Dudaim, in which there is nothing to praise, and with him the See also:

• GENERATION (from Lat. generare, to beget, procreate; genus, stock, race)

generation of the 17th century closes . See also:

• TALENT (Lat. talentum, adaptation of Gr. TaXavrov, balance, ! Recollections of a First Visit to the Alps (1841); Vacation Rambles weight, from root raX-, to lift, as in rXi vac, to bear, 1-aXas, and Thoughts, comprising recollections of three Continental

Talent had been shown by certain individuals, but no healthy school of Swedish poetry had been founded, and the latest imitators of Stjernhjelm had lost every vestige of See also:

• TASTE (from Lat. taxare, to touch sharply; tangere, to touch)

taste and See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence . In prose the 17th century produced but little of importance in Sweden . Gustavus Adolphus (1594-1632) was the most polished writer of its earlier half, and his speeches take an important See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place in the development of the language . The most original mind of the next age was See also:

• OLAF
• OLAF (II.)
• OLAF, or ANLAF (d. 981)

Olaf Rudbeck (1630-1702), the famous author of Atland eller Manhem . He spent nearly all his life in Upsala, See also:

• BUILDING

building anatomical laboratories, conducting musical concerts, laying out botanical gardens, arranging medical lecture rooms—in a word, expending ceaseless See also:

• ENERGY (from the Gr. ivipyela; iv, in, ipyov, work)

energy on the See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical improvement of the university . He was a genius in all the known branches of learning; at twenty-three his physiological discoveries had made him famous throughout See also:

• EUROPE

Europe . His Atland (or Atlantika) appeared in four folio volumes, in Latin and Swedish, in 1675-1698; it was an See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to summon all the authority of the past, all the sages of See also:

• GREECE

Greece and the bards of See also:

• ICELAND (Dan. Island)

Iceland, to prove the inherent and indisputable greatness of the Swedish nation, in which the fabulous See also:

• ATLANTIS, ATALANTIS, or ATLANTICA

Atlantis had been at last discovered . It was the See also:

• LITERARY

literary expression of the See also:

• MAJESTY (Fr. majeste; Lat. majestas, grandeur, greatness, from the base mag-, as in magnus, great, major, greater, &c.)

majesty of Charles XI., and of his autocratical dreams for the destiny of Sweden . From another point of view it is a monstrous hoard or See also:

• CAIRN (in Gaelic and Welsh, Carn)

cairn of rough-hewn antiquarian learning, now often praised, sometimes quoted from, and never read . Olof Verelius (1618-1682) had led the way for Rudbeck, by his See also:

• TRANSLATIONS

translations of Icelandic sagas, a work which was carried on with greater intelligence by Johan Peringskjold (1654-1720), the editor of the Heimskringla (1697), and J . Hadorph (1630-1693) .

The French philosopher See also:

• DESCARTES, RENE (1596-1650)

Descartes, who died at See also:

• CHRISTINA (1626–1689)
• CHRISTINA [MARIA CHRISTINA HENRIETTA DESIREE FELICITE RENIERE]

Christina's See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court at Stockholm in 165o, found his chief, though See also:

• POSTHUMOUS

posthumous, See also:

• DISCIPLE

disciple in Andreas Rydelius (1671-1738), bishop of See also:

• LUND
• LUND, TROELS FREDERIK (1840- )

Lund, who was the master of Dalin, and thus connects us with the next See also:

• EPOCH (Gr. E7roxij, holding in suspense, a pause, from E1rxav, to hold up, to stop)

epoch . His chief work, Nodiga fornuftsofningar ... (5 vols.) appeared in 1718 . Charles XII., under whose special patronage Rydelius wrote, was himself a metaphysician and physiologist of merit . A much more brilliant period followed the death of Charles XII . The See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of France and See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England took the place of that of See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany and Italy . The taste of See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis XIV., tempered by the study of See also:

• ADDISON, JOSEPH (1672-1719)

Addison and See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

Pope, gave its See also:

• TONE, THEOBALD WOLFE (1763-1798)

tone to the academical court of Queen See also:

• LOUISE [AUGUSTE WILHELMINE AMALIE LUISE] (1776-1810)

Louise Ulrica, who founded in 1758 the See also:

• ACADEMY, GREEK
• ACADEMY, ROYAL

academy of literature, which See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed later into the academy of literature, history and antiquities . Sweden became completely a slave to the periwigs of literature, to the unities and See also:

• GRACES, THE, (Gr. X&panes, Lat. Gratiae)

graces of classical France . Nevertheless this was a period of great intellectual stimulus and activity, and Swedish literature took a solid shape for the first time . This Augustan period in Sweden closed somewhat abruptly about 1765 . Two writers in verse connect it with the school of the preceding century . See also:

• JACOB
• JACOB, JOHN (1812-1858)

Jacob Frese (1692 ?-1728 ?), a Finn, whose poems were published in 1726, was an elegiacal writer of much See also:

• GRACE (Fr. grace, Lat. gratia, from grates, beloved, pleasing; formed from the root cra-, Gr. xav-, cf. xaipw, x6p,ua, Xapts)
• GRACE, WILLIAM GILBERT (1848– )

grace, who foreshadowed the idyllic manner of See also:

• CREUTZ, GUSTAF FILIP, COUNT (1729-1785)

Creutz .

