See also:

• SWIMMING (from " swim," A.S. swimman, the root being common in Teutonic languages)

SWIMMING (from " swim," A.S. swimman, the See also:

• ROOT (late O.E. rot, adopted from Scand., cf. Norw. and Swed. rot, Dan. rod; the true O.E. word was wyrt, plant, represented in Ger. Wurz or Wurzel; the ultimate root is the same in both words, and is seen in Lat. radix)
• ROOT, ELIHU (1845– )

root being See also:

• COMMON

common in See also:

• TEUTONIC
• TEUTONIC (GERMANIC) LANGUAGES

Teutonic See also:

• LANGUAGES

languages)  , the See also:

• ACTION

action of self-support and self-propulsion on or in See also:

• WATER

water; though used by See also:

• ANALOGY (Gr. avaXo-yLa, proportion)

analogy of inanimate See also:

• OBJECTS

objects, the See also:

• TERM

term is generally connected with See also:

• ANIMAL
• ANIMAL (Lat. animalis, from anima, breath, soul)

animal progression and specially with the See also:

• ART

art of self-propulsion on water as practised by See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man . Natation (the synonym derived from See also:

• LAT

Lat. natare) is one of the most useful of the See also:

• PHYSICAL

physical acquirements of man . There have been cases in which beginners have demonstrated some ability in the art upon their first See also:

• IMMERSION (Lat. immersio, dipping),

immersion in deep water, but generally speaking it is an art which has to be acquired . For many years See also:

• GREAT

Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain held the supremacy in this particular See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of athletics, but See also:

• CONTINENTAL

continental, Australian and See also:

• AMERICAN

American swimmers have so much improved and have See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed such speedy strokes, that the claim can no longer be maintained . See also:

• ENGLISH

English swimmers have, however, the See also:

• SATISFACTION (Lat. salisfacerc, to satisfy)

satisfaction of knowing that in a great measure through them has come about the very great See also:

• INTEREST

interest which is now taken in the teaching of See also:

• SWIMMING (from " swim," A.S. swimman, the root being common in Teutonic languages)

swimming throughout the See also:

• WORLD

world, and more particularly on the See also:

• CONTINENT (from Lat. continere, "to hold together "; hence " connected," " continuous ")

continent of See also:

• EUROPE

Europe, where they have made frequent See also:

• TOURS

tours and given instructive displays of swimming, See also:

• LIFE

life-saving (see DROWNING), and water See also:

• POLO (Tibetan pulu, ball)
• POLO, GASPAR GIL (?153o-1591)
• POLO, MARCO (c. 1254-1324)

polo (q.v.); the latter a water See also:

• GAME

game entirely See also:

• BRITISH

British in its origin . The teaching of swimming has been taken up in See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools, and where the See also:

• WORK

work is well done it is customary to use a form of See also:

• LAND

land See also:

• DRILL

drill so as to impress upon the pupils some See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea of the motions which have to be made in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to progress through the water . This drill is the preliminary practice to the teaching of the See also:

• BREAST (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. the Ger. Brust, possibly connected with an O. Sax. brustian, to bud)

breast stroke . This stroke is about the most useful of all the known forms of swimming, more particularly when any one is thrown overboard in clothes; and though See also:

• SPEED, JOHN (1552–1629)

speed swimmers look upon it as obsolete, it is undoubtedly the best for a See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long-distance swim, such as across the English Channel, or other similar feats . A knowledge of it, as well as of the back stroke, is essential to the effective saving of life . When learning the breast stroke, the first thing to avoid is undue haste and rapidity in the movements . It is this See also:

• FAULT (Mid. Eng. faute, through the French, from the popular Latin use of fallere, to fail; the originallof the Latin being replaced in English in the 15th century)

fault, probably See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born of nervousness, which causes many to aver that though eager to do so, they have never been able to learn to swim . Rapid action of the arms only exhausts the learner, whose breathing then becomes hurried and irregular, and as a consequence he fails to preserve the buoyancy necessary for carrying him along the See also:

• SURFACE

surface .

