HEINRICH VON See also:

• HEINRICH VON SYBEL (1817-1895)

SYBEL (1817-1895)  , See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German historian, sprang from a See also:

• PROTESTANT

Protestant See also:

• FAMILY

family which had See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long been established at See also:

• SOEST

Soest, in See also:

• WESTPHALIA (Ger. Westfalen)
• WESTPHALIA, TREATY OF

Westphalia . He was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born on the 2nd of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1817 at See also:

• DUSSELDORF

Dusseldorf, where his See also:

• FATHER

father held important posts in the public service both under the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French and the Prussians; in 1831 he had been raised to the hereditary See also:

• NOBILITY

nobility . His See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home was one of the centres of the vigorous See also:

• LITERARY

literary and See also:

• ARTISTIC

artistic See also:

• LIFE

life for which at that See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time Dusseldorf was renowned . See also:

• SYBEL, HEINRICH VON (1817-1895)

Sybel was educated at the gymnasium of his native See also:

• TOWN

town, and then at the university of See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin, where he came under the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of See also:

• SAVIGNY, FRIEDRICH KARL VON (1779–1861)

Savigny and of See also:

• RANKE, LEOPOLD VON (1795-1886)

Ranke, whose most distinguished See also:

• PUPIL (Lat. pupillus, orphan, minor, dim. of pupus, boy, allied to puer, from root pm- or peu-, to beget, cf. "pupa," Lat. for " doll," the name given to the stage intervening between the larval and imaginal stages in certain insects)

pupil he was to become . After taking his degree, he settled down in 1841 as Privatdozent in See also:

• HISTORY

history at the university of See also:

• BONN

Bonn . He had already made himself known by See also:

• CRITICAL (in alphabetical order of authors)

critical studies on the history of the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle ages, of which the most important was his Geschichte See also:

• DES

des ersten Kreuzzuges (Dusseldorf, 1841; new ed., See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig, 1881), a See also:

• WORK

work which, besides its merit as a valuable piece of See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical investigation, according to the critical methods which he had learnt from Ranke, was also of some significance as a protest against the vaguely enthusiastic attitude towards the middle ages encouraged by the Romantic school . See also:

• LADY (0. Eng. hlaefdige, Mid. Eng. ldfdi, lavedi; the first part of the word is hldf, loaf, bread, as in the corresponding hldford, lord; the second part is usually taken to be from the root dig-, to knead, seen also in " dough "; the sense development fr

Lady See also:

• DUFF, ALEXANDER (1806-1878)

Duff-See also:

• GORDON
• GORDON, ADAM LINDSAY (1833—1870)
• GORDON, ALEXANDER (c. 1692—c. 1754)
• GORDON, CHARLES GEORGE (1833-'885)
• GORDON, LEON
• GORDON, LORD GEORGE (1751-1793)
• GORDON, PATRICK (1635–1699)
• GORDON, SIR JOHN WATSON (1788—1864)

Gordon published in 1861 an See also:

• ENGLISH

English See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation of See also:

• PART

part of this See also:

• BOOK

book, to which are added lectures on the See also:

• CRUSADES

crusades delivered in See also:

• MUNICH (Ger. Munchen)

Munich in 1858, under the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title History and Literature of the Crusades . This was followed by a study on the growth of German kingship (See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

Die Entstehung des deutschen Konigtums, See also:

• FRANKFORT

Frankfort, 1844, and again 1881), after which he was appointed See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

professor . In the same See also:

• YEAR

year (1844) Sybel came forward prominently as an opponent of the Ultramontane party . The See also:

• EXHIBITION

exhibition of the See also:

• HOLY

Holy Coat at See also:

• TRIER (French Troves)

Trier had attracted enormous See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers of pilgrims, and so, indignant at what appeared to him an imposture, he assisted to publish an investigation into the authenticity of the celebrated relic . From this time he began to take an active part in contemporary politics and in controversy as a strong though moderate Liberal . In 1846 he was appointed professor at See also:

• MARBURG
• MARBURG, COLLOQUY OF (Marburger Religionsgesprach)

Marburg, and though this small university offered little See also:

• SCOPE (through Ital. scopo, aim, purpose, intent, from Gr. o'KOaos, mark to shoot at, aim, o ic07reiv, to see, whence the termination in telescope, microscope, &c.)

scope for his activities as a teacher, a seat in the See also:

• HESSIAN

Hessian Landtag gave him his first experience of See also:

• POLITICAL

political affairs .