See also:

• ATTERBOM, PER DANIEL AMADEUS (1790-1855)

Atterbom pronounces Frese the best Swedish poet between Stjernhjelm and Dalin . Samuel von Triewald (1688-1743) played a very imperfect See also:

• DRYDEN, JOHN (1631-1700)

Dryden to Dalin's Pope . He was the first Swedish satirist, and introduced Boileau to his country-men . His See also:

• SATIRE (Lat. satira, satura; see below)

Satire upon our Stupid Poets may still be read with entertainment.' Both in verse and prose Olof von Dalin (q.v.; 1708-1763) takes a higher place than any See also:

• DAN

Dan writer since Stjernhjelm . He was inspired by the study of his great See also:

• ENGLISH

English contemporaries . His Swedish See also:

• ARGUS

Argus (1733-1734) was modelled on Addison's Spectator, his Thoughts about Critics (1736) on Pope's See also:

• ESSAY, ESSAYIST (Fr. essai, Late Lat. exagium, a weighing or balance; exigere, to examine; the term in general meaning any trial or effort)

Essay on See also:

• CRITICISM
• CRITICISM (from the Gr. KpiTrlS, a judge, Kpivew, to decide, to give an authoritative opinion)

Criticism, his See also:

• TALE (O.Eng. talu, number, account, story; the word is common to many Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Zahl, number, Erzahlung, narrative, Du. taal, speech, language)

Tale of a See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

Horse on See also:

• SWIFT
• SWIFT, JONATHAN (1667—1745)

Swift's Tale of a Tub . Dalin's See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style, ' The works of the chief writers between Sternhjelm and Dalin were edited by P . Hanselli (Upsala, 1856, &c.) as Samlade vitterhetsarbeten-af svenska forfattare . Rudbeck . whether in prose or verse, was of a finished elegance . As a prose writer Dalin is chiefly memorable for his History of the Swedish See also:

• KINGDOM

Kingdom (4 vols., 1746–1762) . His great epic, Swedish Freedom (1742) was written in alexandrines of far greater smoothness and vigour than had previously been attempted .

When in 1737 the new Royal Swedish See also:

• THEATRE (BEarpov, " a place for seeing," from OeacOae)

Theatre was opened, Dalin led the way to a new school of dramatists with his Brynhilda, a regular tragedy in the style of See also:

• CREBILLON, PROSPER JOLYOT DE (1674-1762)

Crebillon pere . In his comedy of The Envious Man he introduced the manner of See also:

• MOLIERE (1622-1673)

Moliere, or more properly that of See also:

• HOLBERG, LUDVIG HOLBERG, BARON (1684-1754)

Holberg . His songs, his satires, his occasional pieces, without displaying any real originality, show Dalin's tact and skill as a workman with the See also:

• PEN (Lat. penna, a feather, pen)

pen . He See also:

• STOLE (Lat. stela and orarium, Fr. etole, It. stola, Sp. estola, Ger. Stela)

stole from England and France, but with the See also:

• PLAGIARISM

plagiarism of a man of genius; and his multifarious labours raised Sweden to a level with the other literary countries of Europe . They formed a basis upon which more national and more scrupulous writers could build their various structures . A See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign critic, especially an English one, will never be able to give Dalin so much See also:

• CREDIT (Lat. credere, to believe)

credit as the Swedes do; but he was certainly an unsurpassable master of pastiche . His works were collected in 6 vols., 1767 . The only poet of importance who contested the laurels of Dalin was a woman . Hedvig Charlotta Nordenflycht (1718 1763) was the centre of a society which took the Fratvorden-name of Tankeb are Orden and ventured to See also:

• RIVAL

rival ftycht . Ygg that which Queen Louise Ulrica created and Dalin adorned . Both See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

groups were classical in taste, both worshipped the new See also:

• LIGHTS, CEREMONIAL USE OF

lights in England and France . Fru Nordenflycht wrote with facility and grace; her collection of lyrics, The Sorrowing Turtledove (1743), in spite of its affectation, enjoyed and merited a great success; it was the expression of a deep and genuine sorrow—the death of her See also:

• HUSBAND

husband after a very brief and happy married life .

It was in 1744 that she settled in Stockholm and opened her famous literary See also:

• SALON

salon . She was called " The Swedish See also:

• SAPPHO (7th–6th centuries B.C.)