When starting for the first stroke the be-ginner should draw the elbows nearly to the See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side, at the same See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time bringing up the forearm and hands to the front of the See also:

• CHEST (Gr. Kiarl, Lat. cista, O. Eng. cist, test, &c.)

chest with the palms of the hands downwards near to the surface of the water, the fingers being extended and closed and the forefingers and thumbs nearly touching . The hands are then pushed forward in front of the See also:

• BODY

body to the full extent of the arms, the palms of the hands are turned slightly outwards, and the arms swept See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round until in a right See also:

• ANGLE (from the Lat. angulus, a corner, a diminutive, of which the primitive form, angus, does not occur in Latin; cognate are the Lat. angere, to compress into a bend or to strangle, and the Gr. ayKOS, a bend; both connected with the Aryan root ank-, to

angle with the shoulders, when the elbows are dropped and the hands come up in front of the chest for the next stroke . The arms should not be kept rigid, but allowed to work gracefully . As the arms are swept backwards the legs are See also:

• DRAWN

drawn up, the knees being turned out-See also:

• WARD
• WARD, ADOLPHUS WILLIAM (1837- )
• WARD, ARTEMUS
• WARD, EDWARD MATTHEW (1816-1879)
• WARD, ELIZABETH STUART PHELPS (1844-1911)
• WARD, JAMES (1769--1859)
• WARD, JAMES (1843– )
• WARD, JOHN QUINCY ADAMS (1830-1910)
• WARD, LESTER FRANK (1841– )
• WARD, MARY AUGUSTA [MRS HUMPHRY WARD]
• WARD, WILLIAM (1766-1826)
• WARD, WILLIAM GEORGE (1812-1882)

ward to the right and See also:

• LEFT

left and the heels nearly touching . The legs are then kicked outward and swept round as the arms are being pushed forward to their fullest extent, a " flip " being given with each of the feet, which must be kept loose at the ankles and in the same position as when See also:

• STANDING

standing . All beginners have the great fault of trying to make the limbs too rigid, thereby causing stiffness and possibly See also:

• CRAMP
• CRAMP, CHARLES HENRY (1828— )

cramp . Another difficulty with them is the question of breathing, but if the learner will remember to inhale when making each backward sweep of the arms, much of the difficulty usually experienced at the start will be overcome . Expiration should be carried out during the other portion of each stroke . The important thing is to keep the body as level along the surface as possible, and at the same time get See also:

• REGULAR

regular and natural breathing . The holding of the breath for two or three strokes will exhaust the beginner more than anything else . A knowledge of the back stroke can easily be acquired by those who are able to swim on the breast, for the See also:

• LEG
• LEG (a word of Scandinavian origin, from the Old Norwegian leggr, cf. Swed. lagg, Dan. laeg; the O. Eng. word was sceanca, shank)

leg action is very similar and the principles See also:

• RELATING

relating to the use of the arms are almost the same . The arms, instead of being moved through the water, are lifted in the See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air and carried out to beyond the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head with the palms upwards .

The palms are then slightly turned and the arms swept round . Just as this action is being made the legs are drawn up as in the breast stroke, the body being allowed to travel on with the force of the kick as the arms are extended beyond the head . The great difficulty that a back swimmer has to contend with in open water is that of steering, and the best way to overcome it is to take an See also:

• OBJECT

object for a See also:

• GUIDE (in Mid. Eng. gyde, from the Fr. guide; the earlier French form was guie, English " guy," the d was due to the Italian form guida; the ultimate origin is probably Teutonic, the word being connected with the base seen in O. Eng. witan, to know)

guide before starting and hold the head slightly to the side so as to See also:

• STEER, PAUL WILSON (186o– )

steer by it . At one time the side stroke was the great racing stroke; the body being placed on the side, the upper See also:

• ARM (a common Teutonic word; the Indo-European root is ar, to join or fit; cf. the Lat. armus, shoulder, and the plural word arma, weapons, Gr. apphs, joint, and the reduplicated apapilKSV, to join)

arm worked from the head to the upper side of the body, the See also:

• LOWER

lower arm taken down-wards through the water to the underside of the body and a scissor-like kick made with the legs; but this has now been generally given up in favour of the over-arm, trudgen and crawl strokes . In the over-arm stroke the body is usually turned on the right side . At the start the lower arm is pulled downwards towards the hips, the fingers being kept closed and the See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand See also:

• FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat, so as to See also:

• PRESENT

present a large surface to the water . When the stroke is finished the hand is turned quickly See also:

• PALM (Lat. palma, Gr. iraX6.jn )
• PALM, JOHANN PHILIPP (1768-1806)

palm upwards, so that together with the lower See also:

• PART

part of the arm it cuts the water sideways, the arm being almost See also:

• BENT
• BENT (E1. BENI)
• BENT, JAMES THEODORE (1852–1897)

bent See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

double . Then, as it is shot forward, the hand is gradually turned from palm upwards to palm downwards, until, when it arrives at its position beyond the head, it is ready for the next stroke . The recovery and the pull ought to be effected as quickly as possible . The upper arm stroke is started when the downward stroke of the under or right arm is finished . It is started in front of the forehead, the arm being slightly bent and the fingers pointing downwards . The hand is pulled past the See also:

• FACE (from Lat. fades, derived either from facere, to make, or from a root fa-, meaning " appear "; cf. Gr. cbatvstv)

face and chest with the arm bent at right angles and swept back in front of the body, the arm gradually straightening as it leaves the water opposite the See also:

• HIP

hip .

When the hand is opposite the hip it should be brought quickly out of the water and sent forward for the next stroke . When the upper arm is opposite the See also:

• SHOULDER (in O.E. sculder, cognate with Ger. Schulter, Dutch schouder, Swed. skuldra, &c; the root is unknown)

shoulder in its pull through the water the legs are kicked wide apart and closed again at the moment when the hand leaves the water . The kick is completed and the legs straightened before the left hand is replaced ready for the next stroke . As the legs are opened the upper leg is kicked forward with the See also:

• KNEE (O. E. cneow, a word common to Indo-European languages, cf. Ger. Knie, Fr. genou, Span. hinojo, Lat. genu, Gr. ybvv, Sansk. janu)

knee slightly bent, and the See also:

• FOOT

foot kept in itsordinary position . The lower leg is bent double until the See also:

• HEEL

heel approaches the thigh, which is brought backwards slightly . In the actual kick the upper leg is sent forward, and as it is straightened vigorously the under leg from the knee downward comes forward to meet it with a vicious kick; the swirl of the feet and closing of the legs drives the body forward . This is what has come to be known in Great Britain as the " See also:

• NORTHERN

Northern Kick," by See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason of its first being introduced by See also:

• LANCASHIRE

Lancashire swimmers . The trudgen stroke, more commonly known as the trudgeon stroke, and on the continent of Europe as See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish swimming, was first made prominent in See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England in 1873 by a swimmer named J . Trudgen, who stated that he had acquired a knowledge of it while in See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South See also:

• AMERICA

America . It was, however, known to Clias, a writer on swimming, who described it in 1825 as " The Thrust." Trudgen's speed was so great for his time that swimmers quickly copied his See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style, and it is from this stroke that the crawl stroke has been developed . When swimming Trudgen kept on the chest and lifted the upper part of his body at each stroke out of the water, and at each See also:

• SWING, DAVID (1830-1894)

swing of the arms pulled himself forward, a considerable swirl of the water occurring as each See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement was finished . The arms were brought forward sideways, each completing a circle on each side of the body, and the head kept completely above water .