In 1848 he was See also:

• PRESENT

present at Frankfort, but he did not succeed in winning a seat for the See also:

• NATIONAL

National See also:

• ASSEMBLY, UNLAWFUL

Assembly . His opposition to the extreme democratic and revolutionary party made him unpopular with the See also:

• MOB

mob, who See also:

• BROKE, or BROOKE, ARTHUR (d. 1563)
• BROKE, SIR PHILIP BOWES VERE, BART

broke his windows, as his liberalism made him suspected at See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court . He sat in the See also:

• ERFURT

Erfurt See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament of 185o, and was attached to the See also:

• GOTHA

Gotha party, which hoped for the regeneration of See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany through the ascendancy of See also:

• PRUSSIA
• PRUSSIA (Ger. Preussen; Lat. Borussia)

Prussia . During the years that followed all political activity was impossible, but he was fully occupied with his See also:

• GREAT

great work Geschichte der Revolutionszeit 1879-1800, for which he had made prolonged studies in the archives of See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris and other countries . The later See also:

• EDITIONS

editions of the earlier volumes are much enlarged and altered, and a new edition was published at See also:

• STUTTGART

Stuttgart in 1882 . The first three volumes have been translated into English by W . C . See also:

• PERRY
• PERRY (from Fr. Moire, from poire, a pear)
• PERRY, MATTHEW CALBRAITH (1794–1858)
• PERRY, OLIVER HAZARD (1785-1819)

Perry (1867-1869) . In this work he for the first time showed the connexion between the See also:

• INTERNAL

internal and See also:

• EXTERNAL

external history of See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France; he was also the first, by a systematic study of the records, to check and correct the traditional See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of many episodes in the internal history . His demonstration that letters attributed to See also:

• MARIE

Marie Antoinette were not genuine roused much See also:

• INTEREST

interest in France . For the history of German thought it was of the greatest importance that a Liberal from the See also:

• RHINE (Lat. Rhenus, Ger. Rhein, Fr. Rhin, Dutch Rhyn, or Rijn)

Rhine, by a systematic history of the Revolution, attempted to over-throw the influence which the revolutionary See also:

• LEGEND (through the French from the med. Lat. legenda, things to be read, from legere, to read)

legend, as expounded by French writers, had acquired over the German mind; and the book was an essential part of the influences which led to the formation of a National Liberal school of thought . Sybel had been much influenced by See also:

• BURKE
• BURKE, ROBERT
• BURKE, SIR JOHN BERNARD (1814–1892)
• BURKE, WILLIAM (1792–1829)

Burke, on whom he had published two essays .

The work was in fact the first See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to substitute for the popular representations of See also:

• THIERS

Thiers and Lamartine the critical investigation which has been carried on with such brilliance by See also:

• TAINE, HIPPOLYTE ADOLPHE (1828-1893)

Taine and See also:

• SOREL
• SOREL, AGNES (c. 1422-1450)
• SOREL, ALBERT (1842-1906)
• SOREL, CHARLES, SIEUR DE SOUVIGNY (1597-1674)

Sorel . In 1856, on the recommendation'of Ranke, Sybel accepted the See also:

• POST

post of professor at Munich, where See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King See also:

• MAXIMILIAN
• MAXIMILIAN (1832—1867)

Maximilian II. of See also:

• BAVARIA (Ger. Bayern)

Bavaria, a See also:

• WISE, HENRY ALEXANDER (1806-1876)
• WISE, ISAAC MAYER (1819-1900)

wise and generous See also:

• PATRON

patron of learning, hoped to establish a school of history . He found here a fruitful See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field for his activity . Besides continuing his work on the Revolutionand on the middle ages, he was occupied with the Historical Seminar which he instituted; with the Historische Zeitschrift which he founded, the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original and See also:

• MODEL (0. Fr. modelle, mod. modele; It. modello, pattern, mould; from Lat. modus, measure, standard)

model of the numerous technical historical publications which now exist; and as secretary of the new historical See also:

• COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

commission . Political See also:

• DIFFERENCES, CALCULUS OF (Theory of Finite Differences)

differences soon interfered with his work; as an adherent of Prussia and a Protestant, especially as a militant See also:

• CHAMPION (Fr. champion, Late Lat. campio from campus; a field or open space, i.e. one " who takes the field " or fights; cf. Ger. Kampf, battle, and Kampfer, fighter)

champion against the Ultramontanes, he was from the first an See also:

• OBJECT

object of suspicion to the Clerical party . In the political excitement which followed the See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war of 1859 he found that he could not See also:

• HOPE, ANTHONY
• HOPE, THOMAS (c. 1770-1831)

hope for the unreserved support of the king, and therefore in 1861 he accepted a professorship at Bonn, which he held till 1875 . He was at once elected a member of the Prussian See also:

• LOWER

Lower See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

House, and during the next three years was one of the most active members of that assembly: in several important debates he led the attack on the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government, and opposed the policy of See also:

• BISMARCK
• BISMARCK, OTTO EDUARD LEOPOLD VON, PRINCE

Bismarck, not only on See also:

• FINANCIAL

financial but also on the See also:

• POLISH

Polish and Danish affairs . In 1864 he did not stand for re-See also:

• ELECTION
• ELECTION (from Lat. eligere, to pick out)

election, owing to an See also:

• AFFECTION (Lat. ad, and facere, to do something to, sc. a person)

affection of the eyes, but in 1866 he was one of the first to point out the way to a reconciliation between Bismarck and his former opponents . He had a seat in the Constituent Assembly of 1867, and while he joined the National Liberals he distinguished himself by his opposition to the introduction of universal See also:

• SUFFRAGE (Lat. suffragium)

suffrage, the effects of which he, as did many other Liberals, much distrusted . In 1874 he again accepted a seat in the Prussian parliament, in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to support the government in their conflict with the Clericals, and after 1878 with the Socialists . In two See also:

• PAMPHLETS

pamphlets, by an See also:

• ANALYSIS (Gr. avci and Meta, to break up into parts)

analysis of the teaching of the Socialists and a survey of Clerical policy during the loth See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, he explained and justified his opinions . In 188o he retired, like so many other Liberals, disheartened by the See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change in political life, which he attributed to universal suffrage .

In 1875 he had been appointed by Bismarck to the post of director of the .Prussian archives . Under his superintendence was begun the great See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of publications, besides that of the See also:

• CORRESPONDENCE
• CORRESPONDENCE (from med. scholastic Lat. correspondentia, corrcspondere, compounded of Lat. cum, with, and respond ere, to answer; cf. Fr. correspondance)

correspondence of See also:

• FREDERICK
• FREDERICK (Mod. Ger. Friedrich; Ital. Federigo; Fr. Frederic and Federic; M.H.G. Friderich; O.H.G. Fridurih, " king or lord of peace," from O.H.G. fridu, A.S. frith, " peace," and rfh " rich," " a ruler," for derivation of which see HENRY)

Frederick the Great, in the editing of which he himself took part . His last years were occupied on his great work, Die Begrundung des deutschen Reiches durch Wilhelm I . (Munich, 1889-1894), a work of great importance, for he was allowed to use the Prussian See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state papers, and was therefore enabled to write a history of the greatest events of his own time with full See also:

• ACCESS (Lat. accessus)

access to the most See also:

• SECRET (Lat. secretum, hidden, concealed)

secret See also:

• SOURCES

sources of See also:

• INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

information . As a history of Prussian policy from 186o to 1866 it is therefore of incomparable value . After the fall of Bismarck the per-See also:

• MISSION

mission to use the secret papers was withdrawn, and therefore vols. vi. and vii., which See also:

• DEAL

deal with the years 1866 to 187o, are of less importance . This work has been translated into English as The See also:

• FOUNDING (from Lat. fundere, to pour)

Founding of the German See also:

• EMPIRE

Empire, by M . L . Perrin and G . See also:

• BRADFORD
• BRADFORD, JOHN (1510?—1555)
• BRADFORD, WILLIAM (1590—1657)
• BRADFORD, WILLIAM (1663—1752)
• BRADFORD, WILLIAM (1827—1892)

Bradford (New See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York, 189o-1891) . Sybel did not live to write the account of the war with France, dying at Marburg on the 1st of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1895 . His other writings include Die deutsche Nation and das Kaiserreich (1862) and a large number of historical articles .

Sybel See also:

• LEFT

left two sons, one of whom became an officer in the Prussian See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army; the other, See also:

• LUDWIG, KARL FRIEDRICH WILHELM (1816—1895)
• LUDWIG, OTTO (1813-1865)

Ludwig von Sybel (b . 1846), professor of See also:

• ARCHAEOLOGY (from Gr. &pxa1a, ancient things, and Xoyos, theory or science)

archaeology in the university of Marburg, is the author of several See also:

• WORKS

works dealing with See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek archaeology . Some of Sybel's numerous historical and political essays have been collected in Kleine historische Schriften (3 vols., 1863, 1869, 1881; new ed., 1897) ; Vortrage and Aufsatze (Berlin, 1874); and Vortrage and Abhandlungen, published after his See also:

• DEATH

death with a See also:

• BIOGRAPHICAL

biographical introduction by C . Varrentrapp (Munich, 1897) .