Sappho," and See also:

• SCANDAL

scandal has been needlessly busy in giving point to the allusion . It was to Fru Nordenflycht's credit that she discovered and encouraged the talent of two very distinguished poets younger than herself, Creutz and Gyllenborg, who published volumes of poetry in Crentz. collaboration . See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

Count Gustaf See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip Creutz (q.v.; 1731–1785) was a Finlander who achieved an extraordinary success with his idyllic poems, and in particular with the beautiful pastoral of Atis och Camilla, long the most popular of all Swedish poems . His friend Count Gustaf Fredrik Gyllenborg Gyllenborg (1731–1808) was a less accomplished poet, less delicate and touching, more rhetorical and artificial . His epic Tdget ofver Bait (" The Expedition across the See also:

• BELT (a word common to Teutonic languages, the Old Ger. form being bale, from which the Lat. balteus probably derived)
• BELT, THOMAS (1832-1878)

Belt ") (1785) is an See also:

• IMITATION (Lat. imitatio, from intitari, to imitate)

imitation, in twelve books, of See also:

• VOLTAIRE, FRANCOIS MARIE AROUET DE (1694–1778)

Voltaire's Henriade, and deals with the prowess of Charles X . He wrote fables, allegories, satires, and a successful comedy of See also:

• MANNERS, CHARLES (1857– )

manners, The Swedish Fop . He outlived his chief contemporaries so long that the new generation addressed him as " Father Gyllenborg." Anders Odel (1718–1773) wrote in 1739 the famous " Song of See also:

• MALCOLM
• MALCOLM, SIR JOHN (1769-1833)

Malcolm See also:

• SINCLAIR
• SINCLAIR, SIR JOHN, BART

Sinclair," the Sinclairsvisa . The writers of verse in this period were also exceedingly numerous . In prose, as was to be expected, the first half of the 18th century was See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich in Sweden as elsewhere . The first Swedish Prose novelist was See also:

• JAKOB, LUDWIG HEINRICH VON (1759—1827)

Jakob Henrik Mork (1714–1763) . His Writers. romances have some likeness to those of See also:

• RICHARD
• RICHARD (d. 1184)
• RICHARD, FRANCOIS MARIE BENJAMIN (18,9-1908)
• RICHARD, HENRY (1812-1888)
• RICHARD, ST

Richard- son; they are moral, long-winded, and slow in See also:

• EVOLUTION

evolution, but written in an exquisite style, and with much knowledge of human nature .

Adalrik och Gothilda, which went on appearing from 1742 to 1745, is the best known; it was followed, between 1748 and 1758, by See also:

• THECLA, ST

Thecla . Jakob Wallenberg (1746–1778) described a voyage he took to the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East Indies and See also:

• CHINA

China under the very See also:

• ODD (in middle English odde, from old Norwegian oddi, an angle of a triangle; the old Norwegian oddamann is used of the third man who gives a casting vote in a dispute)

odd title of See also:

• MIN

Min son pa' galejan (" My Son at the Galleys "), a work full of See also:

• HUMOUR (Latin humor)

humour and originality . Johan Ihre (1707–1780), a professor at Upsala, edited the Codex argenteus of See also:

• ULFILAS (c. 311-383)

Ulfilas, and produced the valuable Svenskt See also:

• DIALECT (from Gr. Sia stcror, conversation, manner of speaking, &aXeyec6at, to converse)

Dialect See also:

• LEXICON

Lexicon (1766) based on an earlier learned work, the Dialectologia of Archbishop Erik Benzelius (d . 1743) . He settled for some time at See also:

• OXFORD
• OXFORD, EARLS OF
• OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
• OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
• OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
• OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
• OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST

Oxford . Ihre's masterpiece is the Glossarium sueogothicum (1769), a historical See also:

• DICTIONARY

dictionary with many valuable examples from the ancient monuments of the language . In doing this he was assisted by the labours of two other grammarians, Sven See also:

• HOF

Hof (d . 1786) and See also:

• ABRAHAM, or ABRAM (Hebrew for " father is high ")

Abraham Sahlstedt (d . 1776) . The chief historians were Sven Lagerbring . (1707–1787), author of a still valuable history of Sweden down to 1457 (Svea .Rikes historia, 4 vols., 1769–1783); Olof See also:

• CELSIUS, ANDERS (1701-1744)

Celsius (1716–1794), bishop of Lund, who wrote histories of Gustavus I . (1746–1753) and of See also:

• ERIC

Eric XIV .

(1774); and Karl Gustaf See also:

• TESSIN, CARL GUSTAF, COUNT (1695-1770)

Tessin (1695–1770) who wrote on politics and on See also:

• AESTHETICS

aesthetics . Tessin's Old Man's Letters to a young Prince were addressed to his See also:

• PUPIL (Lat. pupillus, orphan, minor, dim. of pupus, boy, allied to puer, from root pm- or peu-, to beget, cf. "pupa," Lat. for " doll," the name given to the stage intervening between the larval and imaginal stages in certain insects)

pupil, afterwards Gustavus III . Count Anders Johan von