Those who copied Trudgen soon found it was less laborious and equally as fast to use a double over-arm stroke with the head and chest well down, and thus have the body supported by the water, using the See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary over-arm leg kick . At first it was considered a stroke only useful for See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short distances and for water polo where speed is essential, but the idea was quickly dispelled, and several men, as well as See also:

• WOMEN

women, have swum as far as fifteen See also:

• MILES, NELSON APPLETON (1839— )

miles with this stroke . The crawl stroke is, like the trudgen, an See also:

• ADAPTATION (from Lat. adaptare. to fit to)

adaptation from native swimmers . It was not generally known in Great Britain until 1902, when Mr See also:

• RICHARD
• RICHARD (d. 1184)
• RICHARD, FRANCOIS MARIE BENJAMIN (18,9-1908)
• RICHARD, HENRY (1812-1888)
• RICHARD, ST

Richard Cavill came from See also:

• AUSTRALIA

Australia to compete in the English championships, but it is said to be See also:

• COMMON

common with natives of the South See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

Sea Islands, and from there introduced into Australia about the See also:

• YEAR

year 1900 . From thence it came to Europe, and there Mr C . M . Daniels, the American See also:

• AMATEUR (Lat. amator, lover)

amateur See also:

• CHAMPION (Fr. champion, Late Lat. campio from campus; a field or open space, i.e. one " who takes the field " or fights; cf. Ger. Kampf, battle, and Kampfer, fighter)

champion, made so excellent a study of it that he not only so greatly increased his own See also:

• PACE (through O. Fr. pas, from Lat. passus, step, properly the stretch of the leg in walking, from pandere, to stretch)
• PACE, RICHARD (c. 1482-1536)

pace as to be able to win the English championship, and See also:

• BEAT (a word common in various forms to the Teutonic languages; it is connected with the similar Romanic words derived from the Late Lat. battere)

beat the world's See also:

• RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record for a See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred yards, but also introduced various improvements upon it . This stroke is distinct from any other form of swimming: the legs from the knee upwards are kept in See also:

• LINE

line with the body and almost closed; there is no opening of the legs or See also:

• DRAWING

drawing up of the knees as for the breast, back and side strokes . The swimmer lies flat upon his breast on the surface, the lower part of the legs from the knee downward are alternately lifted above the surface up to the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of the See also:

• CALF
• CALF, THE GOLDEN

calf and then they are struck down upon the water with the instep with all force possible . This striking is done from an upward to a downward direction, one leg at a time . The arms are used somewhat similarly as in the trudgen stroke, they are bent at the elbows, dipped in just beyond the head and drawn smartly backwards till they come out of the water at the hips . The right arm is dipped in when the left foot strikes downward and See also:

• VICE

vice versa .

The result of this movement is that when one or the other of the limbs is pulling or propelling the body through the water at the same moment another See also:

• LIMB

limb is being recovered for the next stroke, most of the limbs are recovered through the air, fewer dead or retarding points are produced than in any other stroke, and less resistance is caused in the line of progress . In performing any other stroke most of the limbs are recovered through the water . One of the most useful accomplishments for a swimmer is that of floating, but curiously enough many of them cannot acquire a knowledge of it . It is purely a See also:

• MATTER

matter of buoyancy, and requires See also:

• CONSTANT, BENJAMIN (1845-1902)

constant practice before one can become perfect in it . In learning to See also:

• FLOAT (in O. Eng. floc and flota, in the verbal form f eotan; the Teutonic root is flut-, another form of flu-, seen in " flow," cf. " fleet "; the root is seen in Gr. a-M e, to sail, Lat. pluere, to rain; the Lat, fluere and fluctus, wave, is not connect

float the beginner experiences great difficulty in overcoming the tendency of the legs to sink, and if after frequent trials they are still found to sink he should get some one to hold them up or else See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place them on the steps or behind the See also:

• RAIL

rail of the See also:

• BATH
• BATH, THOMAS THYNNE
• BATH, WILLIAM

bath, and thus assisted learn to See also:

• BALANCE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. bilantia, an apparatus for weighing, from bi, two, and lanx, a dish or scale)

balance the body on the surface . Before doing so he should completely fill his lungs, spread his legs wide, and then See also:

• LIE, JONAS LAURITZ EDEMIL (1833—1908)
• LIE, MARIUS SOPHUS (1842–1899)

lie backwards with the arms extended in a line with the body and beyond the head, with the palms upwards, care being taken to throw as much See also:

• WEIGHT

weight beyond the head as possible . Furthermore he must lie perfectly still and take care not to hollow the back or raise the See also:

• ABDOMEN (a Latin word, either from abdere, to hide, or from a form adipomen, from adeps, fat)

abdomen above water . One may sink for an instant, but if the breath be held the lips will come above the surface, when easy breathing may be indulged in . Only the face, chest and toes should appear above the surface of the water . If the feet still have a tendency to sink after they have been gently released from the step or rail, more weight should be thrown beyond the head by turning it well back and lifting the hands out of the water, which will raise the feet . A knowledge of floating is of See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good service to those attempting to See also:

• SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

save life and is also essential to those desirous of making a study of the many tricks and scientific feats which are performed by swimmers . The usual method of entering the water is by what is known as diving; some think that it should be termed " springing." The best method of learning to dive is to stand on the side of the bath or on the See also:

• BANK

bank of the See also:

• RIVER

river, and then stoop down until the body is nearly double, stretch out the arms in front of the head, sink the head between them and gradually fall over into the water .

The ability to enter the water head first will then soon be acquired . To begin, the legs should be placed together and the body kept erect, then a few short inspirations should be made 'and the lungs cleared and inflated, the arms should be swung from the front and a See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring made from the diving See also:

• BASE

base . As the feet leave the base they should be thrown upwards, the body straightened and the head placed between the arms, which should be kept at full stretch beyond the head, with the hands palm downwards and the thumbs touching so as to See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act as a cut-water . Immediately the body has entered the water, the hands should he turned upwards and the body will then come to the surface at once . In high diving a leap is made into See also:

• MID

mid-air, the body straightened almost to See also:

• HORIZONTAL

horizontal level, the arms and head then declined towards the water and the legs brought up . This action causes the body to shoot towards the water at a proper angle and the dive is thereby made clean and effective . A useful accomplishment is that known as surface diving, be-cause it enables you to find and bring an object to the surface . The correct method of performing it is to first swim a few yards on the surface with the breast stroke, take a breath, then suddenly depress the head, look downwards, elevate the body at the hips, and at the same time make a powerful stroke with the legs and an upward stroke with the hands . The impetus thus obtained will suffice to take the swimmer to the bottom in to ft. of water . Once under the surface it is only necessary to keep the head depressed and swim by means of the breast stroke in order to find the object of See also:

• SEARCH, or VISIT AND SEARCH

search . When about to rise to the surface, the head should be turned backwards with the eyes upwards, and a vigorous stroke made with arms and legs . Plunging is not very generally practised, though there is a championship for it .

A plunge is a standing dive made head first from a See also:

• FIRM

firm take off, See also:

• FREE

free from spring . The body must be kept motionless face downwards, no progressive movement must be imparted other than the action of the dive . The plunge terminates when the plunger raises his face above the surface of the water . With the idea of preventing long tests without breathing, it was deemed in 1893 advisable by the swimming association to impose a time limit of one See also:

• MINUTE
• MINUTE (Lat. minutes, small; minuere, to make less)

minute in all competitions . Yet even with this time limit, over 8o ft. has been plunged . In See also:

• SWEDEN
• SWEDEN [Sverige]
• SWEDEN, NORWAY AND

Sweden and See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany skilled forms of acrobatic and gymnastic diving have been more largely practised than in England, and as a consequence diving in those countries is in a much higher See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of perfection than in England, though even in England great improvement has been made owing to a large influx of See also:

• SWEDISH

Swedish teachers . Most of the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal races are decided in See also:

• BATHS

baths, but there has been a tendency of See also:

• LATE

late years to revert to open water in the summer and also to encourage long-distance swimming . Thefirst public baths in Great Britain were opened by the See also:

• CORPORATION (from Lat. corporare, to form into a body, corpus, corporis)

corporation of See also:

• LIVERPOOL
• LIVERPOOL, EARLS
• LIVERPOOL, EARLS OF

Liverpool in 1828 and the Baths and Washhouses Act was passed in 1846, the first of the See also:

• LONDON

London parishes to adopt the act being St See also:

• MARTIN (Martinus)
• MARTIN, BON LOUIS HENRI (1810-1883)
• MARTIN, CLAUD (1735-1800)
• MARTIN, FRANCOIS XAVIER (1762-1846)
• MARTIN, HOMER DODGE (1836-1897)
• MARTIN, JOHN (1789-1854)
• MARTIN, LUTHER (1748-1826)
• MARTIN, SIR THEODORE (1816-1909)
• MARTIN, SIR WILLIAM FANSHAWE (1801–1895)
• MARTIN, ST (c. 316-400)
• MARTIN, WILLIAM (1767-1810)

Martin's in the See also:

• FIELDS, JAMES THOMAS (1817-1881)

Fields, who opened baths in See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

Green See also:

• STREET
• STREET, GEORGE EDMUND (1824-1881)

Street, See also:

• LEICESTER
• LEICESTER, EARLS OF
• LEICESTER, ROBERT DUDLEY, EARL
• LEICESTER, ROBERT SIDNEY, EARL OF (1563-1626)
• LEICESTER, THOMAS WILLIAM COKE, EARL OF (1754-1842)

Leicester Square in 1846 . Since then public baths have been erected all over Great Britain and See also:

• IRELAND
• IRELAND, CHURCH
• IRELAND, CHURCH OF
• IRELAND, JOHN (1761-1842)
• IRELAND, JOHN (1838- )
• IRELAND, WILLIAM HENRY (1777-1835)

Ireland, and bath swimming has become, by reason of the lack of reasonable open water See also:

• ACCOMMODATION (Lat. accommodare, to make fit, from ad, to, cum, with, and modus, measure)

accommodation, the principal means of the teaching of the See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young . But open water swimming, and more particularly swimming in the sea, is the best training and practice for those who really love the art, because they are able to swim under normal See also:

• CLIMATIC

climatic conditions, instead of in tepid water . Many persons in England bathe in the open all the year round, notably in the See also:

• SERPENTINE

Serpentine in London, on the sea-See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast and in various inland See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters . When bathing in the open, care has to be taken to avoid weeds or undercurrents .

In the event of accidentally getting hold of a See also:

• BED
• BED (a common Teutonic word, cf. German Bett, probably connected with the Indo-European root bhodh, seen in the Lat. fodere, to dig; so " a dug-out place " for safe resting, or in the same sense as a garden " bed ")

bed of weeds, the swimmer should cease kicking and work with the arms, and the current will then take him through . If he tries to swim the weeds will entangle his legs and put him in an awkward See also:

• PLIGHT

plight . If he be carried away by a current in a river, he should select a spot on either bank and swim diagonally towards it, never minding where he has left his clothes . When in the sea, the conditions are not always the same, though the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general See also:

• RULE

rule of swimming diagonally for See also:

• SHORE

shore also applies . For sea bathing, however, it is far better, no matter how good a swimmer one may be, to have a See also:

• BOAT (0. Eng. bdt; the true etymological connexion with Dutch and Ger. boot, Fr. bateau, Ital. battello presents great difficulties; Celtic forms are from O. Eng.)

boat in attendance . Before bathing in any See also:

• STRANGE, SIR ROBERT (1721-1792)

strange place, the swimmer should make himself acquainted with the currents and the direction of the See also:

• TIDE (O. Eng. lid, cf. Ger. Zeit, time or season, connected with root of Sanskrit a-diti, endless)

tide . When the tide is going out the course should be made along the coast, See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close in shore . In a rough sea the swimmer should not See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to breast the waves, but as each See also:

• WAVE

wave rises he should swim through, thereby saving himself from buffeting, which if long continued would cause insensibility or else great See also:

