See also:

• SWOLD (or SWOLD), BATTLE OF

SWOLD (or SWOLD), See also:

• BATTLE

BATTLE OF  , the most famous of the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea-fights of the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient Norsemen . It took See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place on the 9th of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September moo . The place cannot now be identified, as the formation of the Baltic See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast has been much modified in the course of subsequent centuries, partly by the See also:

• GRADUAL (Med. Lat. gradualis, of or belonging to steps or degrees; gradus, step)

gradual silting up of the sea, and partly by the storms of the 14th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century . See also:

• SWOLD (or SWOLD), BATTLE OF

Swold was an See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island probably on the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German coast, near See also:

• RUGEN

Rugen . The See also:

• BATTLE

battle was fought between See also:

• OLAF
• OLAF (II.)
• OLAF, or ANLAF (d. 981)

Olaf Trygvesson, See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of See also:

• NORWAY
• NORWAY (Norge)

Norway, and a See also:

• COALITION (Lat. coalitio, the verbal substantive of coalescere, to grow together)

coalition of his enemies—See also:

• ERIC

Eric Hakonson, his See also:

• COUSIN (Fr. cousin, Ital. cugino, Late Lat. cosinus, perhaps a popular and familiar abbreviation of consobrinus, which has the same sense in classical Latin)
• COUSIN, JEAN (1500-1590)
• COUSIN, VICTOR (1792–1867)

cousin and See also:

• RIVAL

rival; Olaf, the king of See also:

• SWEDEN
• SWEDEN [Sverige]
• SWEDEN, NORWAY AND

Sweden; and Sweyn Forkbeard, king of See also:

• DENMARK
• DENMARK (Danmark)

Denmark . The poets, and the poetically minded authors of the sagas, who are the only authorities, have told the See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

story with many circumstances of See also:

• ROMANCE

romance . But when the picturesque details, which also have no doubt at least a See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation of truth, are taken at their true value, the See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of the battle still presents a very trustworthy picture of the sea-fighting of the Norsemen . Olaf had been during the summer in the eastern Baltic . The See also:

• ALLIES, THOMAS WILLIAM (1813-1903)

allies See also:

• LAY

lay in wait for him at the island of Swold on his way See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home .. The Norse king had with him seventy-one vessels, but See also:

• PART

part of them belonged to an See also:

• ASSOCIATE (Lat. associates, from ad, to, and sociare to join)

associate, Sigwald, a See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief of the Jomsburg vikings, who was an See also:

• AGENT (from Lat. agere, to act)

agent of his enemies, and who deserted him . Olaf's own See also:

• SHIPS

ships went past the See also:

• ANCHOR (from the Greek ayrcvpa, which Vossius considers is from 6yi17 , a crook or hook)

anchor-See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of Eric Hakonson and his allies in a See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long See also:

• COLUMN (Lat. columna)

column without See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order, as no attack was expected . The king was in the See also:

• REAR

rear of the whole of his best vessels .

The allies allowed the bulk of the Norse ships to pass, and then stood out to attack Olaf . He might have run past them by the use of See also:

• SAIL

sail and See also:

• OAR (A.S. kr; M. Eng. ore; Lat. remus; Gr. iperw5s : Sans. aritra; Fr. rame; Ital. Span., Port. Yana)

oar to See also:

• ESCAPE (in mid. Eng. eschape or escape, from the O. Fr. eschapper, modern echapper, and escaper, low Lat. escapium, from ex, out of, and cappa, cape, cloak; cf. for the sense development the Gr. iichueoOat, literally to put off one's clothes, hence to sli

escape, but with the true spirit of a Norse See also:

• WARRIOR

warrior he refused to flee, and turned to give battle with the eleven ships immediately about him . The disposition adopted was one which is found recurring in many sea-fights of the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle ages where a See also:

• FLEET

fleet had to fight on the defensive . Olaf lashed his ships See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side to side, his own—the "Long See also:

• SERPENT (Lat. serpens, creeping, from serpere; cf. "reptile " from repere, Gr.4 ml-eta)

Serpent," the finest See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war-See also:

• VESSEL (O. Fr. vaissel, from a rare Lat. vascellum, dim. of vas, vase, urn)

vessel as yet built in the north—being in the middle of the See also:

• LINE

line, where her bows projected beyond the others . The See also:

• ADVANTAGE

advantage of this arrangement was that it See also:

• LEFT

left all hands See also:

• FREE

free to fight, a barrier could be formed with the oars and yards, and the enemy's See also:

• CHANCE (through the O. Fr. cheance, from the Late Lat. cadentia, things happening, from cadere, to fall out, happen; cf. " case ")

chance of making use of his See also:

• SUPERIOR

superior See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers to attack on both sides would be, as far as possible, limited—a See also:

• GREAT

great point when all fighting was with the See also:

• SWORD (0. Eng. sweord; ultimately from an Indo-European root meaning to wound)

sword, or with such feeble missile weapons as bows and javelins . The Norse long ships were high in the See also:

• BULWARK (a word probably of Scandinavian origin, from bol or bole, a tree-trunk, and werk, work, in Ger. Bollwerk, which has also been derived from an old German bolen, to throw, and so a machine for throwing missiles)

bulwark—or, as the Greeks would have said, " cataphract." Olaf, in fact, turned his eleven ships into a floating fort . The Norse writers, who are the only authorities, gave all the See also:

• CREDIT (Lat. credere, to believe)

credit to their own countrymen, and according to them all the intelligence of Olaf's enemies, and most of their valour, were to be found in Eric Hakonson . They say that the Danes and Swedes rushed at the front of Olaf's line without success . Eric Hakonson attacked the flank . His vessel, the " See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

Iron See also:

• RAM
• RAM, PIERRE FRANCOIS XAVIER DE (18o4-1865)

Ram," was " bearded," that is to say, strengthened across the bows by bands of iron, and he forced her between the last and last but one of Olaf's line . In this way the Norse ships were carried one by one, till the " Long Serpent " alone was left . At last she too was overpowered .

Olaf leapt into the sea holding his See also:

• SHIELD (0. Eng. scild, cf. Du. and Ger. Schild, Dan. Skjold; the origin is doubtful, but may be referred to the root seen in " shell " or " scale "; another suggestion connects it with Icel. skjalla, to clash, rattle; it is not connected with the Indo-Ger
• SHIELD, WILLIAM (1748—1829)

shield edgeways, so that he sank at once and the See also:

• WEIGHT

weight of his hauberk dragged him down . A See also:

• LEGEND (through the French from the med. Lat. legenda, things to be read, from legere, to read)

legend of later days has it thatat the last moment a sudden See also:

• BLAZE (A.-S. blaese, a torch)

blaze of See also:

• LIGHT

light surrounded the king, and when it cleared away he had disappeared . King Olaf is one of the same See also:

• COMPANY

company as See also:

• CHARLEMAGNE [CHARLES THE GREAT] (c. 742-814)
• CHARLEMAGNE, JEAN ARMAND (1753–1838)

Charlemagne, King See also:

• ARTHUR (Fr. Arius)
• ARTHUR, CHESTER ALAN (1830 – 1886)

Arthur and See also:

• SEBASTIAN
• SEBASTIAN, ST

Sebastian of See also:

• PORTUGAL

Portugal—the legendary heroic figures in whose See also:

• DEATH

death the See also:

• PEOPLE

people would not believe, and whose return was looked for . See the Heims-Kringla, in the See also:

• SAGA (literally a story committed to writing)

Saga Library, trans. by W . See also:

• MORRIS
• MORRIS [MORRISON], CLARA (1849– )
• MORRIS, GOUVERNEUR (1752–1816)
• MORRIS, JOHN (1810-1886)
• MORRIS, RICHARD (1833–1894)
• MORRIS, ROBERT (1734–1806)
• MORRIS, SIR LEWIS (1833–1907)
• MORRIS, WILLIAM (1834-1896)

Morris and E . Magm6sson (1893) and the Saga of King Olaf Tryggwason, trans. by J . Sephton (1895) . (D .