• WASTE (O. Fr. wast, guast, gast, gaste; Lat. vastus, vast, desolate)

waste of physical See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power . When using a boat for bathing the best way is to dive from the stern, to which some steps or a rope See also:

• LADDER, (0. Eng. hlaeder; of Teutonic origin, cf. Dutch leer, Ger. Leiter; the ultimate origin is in the root seen in " lean," Or. KNiµat)

ladder should be fixed, in order to aid the swimmer when getting in again . Failing these being at hand, the best way is to See also:

• LAY

lay hold of the stern with both hands and then, making a hard rising kick, raise the body till it rests on the edge of the hips . Then smartly slip the hands a little forward, turn to a sitting position and enter the boat . Speed swimming records are so frequently altered, that students had best obtain the Amateur Swimming Association's See also:

• ANNUAL

Annual Handbook, in which are detailed the accepted records up to date .

The improvement in speed has been most remarkable . In 1877 the mile amateur record was 29 M . 251 secs.; and that stood until 1892 . The record in 1907 was 24 M . 42R secs. made by Mr D . See also:

• BILLINGTON, ELIZABETH (1768?–1818)

Billington . The hundred yards record has been similarly reduced . In 1878 it was r m . 161 secs.; in 1888 it had been lowered by Mr J . See also:

• NUTTALL, THOMAS (1786-1859)

Nuttall to r m . 61 secs.; and in 1907 Mr C . M .

Daniels, of America, created a world's record of 55 secs . The records over intermediate distances have also been considerably lowered and many long-distance swimming records have from time to time been created . One of the most remarkable of these long-distance swims is the See also:

• RACE

race which is known as the " Swim through London," from See also:

• RICHMOND
• RICHMOND, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• RICHMOND, LEGH (1772-1827)
• RICHMOND, SIR WILLIAM BLAKE (1842– )

Richmond See also:

• LOCK (from the O. Eng. loc.; the word appears, in different forms, in many Teutonic languages, but with such various meanings as " hole," Ger. Loch, " lid," Swed. lock, &c.; probably the original was a root meaning " to enclose ")
• LOCK, MATTHIAS

lock and See also:

• WEIR (from O. Eng. wer, a dam; cognate with werian, to defend, guard; cf. Ger. Wehr, defence)
• WEIR, ROBERT WALTER (1803-1889)

weir to Blackfriars, which was instituted in 1907 and won by Mr J . A . See also:

• JARVIS, JOHN WESLEY (178o-1840)

Jarvis of Leicester, in 3 See also:

• HOURS, CANONICAL

hours 24 minutes 61 secs . In this event 34 started, and 21 finished the distance, which goes to show that much See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention is being devoted to long-distance trials; in this event See also:

• MISS

Miss Lilian M . See also:

• SMITH
• SMITH, ADAM (1723–1790)
• SMITH, ALEXANDER (183o-1867)
• SMITH, ANDREW JACKSON (1815-1897)
• SMITH, CHARLES EMORY (1842–1908)
• SMITH, CHARLES FERGUSON (1807–1862)
• SMITH, CHARLOTTE (1749-1806)
• SMITH, COLVIN (1795—1875)
• SMITH, EDMUND KIRBY (1824-1893)
• SMITH, G
• SMITH, GEORGE (1789-1846)
• SMITH, GEORGE (184o-1876)
• SMITH, GEORGE ADAM (1856- )
• SMITH, GERRIT (1797–1874)
• SMITH, GOLDWIN (1823-191o)
• SMITH, HENRY BOYNTON (1815-1877)
• SMITH, HENRY JOHN STEPHEN (1826-1883)
• SMITH, HENRY PRESERVED (1847– )
• SMITH, JAMES (1775–1839)
• SMITH, JOHN (1579-1631)
• SMITH, JOHN RAPHAEL (1752–1812)
• SMITH, JOSEPH, JR
• SMITH, MORGAN LEWIS (1822–1874)
• SMITH, RICHARD BAIRD (1818-1861)
• SMITH, ROBERT (1689-1768)
• SMITH, SIR HENRY GEORGE WAKELYN
• SMITH, SIR THOMAS (1513-1577)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM (1813-1893)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM SIDNEY (1764-1840)
• SMITH, SYDNEY (1771-1845)
• SMITH, THOMAS SOUTHWOOD (1788-1861)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (1769-1839)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (c. 1730-1819)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (fl. 1596)
• SMITH, WILLIAM FARRAR (1824—1903)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1808—1872)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1825—1891)
• SMITH, WILLIAM ROBERTSON (1846-'894)

Smith finished fourteenth . Much interest has centred in attempts to swim across the English Channel; See also:

• CAPTAIN (derived from Lat. ca put, head, through the Low Lat. capitanus)

Captain See also:

• WEBB, MATTHEW (1848-1883)
• WEBB, SIDNEY (1859– )

Webb, D . See also:

• DALTON
• DALTON, JOHN (1766-1844)

Dalton and, F . Cavill, all claim to have done it, but only the swim of Captain Webb has been accepted as genuine . The first recorded attempt was made on the 24th of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1872 by J . B .

See also:

• JOHNSON, ANDREW
• JOHNSON, ANDREW (1808–1875)
• JOHNSON, BENJAMIN (c. 1665-1742)
• JOHNSON, EASTMAN (1824–1906)
• JOHNSON, REVERDY (1796–1876)
• JOHNSON, RICHARD (1573–1659 ?)
• JOHNSON, RICHARD MENTOR (1781–1850)
• JOHNSON, SAMUEL (1709-1784)
• JOHNSON, SIR THOMAS (1664-1729)
• JOHNSON, SIR WILLIAM (1715–1774)
• JOHNSON, THOMAS

Johnson, who started from See also:

• DOVER
• DOVER, GEORGE JAMES WELBORE
• DOVER, HENRY JERMYN, EARL OF (c. 1636-1708)
• DOVER, ROBERT (1575-1641)

Dover, but remained in the water only 65 minutes . It was on the 12th of August 1875 that Captain See also:

• MATTHEW, GOSPEL OF ST
• MATTHEW, ST (MaOOaior or MarOaIos, probably a shortened form of the Hebrew equivalent to Theodorus)
• MATTHEW, TOBIAS

Matthew Webb made his first attempt . He started from Dover and remained in the water 6 hours 49 m., when the See also:

• WEATHER (O. Eng. weder; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Du. weder, Dan. veir, Icel. ve8r, and Ger. Wetter and Gewitter, storm; the root is wa- to blow, from which is derived " wind ")

weather became too rough for him to continue . It is estimated that he was about 131 M . across when he had to give up . On the 24th–25th of August 1875, he swam across the English Channel, diving from the See also:

• ADMIRALTY, HIGH COURT OF

Admiralty See also:

• PIER (older forms per or Pere, from Med. Lat. pera; the word for piers out of water. For river piers, where a firm, watertight is of obscure origin, and the connexion with Fr. Pierre, Lat. stratum is found at a moderate depth below the river-bed, the pctr

Pier, Dover, and touching See also:

• CALAIS

Calais sands, See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, after swimming for 21 hours 45 M . It is the greatest swim ever recorded, and at the time of the accomplishment created a great sensation in England . Since this great achievement, numerous unsuccessful attempts have been made, the best being those of Montague See also:

• HOLBEIN, HANS

Holbein, Jabez See also:

• WOLFF (less correctly WOLF), CHRISTIAN (1679-1754)
• WOLFF, CASPAR FRIEDRICH (1733-1794)
• WOLFF, JOSEPH (1795–1862)

Wolff and T . W . See also:

• BURGESS (Med. Lat. burgensis, from burgus, a borough, a town)
• BURGESS, DANIEL (1645-1713)
• BURGESS, THOMAS (1756–1837)

Burgess, and their efforts created an interest in long-distance swimming in all parts of the world, which has resulted in the accomplishment of trials and tests once thought impossible .